Technical information: (202) 606-6378 USDL 96-446
606-6373 (Replaces USDL 96-336,
issued August 22, 1996)
For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, October 25, 1996
WORKER DISPLACEMENT DURING THE MID-1990s
(BASED ON REVISED ESTIMATES)
A total of 4.2 million workers were displaced between January 1993 and
December 1995 from jobs that they had held for at least 3 years, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The
number of displaced workers was slightly below the level recorded 2 years
earlier in a survey that covered the period from January 1991 to December
1993. The earlier period included the 1990-91 recession and the slow labor
market recovery that followed. In contrast, the February 1996 survey
covered a period of employment expansion and declining unemployment.
Since 1984, the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S.
Department of Labor has sponsored surveys that collect information on
workers who were displaced from their jobs. The surveys have been
conducted biennially as supplements to the Current Population Survey, a
monthly survey of households that provides comprehensive data on the
nation's labor force.
Displaced workers are persons 20 years and older who lost or left jobs
because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work
for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. This analysis
-----------------------------------------------------------
| This news release replaces USDL 96-336, issued on |
|Aug. 22, 1996. Estimates in the original release were |
|made without a nonresponse adjustment for the displaced |
|worker data; this practice was first established with |
|the initial displaced worker survey in 1984. As a |
|result of information brought to the attention of BLS |
|by a private researcher, the Bureau decided to recalculate |
|the data in the August release to incorporate an adjustment|
|for nonresponse. This action is being taken because |
|nonresponse was much higher in February 1996 than in prior |
|displaced worker surveys, and this difference affects |
|comparisons of the data from the February 1996 survey with |
|those from earlier surveys. Data from the February 1994 |
|displaced worker survey, which were issued on Sept. 14, |
|1994, in news release USDL 94-434, also have been |
|recalculated, incorporating an adjustment for |
|nonresponse. This permits more meaningful comparisons |
|between the two periods. Revised data from the February |
|1994 survey are available upon request by calling |
|202--606-6378 and through the INTERNET |
|(http://stats.bls.gov/cps94dw.htm). |
| Adjusting the two surveys for nonresponse raised the |
|estimates of displacement about 11 percent for the period |
|covered by the 1996 survey and about 2 percent for the |
|1994 survey period. For workers who had held their jobs |
|at least 3 years, the reduction in displacement between |
|the two surveys, originally reported as 718,000, is now |
|estimated to be 382,000. The total number of displaced |
|workers (regardless of how long they had held their jobs) |
|shows a statistically insignificant increase (174,000) |
|between the survey periods rather than the decline |
|(618,000) originally reported. For both the 1996 and 1994 |
|surveys, the nonresponse adjustment had minimal effects on |
|the estimates pertaining to the demographic and other |
|characteristics of displaced workers.
-----------------------------------------------------------
- 2 -
focuses principally on the 4.2 million persons who had worked for their
employer for at least 3 years at the time of displacement (also referred
to as long-tenured). Another 5.2 million workers were displaced from
jobs they had held for less than 3 years. Combining the long- and
short-tenured groups, the number of displaced workers totaled 9.4
million. Some of the highlights from the February 1996 survey are:
Slightly more than 7 in 10 of both the total and the long-tenured
displaced workers were reemployed when surveyed in February 1996.
Long-tenured workers most often cited plant or company closings or
moves as the reason for displacement.
Forty-three percent of displaced workers who had worked for their
employer for at least 3 years were given written advance notice of their
impending job loss. Advance notice had little effect on the likelihood of
holding a new job in February 1996, however.
Workers in manufacturing continued to make up the largest share of
displaced workers (29 percent). They also were among the least likely to
be reemployed in February 1996.
Nearly half of the workers who had lost full-time wage and salary jobs
and were reemployed in such jobs had earnings that were the same or greater
than those on the lost job. About one-third of such workers suffered
earnings losses of 20 percent or more.
Employment status in February 1996
Of the 4.2 million workers with 3 or more years of tenure who had been
displaced over the period from January 1993 to December 1995, 74 percent
were reemployed and 13 percent were unemployed when surveyed in February
1996. (See table 1.) These proportions were 68 and 19 percent,
respectively, in the February 1994 survey.
In the February 1996 survey, the reemployment rate was highest for
workers ages 25 to 54, as 79 percent were working again at the time of the
survey. By comparison, the reemployment rates for older workers ages 55 to
64, and 65 and over, were 52 and 32 percent, respectively.
More of the displaced were men than women; however, men were more
likely to be reemployed at the time of the survey. Seventy-eight percent
of men were working in a new job, compared with 68 percent of women. Among
those who were not reemployed at the time of the survey, men and women were
about equally likely to be looking for work. The proportion of displaced
women who left the labor force--20 percent--was over twice that of men (9
percent).
Reason for job loss and receipt of advance notice
Of those displaced between January 1993 and December 1995, 44 percent
lost their jobs due to plant closings or moves, about the same proportion
as in the February 1994 survey. The proportion reporting insufficient work
as the reason for displacement declined from 30 to 24 percent of the total
between the two surveys; historically, the share of the displaced reporting
this reason has been sensitive to fluctuations in the business cycle. In
February 1996, about one-third of those displaced cited position or shift
abolishment as the reason for their job loss, slightly higher than the
proportion reporting this reason in the previous survey. (See table 2.)
- 3 -
In February 1996, workers who lost their jobs because of plant
closings or moves were most likely to receive written advance notice of
their job loss. Of these workers, 56 percent received such notice. By
comparison, 41 percent of workers who lost their jobs due to shift
abolishment, and only 20 percent of those displaced because of insufficient
work, were notified in advance. Overall, displaced workers who had
received written advance notice of job loss were about equally as likely to
be working in February 1996 as were those who had not received notice. (See
table 3.)
Industry and occupation
Although manufacturing continued to account for the largest proportion
of displacements (29 percent), the number of factory workers who had lost
jobs decreased by 308,000 from the previous survey. Nearly all of this
decline occurred among workers in the durable goods manufacturing
industries. These industries tend to be among those most affected by
cyclical changes in economic conditions.
About 7 in 10 workers displaced from manufacturing were reemployed at
the time of the survey. This compares with about three-fourths of the
workers displaced from the industries in the service-producing sector and
about four-fifths of the workers displaced from construction. (See table
4.)
The number of workers displaced during the January 1993 to December
1995 period was lower than it had been in the prior survey period in the
managerial; precision production, craft, and repair; and operators,
fabricators, and laborers occupations. Reemployment rates among
occupations were the highest for technicians and related support (86
percent) and lowest for machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors (55
percent). (See table 5.)
Displacement by geographic division
The West North Central and New England divisions had the smallest
shares of displaced workers who were unemployed at the time of the survey--
fewer than 1 in 10 in each area. Workers who lost jobs in these divisions
also were among the most likely to be reemployed, as nearly 4 out of 5
found new jobs. (See table 6.)
Earnings
Of the 2.7 million reemployed displaced workers who had lost full-time
wage and salary jobs, 2.2 million were again working in such jobs in
February 1996. The remainder were holding part-time wage and salary jobs,
were self-employed, or were working as unpaid workers in family businesses.
Nearly half of those reemployed in full-time wage and salary jobs were
earning as much or more than they did prior to their job loss. About one-
third, however, suffered earnings losses of 20 percent or more. (See table
7.)
Total displaced workers (with no tenure restriction)
The total number of workers who were displaced over the period January
1993 to December 1995 (regardless of how long they had held their jobs) was
9.4 million, little different from the total number in the previous survey
period. (See table 8.) Of the total number of workers displaced over the
most recent survey period, 72 percent were reemployed and 15 percent were
unemployed in February 1996. In the previous survey, 66 percent of the
total displaced were reemployed and 21 percent were unemployed. In
February 1996, the total group of displaced workers was somewhat more
likely than those with 3 or more years of job tenure to have lost jobs in
construction, retail trade, and services and was less likely to have lost
manufacturing jobs.
- 4 -
Explanatory Note
The data presented in this report were collected through a supplement to
the February 1996 Current Population Survey (CPS), the monthly survey of
about 50,000 households that provides the basic data on employment and
unemployment for the nation. The purpose of this supplement was to obtain
information on the number and characteristics of persons who had been
displaced (as defined below) from their jobs over the prior 3 calendar
years.
The first question asked of survey respondents was, "During the last 3
calendar years, that is, January 1993 through December 1995, did (you/name)
lose a job or leave one because: (your/his/her) plant or company closed or
moved, (your/his/her) position or shift was abolished, insufficient work,
or another similar reason?" If the answer to that question was "yes," then
the respondent was asked to identify which reason, among the following,
best described the reason for the job loss:
Plant or company closed down or moved
Plant or company operating but lost or left job because of:
Insufficient work
Position or shift abolished
Seasonal job completed
Self-operated business failed
Some other reason
Respondents who provided one of the first three reasons--plant or company
closed or moved, insufficient work, or position or shift abolished--were
then asked questions about the lost job, including how many years it had
been held; the year the job was lost; its earnings, industry, and
occupation; and whether health insurance had been provided. Other
questions were asked to determine what transpired before and after the job
loss, such as: Was the respondent notified of the upcoming dismissal? How
long did he/she go without work? Did he/she receive unemployment benefits?
And, if so, were the benefits used up? Did the person move to another
location after the job loss to take or look for another job? Information
also was collected about current health insurance coverage (other than
Medicare and Medicaid) and current earnings for those employed in February
1996.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577.
Table 1. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in February 1996
Percent distribution by employment status
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic Total(1)
origin (thousands)
Total Employed Unemployed Not in the
labor force
TOTAL
Total, 20 years and over......... 4,171 100.0 73.6 12.5 13.9
20 to 24 years................. 149 100.0 71.3 17.9 10.7
25 to 54 years................. 3,397 100.0 78.5 12.0 9.5
55 to 64 years................. 487 100.0 52.1 16.6 31.3
65 years and over.............. 139 100.0 31.6 4.1 64.3
Men
Total, 20 years and over......... 2,358 100.0 77.8 13.1 9.1
20 to 24 years................. 82 100.0 77.4 17.1 5.4
25 to 54 years................. 1,929 100.0 82.0 13.2 4.8
55 to 64 years................. 276 100.0 60.7 12.6 26.7
65 years and over.............. 71 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
Women
Total, 20 years and over......... 1,813 100.0 68.2 11.8 20.0
20 to 24 years................. 67 100.0 63.9 18.9 17.2
25 to 54 years................. 1,468 100.0 73.9 10.6 15.6
55 to 64 years................. 211 100.0 40.8 21.9 37.3
65 years and over.............. 67 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
White
Total, 20 years and over......... 3,632 100.0 74.1 12.0 13.9
Men............................ 2,087 100.0 79.0 12.0 9.0
Women.......................... 1,545 100.0 67.5 11.9 20.6
Black
Total, 20 years and over......... 420 100.0 67.4 17.1 15.5
Men............................ 230 100.0 67.3 21.3 11.3
Women.......................... 191 100.0 67.4 12.1 20.5
Hispanic origin
Total, 20 years and over......... 383 100.0 66.5 22.8 10.7
Men............................ 248 100.0 74.6 19.5 5.8
Women.......................... 135 100.0 51.7 28.6 19.7
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between
January 1993 and December 1995 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the
abolishment of their positions or shifts.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for
the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black
population groups.
Table 2. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for job loss, February 1996
Percent distribution by reason for job loss
Total(1)
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (thousands) Plant or Position or
Total company Insufficient shift
closed down work abolished
or moved
TOTAL
Total, 20 years and over.................. 4,171 100.0 44.0 24.2 31.8
20 to 24 years.......................... 149 100.0 52.9 30.0 17.1
25 to 54 years.......................... 3,397 100.0 43.1 25.3 31.6
55 to 64 years.......................... 487 100.0 45.3 15.1 39.7
65 years and over....................... 139 100.0 50.4 22.5 27.1
Men
Total, 20 years and over.................. 2,358 100.0 42.8 27.3 29.9
20 to 24 years.......................... 82 100.0 53.5 34.9 11.6
25 to 54 years.......................... 1,929 100.0 42.4 28.6 28.9
55 to 64 years.......................... 276 100.0 41.5 14.8 43.7
65 years and over....................... 71 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
Women
Total, 20 years and over.................. 1,813 100.0 45.5 20.2 34.4
20 to 24 years.......................... 67 100.0 52.3 23.9 23.8
25 to 54 years.......................... 1,468 100.0 44.0 21.0 35.1
55 to 64 years.......................... 211 100.0 50.1 15.5 34.4
65 years and over....................... 67 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
White
Total, 20 years and over.................. 3,632 100.0 43.0 24.7 32.4
Men..................................... 2,087 100.0 41.3 28.1 30.5
Women................................... 1,545 100.0 45.2 20.0 34.8
Black
Total, 20 years and over.................. 420 100.0 51.8 20.0 28.2
Men..................................... 230 100.0 52.2 19.6 28.1
Women................................... 191 100.0 51.2 20.4 28.4
Hispanic origin
Total, 20 years and over.................. 383 100.0 49.5 37.0 13.4
Men..................................... 248 100.0 48.1 43.2 8.6
Women................................... 135 100.0 52.1 25.6 22.3
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1993
and December 1995 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their
positions or shifts.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other
races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Table 3. Displaced workers by whether they received written advance notice, reason for job loss, and employment
status in February 1996
Percent distribution by employment status
Total(1)
Characteristic (thousands)
Total Employed Unemployed Not in the
labor force
TOTAL
Total, 20 years and over(2)............................ 4,171 100.0 73.6 12.5 13.9
Received written advance notice...................... 1,776 100.0 73.2 11.0 15.8
Did not receive written advance notice............... 2,340 100.0 74.1 13.8 12.1
Plant or company closed down or moved
Total, 20 years and over(2)............................ 1,833 100.0 72.7 12.7 14.5
Received written advance notice...................... 1,031 100.0 75.0 10.5 14.4
Did not receive written advance notice............... 766 100.0 69.7 16.2 14.1
Insufficient work
Total, 20 years and over(2)............................ 1,009 100.0 74.3 12.6 13.0
Received written advance notice...................... 199 100.0 63.5 11.1 25.5
Did not receive written advance notice............... 801 100.0 77.1 12.8 10.1
Position or shift abolished
Total, 20 years and over(2)............................ 1,329 100.0 74.3 12.2 13.5
Received written advance notice...................... 546 100.0 73.5 11.7 14.8
Did not receive written advance notice............... 772 100.0 75.4 12.3 12.3
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1993 and
December 1995 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions
or shifts.
2 Includes a small number who did not report information on advance notice.
Table 4. Displaced workers by industry and class of worker of lost job and employment status in February 1996
Percent distribution by employment status
Total(1)
Industry and class of worker of lost job (thousands)
Total Employed Unemployed Not in the
labor force
Total, 20 years and over(2)......................... 4,171 100.0 73.6 12.5 13.9
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.......... 3,761 100.0 73.5 12.5 14.0
Mining................................................. 62 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Construction........................................... 287 100.0 79.5 9.3 11.2
Manufacturing.......................................... 1,216 100.0 69.5 14.0 16.5
Durable goods........................................ 732 100.0 72.7 13.3 14.0
Lumber and wood products........................... 31 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Furniture and fixtures............................. 40 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Stone, clay, and glass products.................... 43 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Primary metal industries........................... 43 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Fabricated metal products.......................... 81 100.0 72.0 14.3 13.6
Machinery, except electrical....................... 142 100.0 78.7 10.6 10.7
Electrical machinery............................... 127 100.0 82.9 6.3 10.8
Transportation equipment........................... 151 100.0 64.1 15.4 20.5
Automobiles...................................... 42 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Other transportation equipment................... 109 100.0 67.5 10.9 21.6
Professional and photographic equipment............ 39 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Other durable goods industries..................... 36 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Nondurable goods..................................... 484 100.0 64.5 15.1 20.3
Food and kindred products.......................... 88 100.0 77.2 8.3 14.5
Textile mill products.............................. 38 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Apparel and other finished textile products........ 113 100.0 58.9 21.1 20.1
Paper and allied products.......................... 36 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Printing and publishing............................ 93 100.0 73.5 15.9 10.7
Chemical and allied products....................... 69 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products......... 39 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Other nondurable goods industries.................. 7 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Transportation and public utilities.................... 284 100.0 75.5 11.6 12.9
Transportation....................................... 167 100.0 76.2 8.7 15.1
Communications and other public utilities............ 116 100.0 74.6 15.6 9.8
Wholesale and retail trade............................. 802 100.0 75.5 11.3 13.1
Wholesale trade...................................... 207 100.0 79.8 9.1 11.1
Retail trade......................................... 594 100.0 74.0 12.1 13.9
Finance, insurance, and real estate.................... 333 100.0 76.0 5.7 18.3
Services............................................... 779 100.0 75.6 13.8 10.6
Professional services................................ 431 100.0 79.4 11.4 9.3
Other service industries............................. 347 100.0 71.0 16.8 12.2
Agricultural wage and salary workers..................... 56 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Government workers....................................... 304 100.0 77.5 11.3 11.2
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1993 and
December 1995 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions
or shifts.
2 Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report industry or class of
worker.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
Table 5. Displaced workers by occupation of lost job and employment status in February 1996
Occupation of lost job Total(1) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the
(thousands) labor force
Total, 20 years and over(2).................. 4,171 100.0 73.6 12.5 13.9
Managerial and professional specialty............. 1,167 100.0 77.7 9.9 12.4
Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 701 100.0 76.6 9.2 14.2
Professional specialty.......................... 466 100.0 79.5 10.9 9.6
Technical, sales, and administrative support...... 1,336 100.0 72.5 12.2 15.3
Technicians and related support................. 136 100.0 85.7 7.0 7.3
Sales occupations............................... 478 100.0 68.2 16.3 15.4
Administrative support, including clerical...... 722 100.0 72.8 10.5 16.7
Service occupations............................... 247 100.0 77.0 11.1 11.9
Precision production, craft, and repair........... 578 100.0 80.4 10.0 9.6
Mechanics and repairers......................... 167 100.0 80.9 12.6 6.4
Construction trades............................. 197 100.0 81.8 8.6 9.6
Other precision production, craft, and repair... 214 100.0 78.7 9.1 12.2
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.............. 775 100.0 63.8 18.1 18.1
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 407 100.0 55.0 19.3 25.8
Transportation and material moving occupations.. 197 100.0 76.1 12.6 11.3
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers....................................... 171 100.0 70.6 21.6 7.9
Farming, forestry, and fishing.................... 40 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January
1993 and December 1995 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of
their positions or shifts.
2 Total includes a small number who did not report occupation.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
Table 6. Displaced workers by selected characteristics and area of residence in February 1996
(Numbers in thousands)
Total(1) New Middle East West South East West
Characteristic (thousand- England Atlant- North North Atlant- South South Mountain Pacific
s) ic Central Central ic Central Central
Workers who lost jobs
Total, 20 years and over........... 4,171 247 670 707 311 659 235 360 230 752
Men.............................. 2,358 131 381 395 148 376 141 209 137 440
Women............................ 1,813 116 290 312 163 283 94 151 93 312
Reason for job loss
Plant or company closed down
or moved..................... 1,833 105 289 323 141 281 110 165 91 329
Insufficient work................ 1,009 59 160 137 58 184 69 97 63 184
Position or shift abolished...... 1,329 83 221 247 112 194 57 99 76 239
Industry of lost job
Construction..................... 300 7 42 45 26 78 11 33 10 48
Manufacturing.................... 1,240 81 221 214 85 170 93 97 70 209
Durable goods.................. 756 57 117 139 48 90 32 68 46 158
Nondurable goods............... 484 24 103 75 37 81 61 29 24 51
Transportation and public
utilities....................... 295 21 46 73 15 53 17 14 17 39
Wholesale and retail trade....... 811 46 107 141 73 147 34 88 42 135
Finance, insurance, and real
estate.......................... 361 39 54 81 24 47 25 33 8 51
Services......................... 903 45 162 128 71 134 38 55 63 208
Professional services.......... 549 26 85 89 49 68 31 37 36 127
Other service industries....... 354 19 76 39 22 66 8 18 26 80
Public administration............ 112 4 24 10 6 22 7 6 8 24
Other industries(2).............. 150 4 15 15 12 8 10 36 13 38
Employment status
in February 1996
Employed......................... 3,071 192 441 530 241 494 181 273 176 543
Unemployed....................... 522 21 117 77 24 85 25 54 22 97
Percent less than 5 weeks...... 24.2 (3) 34.9 13.5 (3) 20.1 (3) (3) (3) 26.3
Percent 27 weeks or more....... 25.4 (3) 20.0 24.0 (3) 33.8 (3) (3) (3) 19.7
Not in the labor force........... 578 33 113 100 46 80 29 33 33 112
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1993 and
December 1995 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or
shifts.
2 Includes a small number who did not report industry.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont compose the New England Division;
New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania compose the Middle Atlantic Division; Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and
Wisconsin compose the East North Central Division; Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South
Dakota compose the West North Central Division; Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia compose the South Atlantic Division; Alabama, Kentucky,
Mississippi, and Tennessee compose the East South Central Division; Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas compose the
West South Central Division; Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming compose the
Mountain Division; Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington compose the Pacific Division.
Table 7. Displaced workers who lost full-time wage and salary jobs(1) and were reemployed in February 1996 by
industry of lost job and characteristics of new job
(In thousands)
Reemployed in February 1996
Wage and salary workers
Full time
Self-
Industry of lost job employed
Total Earnings relative to those of lost job and
Part unpaid
time family
Total(- 20 Below, Equal or 20 workers
2) percent but above, percent
or more within 20 but or more
below percent within 20 above
percent
Total who lost full-time wage and salary
jobs..................................... 2,734 226 2,210 612 420 563 376 298
Construction.............................. 202 - 179 46 23 74 24 24
Manufacturing............................. 844 67 712 208 126 159 138 65
Durable goods(3)........................ 541 48 458 143 58 109 92 35
Primary metal industries.............. 30 2 26 11 2 3 8 2
Steel(4)............................ 20 2 16 8 - 3 4 2
Other primary metals................ 10 - 10 3 2 - 4 -
Fabricated metal products............. 56 - 50 20 8 8 6 6
Machinery, except electrical.......... 112 10 92 28 9 15 21 9
Electrical machinery.................. 106 12 92 22 16 32 13 2
Transportation equipment.............. 108 10 89 37 3 23 19 10
Automobiles......................... 23 - 23 5 - 9 7 -
Other transportation equipment...... 85 10 65 31 3 13 12 10
Nondurable goods........................ 302 19 254 65 68 50 46 30
Transportation and public utilities....... 203 20 169 60 31 39 26 15
Wholesale and retail trade................ 507 49 402 104 93 58 86 56
Finance, insurance, and real estate....... 250 17 180 40 46 51 21 52
Services.................................. 565 62 434 117 94 138 63 69
Professional services................... 350 50 277 78 69 84 30 24
Other service industries................ 215 13 158 39 25 54 33 45
Public administration..................... 80 6 66 16 6 27 8 8
Other industries(5)....................... 82 6 68 22 2 18 9 9
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a full-time wage and salary job they had lost or left
between January 1993 and December 1995 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the
abolishment of their positions or shifts.
2 Includes about 239,000 persons who did not report earnings on lost job.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately
4 Includes blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling and finishing mills, and iron and steel furnaces.
5 Includes a small number who did not report industry.
NOTE: Dash represents zero.
Table 8. Total displaced workers by selected characteristics and employment status in February 1996
Percent distribution by employment status
Total(1)
Characteristic (thousands)
Total Employed Unemployed Not in the
labor force
Workers who lost jobs
Total, 20 years and over..................... 9,367 100.0 71.6 15.3 13.1
20 to 24 years............................. 1,117 100.0 70.8 17.4 11.8
25 to 54 years............................. 7,310 100.0 74.6 15.1 10.3
55 to 64 years............................. 707 100.0 55.4 17.2 27.4
65 years and over.......................... 233 100.0 30.5 7.7 61.9
Men........................................ 5,315 100.0 74.1 17.3 8.6
20 to 24 years........................... 681 100.0 71.1 20.1 8.8
25 to 54 years........................... 4,106 100.0 77.1 17.2 5.7
55 to 64 years........................... 404 100.0 63.1 14.7 22.2
65 years and over........................ 124 100.0 27.6 12.7 59.6
Women...................................... 4,052 100.0 68.3 12.8 18.9
20 to 24 years........................... 437 100.0 70.3 13.1 16.6
25 to 54 years........................... 3,204 100.0 71.4 12.4 16.3
55 to 64 years........................... 303 100.0 45.1 20.6 34.3
65 years and over........................ 109 100.0 33.7 1.9 64.4
White...................................... 7,887 100.0 73.4 14.0 12.6
Black...................................... 1,150 100.0 58.8 25.9 15.3
Hispanic origin............................ 936 100.0 61.9 25.0 13.1
Reason for job loss
Plant or company closed down or moved...... 3,404 100.0 71.6 13.5 14.9
Insufficient work.......................... 3,500 100.0 69.9 18.5 11.6
Position or shift abolished................ 2,463 100.0 73.9 13.4 12.7
Occupation and industry of lost job(2)
Managerial and professional specialty...... 2,021 100.0 80.0 10.1 10.0
Technical, sales, and administrative
support................................. 2,806 100.0 71.0 13.5 15.5
Service occupations........................ 921 100.0 67.6 16.3 16.1
Precision production, craft, and repair.... 1,351 100.0 74.9 15.7 9.4
Operators, fabricators, and laborers....... 2,013 100.0 64.3 21.6 14.1
Farming, forestry, and fishing............. 112 100.0 69.8 21.4 8.8
Nonagricultural private wage and salary
workers................................. 8,492 100.0 71.6 15.3 13.1
Mining................................... 91 100.0 65.4 24.8 9.8
Construction............................. 974 100.0 71.5 18.3 10.3
Manufacturing............................ 2,166 100.0 69.2 16.3 14.5
Durable goods.......................... 1,312 100.0 70.3 17.0 12.7
Nondurable goods....................... 854 100.0 67.6 15.2 17.2
Transportation and public utilities...... 607 100.0 70.5 16.3 13.2
Wholesale and retail trade............... 2,042 100.0 70.3 15.8 13.9
Wholesale trade........................ 412 100.0 73.1 19.0 7.9
Retail trade........................... 1,630 100.0 69.6 15.0 15.4
Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 599 100.0 77.4 6.0 16.6
Services................................. 2,012 100.0 74.3 14.4 11.4
Agricultural wage and salary workers....... 132 100.0 65.9 18.7 15.5
Government workers......................... 498 100.0 73.8 16.0 10.2
1 Data refer to all persons (regardless of years of tenure on lost job) who had lost or left a job
between January 1993 and December 1995 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient
work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
2 Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report occupation
or industry.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data
for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black
population groups.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: October 28, 1996
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/disp_0296.htm
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