Technical information: USDL 97-32
Household data: (202) 606-6378
Transmission of material in this
release is embargoed until
Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EST),
Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, February 7, 1997.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: JANUARY 1997
Employment rose in January, and the unemployment rate was essentially
unchanged at 5.4 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.
Department of Labor reported today.
The number of nonfarm payroll jobs, as measured by the monthly survey of
establishments, rose by 271,000 in January, after seasonal adjustment.
Total employment, as measured by the monthly survey of households, rose by
about 430,000 over the month, after allowance is made for the effect of
revised population controls introduced into the survey in January. (See
note on page 4.)
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
Both the number of unemployed persons, 7.3 million, and the unemployment
rate, 5.4 percent, were about unchanged in January, after seasonal
adjustment. Jobless rates for the major demographic groups--adult men (4.6
percent), adult women (4.6 percent), teenagers (17.0 percent), whites (4.6
percent), blacks (10.8 percent), and Hispanics (8.3 percent)--also showed
little or no change over the month. (See tables A-1 and A-2.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
After adjusting for the effect of the revised population estimates,
civilian employment rose by about 430,000 in January, to 128.6 million
(seasonally adjusted). The proportion of the population that was employed
(the employment-population ratio) edged up to 63.6 percent.
The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons was about
unchanged in January at 4.4 million, after seasonal adjustment. This
series has shown little definitive movement over the past year. (See
table A-3.)
Approximately 7.6 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more
than one job in January. The proportion of all employed persons that held
more than one job was 6.0 percent. (See table A-9.)
The civilian labor force, at 135.8 million (seasonally adjusted),
increased by about 500,000 in January, after allowance for the revised
population estimates. The labor force participation rate continued to
trend upward, reaching 67.2 percent.
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________|Dec.-
Category | 1996 | 1996 | 1997 |Jan.
|_________________|_________________|________|change1/
| III | IV | Nov. | Dec. | Jan. |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 134,118| 134,830| 134,831| 135,022| 135,848| 509
Employment..........| 127,042| 127,705| 127,644| 127,855| 128,580| 433
Uemployment....... | 7,076| 7,124| 7,187| 7,167| 7,268| 75
Not in labor force....| 66,732| 66,627| 66,632| 66,614| 66,437| -327
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 5.3| 5.3| 5.3| 5.3| 5.4| 0.1
Adult men...........| 4.5| 4.4| 4.4| 4.4| 4.6| .2
Adult women.........| 4.7| 4.8| 4.8| 4.9| 4.6| -.3
Teenagers...........| 16.6| 16.6| 16.8| 16.5| 17.0| .5
White...............| 4.6| 4.6| 4.6| 4.6| 4.6| .0
Black...............| 10.5| 10.6| 10.6| 10.5| 10.8| .3
Hispanic origin.....| 8.7| 8.0| 8.3| 7.7| 8.3| .6
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 119,958|p120,519| 120,492|p120,753|p121,024| p271
Goods-producing 2/..| 24,273| p24,321| 24,319| p24,359| p24,391| p32
Construction......| 5,438| p5,491| 5,491| p5,519| p5,533| p14
Manufacturing.....| 18,266| p18,264| 18,262| p18,276| p18,294| p18
Service-producing 2/| 95,685| p96,198| 96,173| p96,394| p96,633| p239
Retail trade......| 21,682| p21,863| 21,857| p21,930| p21,949| p19
Services..........| 34,529| p34,790| 34,780| p34,880| p35,047| p167
Government........| 19,536| p19,513| 19,497| p19,534| p19,555| p21
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.4| p34.6| 34.6| p34.8| p34.1| p-0.7
Manufacturing.......| 41.7| p41.8| 41.7| p42.0| p41.7| p-.3
Overtime..........| 4.5| p4.5| 4.5| p4.6| p4.6| p.0
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 3/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $11.86| p$11.98| $11.99| p$12.05| p$12.06| p$0.01
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 408.50| p414.12| 414.85| p419.34| p411.25| p-8.09
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Changes for household data levels reflect an allowance for the
effect of revised population controls. See the note on page 4.
2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
- 3 -
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.6 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in January--that is, they wanted and were
available for work and had looked for jobs sometime in the prior 12 months.
The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who
were not currently looking for jobs specifically because they believed no
jobs were available for them or there were none for which they would
qualify--was 397,000 in January. (See table A-9.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 271,000 in January to
121.0 million, after seasonal adjustment. The services industry accounted
for three-fifths of January’s increase, and manufacturing employment rose
for the fourth straight month. (See table B-1.)
The services industry added 167,000 jobs in January, with business
services and health services accounting for two-thirds of the gain. Within
business services, growth continued in computer and data processing
services, and there was an exceptionally large job gain in help supply
services, after seasonal adjustment. While there does appear to have been
some genuine strength in help supply services in January, the magnitude of
the increase was exaggerated somewhat by special factors affecting the
seasonally adjusted data. Health services employment rose by 43,000 in
January, with sizable increases occurring in offices and clinics of medical
doctors and in hospitals.
Employment in transportation rose by 16,000. Retail trade employment
was little changed overall in January. Job gains in apparel stores, eating
and drinking places, and other retail industries were offset by a large
decline in general merchandise stores. Still, employment in general
merchandise stores was slightly higher than the level recorded in
September, just prior to the holiday hiring period. Employment in finance,
insurance, and real estate rose modestly in January, as continued job gains
in finance and real estate were partly offset by declines in insurance.
Manufacturing employment rose by 18,000 in January, building on a slow
growth trend that began last October. Gains were concentrated in
transportation equipment, including both aircraft and motor vehicles, and
in industrial machinery and food products. Employment in apparel continued
its long-term decline; this industry has lost 200,000 jobs, or one-fifth of
its workforce, over the past 5 years. Employment in the construction
industry continued to trend upward, but the January increase was limited by
severe weather conditions in some parts of the country.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls fell sharply in January--0.7 hour--to 34.1 hours,
seasonally adjusted, reflecting the impact of extreme weather in many areas
during the survey reference period. The length of the workweek was down in
each of the major industry groups. The manufacturing workweek, 41.7 hours,
was down by 0.3 hour in January. Factory overtime was unchanged at 4.6
hours. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or
nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls fell by 1.7 percent to 137.0
(1982=100) in January, as the decline in the average workweek
more than offset the rise in employment. The manufacturing index fell by
0.7 percent to 106.2. (See table B-5.)
- 4 -
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers
on nonfarm payrolls edged up by 1 cent in January to $12.06, seasonally
adjusted, following large increases in the prior 2 months. Reflecting the
decline in the workweek, average weekly earnings fell by 1.9 percent to
$411.25. Over the past year, average hourly earnings rose by 3.8 percent
and average weekly earnings increased by 4.7 percent. (See table B-3.)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Revisions to the Household Survey Population Estimates |
| |
| Effective with the release of data for January 1997, revised |
|population controls, primarily reflecting improvements in the estimation |
|of demographic characteristics for immigrants and emigrants, have been |
|introduced into the household survey. The revised controls result in an |
|increase of 470,000 in the January estimate of the population 16 years |
|and over and associated increases in the estimated levels of labor force, |
|employment, and unemployment. These changes represent a break in series |
|with data for prior periods. The impact of the revisions was concentrated|
|in the estimates for Hispanics. The unemployment rate and other |
|percentages are virtually unaffected. |
| |
| Official population and labor force estimates for December 1996 and |
|earlier months have not been revised, and at present there are no plans |
|for revision. To assess the impact of the revised population controls on |
|trend growth, December estimates for selected data series were |
|recalculated using the new controls. When the revised controls are |
|applied to the December data (that is, both the December and January |
|estimates are on a consistent basis), trend growth over the |
|December-January period is about 180,000 for the civilian |
|noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 500,000 for the |
|civilian labor force, 430,000 for the employed, and 75,000 for the |
|unemployed. |
| |
| An article describing these revisions and their effect on national |
|labor force estimates will appear in the February 1997 issue of |
|Employment and Earnings. |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________________________________
The Employment Situation for February 1997 is scheduled to be released
on Friday, March 7, at 8:30 A.M. (EST).
- 5 -
Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1996,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing over 47 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
- 6 -
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
- 7 -
period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
- 8 -
monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.6 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $13.00 per issue or
$35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-
H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-
5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1997 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 199,634 201,636 202,285 199,634 201,060 201,273 201,463 201,636 202,285
Civilian labor force.......................... 131,396 134,583 134,317 132,899 134,291 134,636 134,831 135,022 135,848
Participation rate...................... 65.8 66.7 66.4 66.6 66.8 66.9 66.9 67.0 67.2
Employed.................................... 123,126 127,903 126,384 125,311 127,248 127,617 127,644 127,855 128,580
Employment-population ratio............. 61.7 63.4 62.5 62.8 63.3 63.4 63.4 63.4 63.6
Agriculture............................... 3,068 3,131 3,036 3,498 3,480 3,450 3,354 3,426 3,468
Nonagricultural industries................ 120,058 124,772 123,348 121,813 123,768 124,167 124,290 124,429 125,112
Unemployed.................................. 8,270 6,680 7,933 7,588 7,043 7,019 7,187 7,167 7,268
Unemployment rate....................... 6.3 5.0 5.9 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4
Not in labor force............................ 68,238 67,053 67,968 66,735 66,770 66,637 66,632 66,614 66,437
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 95,713 96,742 97,264 95,713 96,447 96,556 96,654 96,742 97,264
Civilian labor force.......................... 70,612 71,959 72,117 71,586 72,087 72,363 72,362 72,414 73,106
Participation rate...................... 73.8 74.4 74.1 74.8 74.7 74.9 74.9 74.9 75.2
Employed.................................... 66,006 68,434 67,640 67,527 68,304 68,647 68,589 68,707 69,164
Employment-population ratio............. 69.0 70.7 69.5 70.6 70.8 71.1 71.0 71.0 71.1
Unemployed.................................. 4,605 3,525 4,477 4,059 3,783 3,716 3,773 3,707 3,942
Unemployment rate....................... 6.5 4.9 6.2 5.7 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.4
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 88,223 89,040 89,446 88,223 88,733 88,840 88,971 89,040 89,446
Civilian labor force.......................... 66,990 68,227 68,429 67,556 68,056 68,273 68,391 68,369 68,998
Participation rate...................... 75.9 76.6 76.5 76.6 76.7 76.8 76.9 76.8 77.1
Employed.................................... 63,129 65,326 64,693 64,258 64,978 65,299 65,349 65,367 65,813
Employment-population ratio............. 71.6 73.4 72.3 72.8 73.2 73.5 73.4 73.4 73.6
Agriculture............................... 2,147 2,213 2,132 2,382 2,366 2,400 2,355 2,356 2,364
Nonagricultural industries................ 60,982 63,112 62,561 61,876 62,612 62,899 62,994 63,011 63,449
Unemployed.................................. 3,861 2,901 3,736 3,298 3,078 2,974 3,042 3,002 3,185
Unemployment rate....................... 5.8 4.3 5.5 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 103,921 104,894 105,022 103,921 104,614 104,717 104,809 104,894 105,022
Civilian labor force.......................... 60,784 62,624 62,200 61,313 62,204 62,273 62,469 62,608 62,742
Participation rate...................... 58.5 59.7 59.2 59.0 59.5 59.5 59.6 59.7 59.7
Employed.................................... 57,119 59,469 58,744 57,784 58,944 58,970 59,055 59,148 59,416
Employment-population ratio............. 55.0 56.7 55.9 55.6 56.3 56.3 56.3 56.4 56.6
Unemployed.................................. 3,665 3,156 3,457 3,529 3,260 3,303 3,414 3,460 3,327
Unemployment rate....................... 6.0 5.0 5.6 5.8 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,717 97,457 97,520 96,717 97,226 97,290 97,366 97,457 97,520
Civilian labor force.......................... 57,352 58,893 58,637 57,594 58,349 58,432 58,574 58,728 58,894
Participation rate...................... 59.3 60.4 60.1 59.5 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4
Employed.................................... 54,264 56,253 55,739 54,684 55,644 55,681 55,753 55,871 56,165
Employment-population ratio............. 56.1 57.7 57.2 56.5 57.2 57.2 57.3 57.3 57.6
Agriculture............................... 748 715 703 849 844 800 786 772 797
Nonagricultural industries................ 53,516 55,538 55,036 53,835 54,800 54,881 54,967 55,099 55,369
Unemployed.................................. 3,088 2,640 2,898 2,910 2,705 2,751 2,821 2,857 2,729
Unemployment rate....................... 5.4 4.5 4.9 5.1 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.6
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population........... 14,694 15,139 15,318 14,694 15,101 15,143 15,126 15,139 15,318
Civilian labor force.......................... 7,054 7,463 7,251 7,749 7,886 7,931 7,866 7,925 7,956
Participation rate...................... 48.0 49.3 47.3 52.7 52.2 52.4 52.0 52.3 51.9
Employed.................................... 5,733 6,324 5,952 6,369 6,626 6,637 6,542 6,617 6,601
Employment-population ratio............. 39.0 41.8 38.9 43.3 43.9 43.8 43.3 43.7 43.1
Agriculture............................... 173 203 202 267 270 250 213 298 307
Nonagricultural industries................ 5,560 6,121 5,750 6,102 6,356 6,387 6,329 6,319 6,294
Unemployed.................................. 1,322 1,139 1,299 1,380 1,260 1,294 1,324 1,308 1,354
Unemployment rate....................... 18.7 15.3 17.9 17.8 16.0 16.3 16.8 16.5 17.0
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1997 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 167,669 169,044 169,436 167,669 168,639 168,788 168,924 169,044 169,436
Civilian labor force.......................... 111,180 113,573 113,338 112,207 113,334 113,625 113,816 113,991 114,377
Participation rate........................ 66.3 67.2 66.9 66.9 67.2 67.3 67.4 67.4 67.5
Employed.................................... 104,900 108,686 107,425 106,631 108,217 108,527 108,570 108,734 109,151
Employment-population ratio............... 62.6 64.3 63.4 63.6 64.2 64.3 64.3 64.3 64.4
Unemployed.................................. 6,280 4,887 5,913 5,576 5,117 5,098 5,246 5,257 5,226
Unemployment rate......................... 5.6 4.3 5.2 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 57,593 58,510 58,691 57,942 58,343 58,539 58,549 58,623 59,042
Participation rate........................ 76.6 77.2 77.2 77.0 77.2 77.4 77.3 77.4 77.7
Employed.................................... 54,606 56,302 55,803 55,464 56,042 56,294 56,276 56,356 56,653
Employment-population ratio............... 72.6 74.3 73.4 73.7 74.2 74.4 74.3 74.4 74.5
Unemployed.................................. 2,987 2,208 2,888 2,478 2,301 2,245 2,273 2,267 2,388
Unemployment rate......................... 5.2 3.8 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 47,546 48,740 48,473 47,687 48,314 48,380 48,558 48,686 48,631
Participation rate........................ 58.8 60.0 59.6 59.0 59.5 59.6 59.8 59.9 59.8
Employed.................................... 45,285 46,860 46,423 45,607 46,394 46,439 46,530 46,614 46,750
Employment-population ratio............... 56.0 57.6 57.1 56.4 57.2 57.2 57.3 57.3 57.5
Unemployed.................................. 2,261 1,880 2,050 2,080 1,920 1,941 2,028 2,072 1,881
Unemployment rate......................... 4.8 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.3 3.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force.......................... 6,041 6,323 6,174 6,578 6,677 6,706 6,709 6,682 6,704
Participation rate........................ 52.0 52.7 50.9 56.6 56.0 56.1 56.0 55.6 55.3
Employed.................................... 5,008 5,524 5,198 5,560 5,781 5,794 5,764 5,764 5,747
Employment-population ratio............... 43.1 46.0 42.9 47.8 48.5 48.5 48.1 48.0 47.4
Unemployed.................................. 1,033 800 976 1,018 896 912 945 918 957
Unemployment rate......................... 17.1 12.6 15.8 15.5 13.4 13.6 14.1 13.7 14.3
Men..................................... 18.7 14.0 17.3 16.3 14.8 15.4 15.5 14.8 14.9
Women................................... 15.3 11.3 14.3 14.6 11.9 11.6 12.6 12.6 13.6
BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,424 23,794 23,847 23,424 23,690 23,728 23,762 23,794 23,847
Civilian labor force.......................... 14,752 15,254 15,141 14,982 15,184 15,276 15,290 15,306 15,372
Participation rate........................ 63.0 64.1 63.5 64.0 64.1 64.4 64.3 64.3 64.5
Employed.................................... 13,152 13,782 13,474 13,388 13,566 13,647 13,673 13,693 13,709
Employment-population ratio............... 56.1 57.9 56.5 57.2 57.3 57.5 57.5 57.5 57.5
Unemployed.................................. 1,600 1,472 1,667 1,594 1,618 1,629 1,617 1,613 1,663
Unemployment rate......................... 10.8 9.6 11.0 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.6 10.5 10.8
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 6,657 6,808 6,749 6,741 6,834 6,838 6,899 6,833 6,829
Participation rate........................ 71.2 71.7 71.0 72.1 72.6 72.4 72.7 72.0 71.8
Employed.................................... 5,969 6,261 6,061 6,109 6,174 6,199 6,264 6,235 6,198
Employment-population ratio............... 63.8 65.9 63.7 65.3 65.6 65.6 66.0 65.7 65.2
Unemployed.................................. 689 547 687 632 660 639 635 598 632
Unemployment rate......................... 10.3 8.0 10.2 9.4 9.7 9.3 9.2 8.8 9.2
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 7,315 7,581 7,560 7,329 7,435 7,487 7,499 7,544 7,574
Participation rate........................ 62.2 63.6 63.3 62.3 62.7 63.0 63.0 63.3 63.4
Employed.................................... 6,651 6,935 6,852 6,679 6,788 6,822 6,833 6,851 6,880
Employment-population ratio............... 56.5 58.2 57.4 56.8 57.2 57.4 57.4 57.5 57.6
Unemployed.................................. 664 646 708 650 647 665 666 693 694
Unemployment rate......................... 9.1 8.5 9.4 8.9 8.7 8.9 8.9 9.2 9.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force.......................... 780 864 833 912 915 951 892 929 969
Participation rate........................ 33.8 36.2 34.8 39.5 38.0 39.6 37.5 38.9 40.4
Employed.................................... 532 585 560 600 604 626 576 607 631
Employment-population ratio............... 23.1 24.5 23.4 26.0 25.1 26.1 24.2 25.4 26.3
Unemployed.................................. 248 279 272 312 311 325 316 322 337
Unemployment rate......................... 31.8 32.3 32.7 34.2 34.0 34.2 35.4 34.7 34.8
Men..................................... 37.3 37.6 43.2 38.1 37.2 36.5 41.2 38.6 42.7
Women................................... 27.1 27.8 24.0 30.6 30.9 31.9 30.0 31.2 27.5
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 18,929 19,505 20,013 18,929 19,346 19,398 19,454 19,505 20,013
Civilian labor force.......................... 12,393 13,151 13,600 12,556 12,871 12,989 13,182 13,150 13,795
Participation rate........................ 65.5 67.4 68.0 66.3 66.5 67.0 67.8 67.4 68.9
Employed.................................... 11,102 12,216 12,349 11,375 11,801 11,928 12,094 12,141 12,653
Employment-population ratio............... 58.7 62.6 61.7 60.1 61.0 61.5 62.2 62.2 63.2
Unemployed.................................. 1,291 935 1,251 1,181 1,070 1,061 1,088 1,009 1,142
Unemployment rate......................... 10.4 7.1 9.2 9.4 8.3 8.2 8.3 7.7 8.3
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1997 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over............... 123,126 127,903 126,384 125,311 127,248 127,617 127,644 127,855 128,580
Married men, spouse present................... 41,580 42,628 42,308 42,178 42,330 42,617 42,631 42,607 42,909
Married women, spouse present................. 31,854 32,913 32,531 32,117 32,679 32,537 32,509 32,631 32,826
Women who maintain families................... 7,214 7,443 7,433 7,281 7,420 7,392 7,444 7,500 7,501
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty......... 35,614 37,411 37,357 35,706 36,759 36,917 37,177 37,234 37,478
Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 36,761 38,208 37,744 37,174 37,812 37,951 37,821 37,902 38,163
Service occupations........................... 16,487 17,089 16,793 16,847 17,435 17,295 17,408 17,271 17,171
Precision production, craft, and repair....... 13,302 13,595 13,610 13,606 13,681 13,587 13,508 13,574 13,902
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 17,755 18,435 17,854 18,231 18,069 18,235 18,259 18,310 18,317
Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,207 3,164 3,027 3,753 3,557 3,565 3,445 3,496 3,528
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers..................... 1,609 1,712 1,648 1,944 1,834 1,813 1,829 1,878 1,988
Self-employed workers....................... 1,420 1,369 1,335 1,540 1,557 1,560 1,464 1,475 1,448
Unpaid family workers....................... 40 50 54 46 91 71 68 66 62
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers..................... 111,266 115,515 113,981 112,801 114,765 115,018 115,133 115,212 115,560
Government................................ 18,044 18,331 18,311 18,114 18,092 18,132 18,270 18,266 18,385
Private industries........................ 93,223 97,184 95,670 94,687 96,673 96,886 96,863 96,946 97,176
Private households...................... 874 951 941 936 981 992 956 934 1,002
Other industries........................ 92,349 96,233 94,729 93,751 95,692 95,894 95,907 96,012 96,174
Self-employed workers....................... 8,708 9,120 9,219 8,927 8,811 8,967 9,023 9,109 9,445
Unpaid family workers....................... 83 137 148 91 129 137 140 149 162
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,320 4,352 4,541 4,210 4,302 4,286 3,983 4,338 4,426
Slack work or business conditions......... 2,580 2,470 2,735 2,288 2,398 2,258 2,107 2,353 2,423
Could only find part-time work............ 1,466 1,548 1,474 1,544 1,617 1,683 1,559 1,653 1,552
Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 17,542 18,898 18,450 17,435 17,823 17,754 17,957 17,868 18,340
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,103 4,140 4,338 3,940 4,130 4,118 3,815 4,162 4,163
Slack work or business conditions......... 2,427 2,313 2,603 2,155 2,284 2,147 2,001 2,214 2,310
Could only find part-time work............ 1,444 1,526 1,447 1,509 1,580 1,647 1,543 1,622 1,512
Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 16,933 18,307 17,879 16,780 17,204 17,123 17,313 17,237 17,737
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Category
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1997 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over....................... 7,588 7,167 7,268 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4
Men, 20 years and over....................... 3,298 3,002 3,185 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6
Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,910 2,857 2,729 5.1 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.6
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,380 1,308 1,354 17.8 16.0 16.3 16.8 16.5 17.0
Married men, spouse present.................. 1,389 1,306 1,242 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.8
Married women, spouse present................ 1,292 1,261 1,114 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.3
Women who maintain families.................. 648 686 753 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.8 8.4 9.1
Full-time workers............................ 6,070 5,754 5,809 5.6 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.2
Part-time workers............................ 1,479 1,425 1,426 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.7
OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty........ 895 899 814 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.1
Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,764 1,837 1,771 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.4
Precision production, craft, and repair...... 799 770 782 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.4 5.3
Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,656 1,505 1,568 8.3 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.9
Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 331 293 286 8.1 7.1 7.0 7.7 7.7 7.5
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary
workers...................................... 5,821 5,538 5,558 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.4
Goods-producing industries................. 1,805 1,699 1,708 6.4 5.6 5.8 6.1 5.9 6.0
Mining................................... 32 44 33 5.2 5.1 5.8 4.9 7.6 6.0
Construction............................. 719 633 705 10.9 9.3 9.6 10.3 9.4 10.1
Manufacturing............................ 1,054 1,022 971 5.0 4.4 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6
Durable goods.......................... 557 594 569 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.4
Nondurable goods....................... 497 428 401 5.7 4.7 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.8
Service-producing industries............... 4,016 3,839 3,850 5.6 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2
Transportation and public utilities...... 274 282 288 3.9 4.1 4.4 3.5 4.0 4.1
Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,738 1,597 1,657 6.7 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.4
Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 202 230 267 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.5
Services................................. 1,802 1,730 1,639 5.6 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.2 4.9
Government workers........................... 519 572 550 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.9
Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 232 216 186 10.7 10.8 10.0 10.9 10.3 8.6
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1997 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks.............................. 3,301 2,313 3,352 2,774 2,522 2,556 2,819 2,671 2,801
5 to 14 weeks.................................. 2,485 2,406 2,329 2,370 2,245 2,265 2,252 2,357 2,223
15 weeks and over.............................. 2,483 1,962 2,252 2,369 2,277 2,294 2,184 2,179 2,155
15 to 26 weeks.............................. 1,215 883 1,029 1,114 1,040 1,062 1,018 976 943
27 weeks and over........................... 1,268 1,079 1,223 1,255 1,237 1,232 1,166 1,203 1,212
Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 15.5 15.6 15.3 16.2 16.9 16.7 16.0 15.8 16.0
Median duration, in weeks...................... 7.9 7.7 7.4 8.2 8.6 8.3 7.7 7.8 7.7
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks............................ 39.9 34.6 42.3 36.9 35.8 35.9 38.9 37.1 39.0
5 to 14 weeks................................ 30.1 36.0 29.4 31.5 31.9 31.8 31.0 32.7 31.0
15 weeks and over............................ 30.0 29.4 28.4 31.5 32.3 32.2 30.1 30.2 30.0
15 to 26 weeks............................. 14.7 13.2 13.0 14.8 14.8 14.9 14.0 13.5 13.1
27 weeks and over.......................... 15.3 16.1 15.4 16.7 17.6 17.3 16.1 16.7 16.9
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Reason
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1997 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 4,425 3,230 4,027 3,586 3,236 3,171 3,261 3,221 3,245
On temporary layoff................................... 1,728 1,045 1,502 1,106 989 957 994 987 953
Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,697 2,184 2,526 2,480 2,247 2,214 2,267 2,234 2,293
Permanent job losers................................ 1,853 1,514 1,666 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 844 670 860 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers............................................. 803 771 858 835 800 797 825 845 890
Reentrants.............................................. 2,503 2,189 2,525 2,481 2,441 2,489 2,523 2,556 2,505
New entrants............................................ 540 491 523 620 559 577 586 626 600
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed........................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 53.5 48.3 50.8 47.7 46.0 45.1 45.3 44.4 44.8
On temporary layoff.................................. 20.9 15.6 18.9 14.7 14.1 13.6 13.8 13.6 13.2
Not on temporary layoff.............................. 32.6 32.7 31.8 33.0 31.9 31.5 31.5 30.8 31.7
Job leavers............................................ 9.7 11.5 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.3 11.5 11.7 12.3
Reentrants............................................. 30.3 32.8 31.8 33.0 34.7 35.4 35.1 35.3 34.6
New entrants........................................... 6.5 7.3 6.6 8.2 7.9 8.2 8.1 8.6 8.3
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 3.4 2.4 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
Job leavers............................................ .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .7
Reentrants............................................. 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8
New entrants........................................... .4 .4 .4 .5 .4 .4 .4 .5 .4
1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Measure
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1997 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force.................................................... 3.4 2.4 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 6.3 5.0 5.9 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force
plus discouraged workers....................................... 6.6 5.2 6.2 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other
marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian
labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 7.5 6.0 7.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus
total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 10.8 9.2 10.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7
of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking
for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past.
Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently
looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time
work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of
alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1997,
data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Age and sex
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1997 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 7,588 7,167 7,268 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4
16 to 24 years.................................. 2,712 2,526 2,625 12.8 11.5 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.2
16 to 19 years................................ 1,380 1,308 1,354 17.8 16.0 16.3 16.8 16.5 17.0
16 to 17 years.............................. 643 641 567 20.1 17.6 18.0 17.0 19.3 17.7
18 to 19 years.............................. 734 677 787 16.2 14.7 15.3 17.0 14.7 16.6
20 to 24 years................................ 1,332 1,218 1,270 9.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.4
25 years and over............................... 4,822 4,696 4,590 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.0
25 to 54 years................................ 4,300 4,147 4,137 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
55 years and over............................. 564 542 501 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.1
Men, 16 years and over.......................... 4,059 3,707 3,942 5.7 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.4
16 to 24 years................................ 1,444 1,366 1,468 12.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.3 12.9
16 to 19 years.............................. 761 705 757 18.9 17.5 18.1 18.4 17.4 18.4
16 to 17 years............................ 357 343 336 21.7 19.2 19.6 18.9 20.6 20.4
18 to 19 years............................ 401 364 418 16.8 16.2 17.1 19.0 15.4 17.1
20 to 24 years.............................. 683 661 711 9.5 9.0 8.9 9.2 9.3 9.8
25 years and over............................. 2,579 2,337 2,441 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.8 4.0
25 to 54 years.............................. 2,290 2,032 2,174 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.1
55 years and over........................... 309 303 293 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.2
Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,529 3,460 3,327 5.8 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.3
16 to 24 years................................ 1,268 1,160 1,157 12.7 10.9 11.0 11.3 11.4 11.4
16 to 19 years.............................. 619 603 598 16.6 14.4 14.4 15.2 15.5 15.5
16 to 17 years............................ 286 298 231 18.4 16.0 16.2 15.1 18.1 14.9
18 to 19 years............................ 333 313 369 15.4 13.1 13.4 15.0 14.0 16.2
20 to 24 years.............................. 649 557 559 10.4 8.7 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9
25 years and over............................. 2,243 2,359 2,148 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.1
25 to 54 years.............................. 2,010 2,115 1,963 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.3
55 years and over........................... 255 239 208 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.3 2.9
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force.................................... 68,238 67,968 25,101 25,147 43,137 42,821
Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,751 5,164 2,340 2,204 3,410 2,960
Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,737 1,615 871 818 865 797
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 409 397 241 268 167 129
Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,328 1,218 630 550 698 668
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,127 7,572 3,758 4,076 3,370 3,496
Percent of total employed................................... 5.8 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.9 6.0
Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,013 4,270 2,366 2,540 1,647 1,730
Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,605 1,638 498 526 1,107 1,113
Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 239 210 173 154 66 56
Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,236 1,427 699 845 538 582
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during
the reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or
old, and other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and
transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown
separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1996p 1997p 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1997p
Total......................... 116,176 121,578 121,552 118,982 118,070 120,050 120,311 120,492 120,753 121,024
Total private.................... 96,908 101,593 101,654 99,503 98,734 100,531 100,803 100,995 101,219 101,469
Goods-producing......................... 23,541 24,513 24,285 23,769 24,112 24,257 24,284 24,319 24,359 24,391
Mining................................ 558 571 564 553 569 567 566 566 564 564
Metal mining........................ 50.0 51.9 51.6 51.2 51 52 52 52 52 52
Coal mining......................... 101.2 97.8 96.5 95.9 101 98 98 97 96 96
Oil and gas extraction.............. 308.2 311.2 309.7 305.9 310 309 308 308 307 307
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 98.4 110.2 106.1 99.7 107 108 108 109 109 109
Construction.......................... 4,789 5,634 5,423 5,063 5,234 5,449 5,464 5,491 5,519 5,533
General building contractors........ 1,141.8 1,263.6 1,244.8 1,192.4 1,205 1,233 1,233 1,241 1,249 1,260
Heavy construction, except building. 615.4 797.3 721.7 636.5 741 765 765 764 768 767
Special trade contractors........... 3,032.0 3,572.6 3,456.7 3,234.4 3,288 3,451 3,466 3,486 3,502 3,506
Manufacturing......................... 18,194 18,308 18,298 18,153 18,309 18,241 18,254 18,262 18,276 18,294
Production workers................ 12,554 12,653 12,637 12,518 12,656 12,591 12,606 12,613 12,618 12,635
Durable goods........................ 10,604 10,721 10,738 10,663 10,643 10,675 10,684 10,694 10,711 10,727
Production workers................ 7,253 7,346 7,358 7,299 7,288 7,307 7,318 7,327 7,334 7,352
Lumber and wood products............ 741.8 774.2 770.1 756.2 750 766 769 771 771 769
Furniture and fixtures.............. 503.3 503.6 505.1 500.8 503 500 499 501 502 501
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 511.6 541.7 533.2 514.9 532 537 538 537 539 535
Primary metal industries............ 710.2 704.2 705.2 702.2 709 706 702 703 702 702
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 239.8 234.4 234.9 234.4 240 237 234 234 233 235
Fabricated metal products........... 1,440.6 1,465.1 1,466.2 1,457.5 1,442 1,456 1,459 1,461 1,461 1,463
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,086.1 2,083.9 2,094.5 2,094.7 2,085 2,082 2,088 2,087 2,091 2,098
Computer and office equipment..... 357.3 360.3 361.1 360.2 357 359 360 360 361 360
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,646.2 1,652.1 1,651.7 1,644.4 1,646 1,649 1,648 1,647 1,645 1,645
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 608.9 610.2 612.2 614.1 609 613 611 611 611 615
Transportation equipment............ 1,751.5 1,775.2 1,792.1 1,780.3 1,757 1,764 1,764 1,772 1,780 1,792
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 949.2 951.6 965.0 952.2 956 955 950 952 956 962
Aircraft and parts................ 446.9 470.8 473.7 477.3 446 455 463 468 472 477
Instruments and related products.... 830.2 831.2 833.1 829.2 831 831 833 830 833 831
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 382.6 390.1 387.0 383.0 388 384 384 385 387 391
Nondurable goods..................... 7,590 7,587 7,560 7,490 7,666 7,566 7,570 7,568 7,565 7,567
Production workers................ 5,301 5,307 5,279 5,219 5,368 5,284 5,288 5,286 5,284 5,283
Food and kindred products........... 1,624.9 1,652.6 1,637.7 1,616.5 1,672 1,639 1,641 1,647 1,651 1,661
Tobacco products.................... 43.2 42.8 43.7 42.1 41 40 41 42 41 40
Textile mill products............... 636.5 630.3 628.5 625.1 640 631 633 628 629 630
Apparel and other textile products.. 857.7 833.9 820.4 804.3 868 835 834 829 823 815
Paper and allied products........... 681.6 675.3 675.2 672.7 684 674 674 675 675 675
Printing and publishing............. 1,530.5 1,531.4 1,535.9 1,524.4 1,533 1,527 1,528 1,525 1,525 1,527
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,021.9 1,014.8 1,013.6 1,011.6 1,026 1,017 1,017 1,017 1,015 1,017
Petroleum and coal products......... 135.8 138.6 134.9 132.1 140 139 138 139 137 136
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 959.7 974.3 976.0 968.1 964 971 971 974 975 972
Leather and leather products........ 98.1 93.4 94.4 93.1 98 93 93 92 94 94
Service-producing....................... 92,635 97,065 97,267 95,213 93,958 95,793 96,027 96,173 96,394 96,633
Transportation and public utilities... 6,188 6,399 6,405 6,290 6,254 6,337 6,338 6,350 6,341 6,357
Transportation...................... 3,925 4,110 4,123 4,020 3,980 4,052 4,059 4,062 4,060 4,076
Railroad transportation........... 230.4 230.6 228.0 224.0 235 230 231 229 229 229
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 445.4 476.9 478.9 476.5 436 458 458 460 462 467
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,826.1 1,901.2 1,905.8 1,815.2 1,874 1,877 1,877 1,870 1,856 1,863
Water transportation.............. 164.8 169.3 168.1 166.8 172 171 172 172 171 175
Transportation by air............. 819.7 869.5 879.5 876.1 822 855 859 868 879 877
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.1 13.7 13.7 13.7 14 14 14 14 14 14
Transportation services........... 424.5 448.7 448.5 447.8 427 447 448 449 449 451
Communications and public utilities. 2,263 2,289 2,282 2,270 2,274 2,285 2,279 2,288 2,281 2,281
Communications.................... 1,361.9 1,403.5 1,398.1 1,391.5 1,367 1,398 1,393 1,401 1,396 1,398
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 901.4 885.5 883.4 878.8 907 887 886 887 885 883
Wholesale trade....................... 6,455 6,664 6,659 6,609 6,512 6,619 6,643 6,651 6,655 6,662
Durable goods....................... 3,792 3,888 3,895 3,879 3,814 3,877 3,885 3,890 3,895 3,897
Nondurable goods.................... 2,663 2,776 2,764 2,730 2,698 2,742 2,758 2,761 2,760 2,765
Retail trade.......................... 20,919 22,207 22,536 21,546 21,268 21,702 21,803 21,857 21,930 21,949
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 838.1 936.1 934.9 890.1 882 930 936 942 947 940
General merchandise stores.......... 2,697.6 2,986.0 3,072.0 2,778.8 2,651 2,737 2,765 2,770 2,780 2,751
Department stores................. 2,372.2 2,635.0 2,701.4 2,456.2 2,330 2,415 2,442 2,444 2,454 2,434
Food stores......................... 3,381.1 3,494.8 3,525.0 3,451.6 3,399 3,440 3,454 3,462 3,463 3,473
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,195.9 2,305.8 2,299.5 2,290.0 2,227 2,297 2,303 2,309 2,312 2,318
New and used car dealers.......... 1,004.3 1,043.0 1,040.1 1,040.8 1,011 1,039 1,041 1,042 1,043 1,047
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,109.6 1,155.4 1,202.8 1,113.6 1,100 1,100 1,108 1,106 1,103 1,114
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 955.7 1,028.8 1,057.4 1,023.9 949 991 998 1,005 1,016 1,018
Eating and drinking places.......... 7,083.6 7,462.4 7,503.3 7,233.7 7,405 7,504 7,517 7,527 7,557 7,575
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,657.5 2,837.9 2,940.6 2,764.6 2,655 2,703 2,722 2,736 2,752 2,760
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,840 7,017 7,033 7,012 6,894 7,009 7,026 7,038 7,054 7,063
Finance............................. 3,268 3,356 3,370 3,374 3,277 3,341 3,355 3,361 3,371 3,381
Depository institutions........... 2,018.1 2,032.0 2,035.4 2,035.6 2,022 2,029 2,035 2,035 2,035 2,037
Commercial banks................ 1,463.2 1,477.2 1,481.3 1,482.2 1,467 1,474 1,478 1,479 1,480 1,485
Savings institutions............ 265.9 257.9 256.4 255.4 266 261 260 258 257 256
Nondepository institutions........ 489.2 529.0 534.9 538.6 490 522 526 530 534 539
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 219.5 238.2 241.5 244.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Security and commodity brokers.... 527.2 551.1 554.7 555.1 529 547 549 552 556 558
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 233.1 244.0 245.4 244.2 236 243 245 244 246 247
Insurance........................... 2,248 2,259 2,262 2,257 2,253 2,265 2,263 2,264 2,266 2,260
Insurance carriers................ 1,543.1 1,546.6 1,548.6 1,544.9 1,547 1,554 1,551 1,550 1,552 1,548
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 704.9 712.4 713.5 712.0 706 711 712 714 714 712
Real estate......................... 1,324 1,402 1,401 1,381 1,364 1,403 1,408 1,413 1,417 1,422
Services2............................. 32,965 34,793 34,736 34,277 33,694 34,607 34,709 34,780 34,880 35,047
Agricultural services............... 500.4 623.1 570.7 526.4 593 617 621 628 620 630
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,552.7 1,629.4 1,630.4 1,601.3 1,652 1,686 1,690 1,692 1,702 1,713
Personal services................... 1,213.0 1,157.8 1,174.7 1,232.6 1,170 1,182 1,184 1,185 1,191 1,187
Business services................... 6,760.5 7,402.5 7,381.5 7,197.5 6,942 7,267 7,292 7,285 7,321 7,391
Services to buildings............. 870.9 887.0 881.1 862.7 883 891 894 885 885 873
Personnel supply services......... 2,368.8 2,772.9 2,741.0 2,589.8 2,510 2,691 2,697 2,672 2,684 2,772
Help supply services............ 2,090.1 2,454.8 2,422.5 2,286.6 2,216 2,387 2,391 2,362 2,373 2,455
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,139.1 1,252.4 1,266.9 1,276.9 1,140 1,226 1,239 1,251 1,264 1,276
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,038.0 1,118.8 1,125.2 1,119.7 1,051 1,108 1,117 1,121 1,130 1,134
Miscellaneous repair services....... 353.1 368.4 368.5 363.7 358 367 366 370 370 369
Motion pictures..................... 508.0 527.2 539.6 531.5 513 539 536 530 538 535
Amusement and recreation services... 1,274.5 1,390.4 1,397.9 1,348.3 1,490 1,522 1,534 1,545 1,563 1,575
Health services..................... 9,397.1 9,674.3 9,693.5 9,692.7 9,427 9,621 9,642 9,666 9,680 9,723
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,632.5 1,694.7 1,705.2 1,708.2 1,638 1,686 1,689 1,694 1,699 1,717
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,711.4 1,761.8 1,763.2 1,757.3 1,718 1,751 1,754 1,757 1,760 1,763
Hospitals......................... 3,817.7 3,873.6 3,878.9 3,885.6 3,822 3,863 3,869 3,875 3,879 3,891
Home health care services......... 640.0 670.0 667.1 661.5 648 661 663 668 665 666
Legal services...................... 919.3 939.0 940.1 938.1 925 934 937 941 942 941
Educational services................ 1,929.8 2,182.8 2,132.5 1,985.4 1,969 2,005 2,015 2,025 2,023 2,022
Social services..................... 2,347.3 2,430.0 2,425.8 2,413.9 2,362 2,410 2,416 2,420 2,416 2,427
Child day care services........... 570.7 594.8 590.2 587.6 567 575 580 579 576 582
Residential care.................. 647.8 673.4 675.1 674.4 651 672 673 675 676 678
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 75.0 83.7 84.1 79.3 83 85 85 86 87 87
Membership organizations............ 2,099.3 2,140.7 2,141.6 2,116.9 2,135 2,150 2,151 2,152 2,153 2,153
Engineering and management services. 2,805.9 2,931.8 2,936.2 2,936.7 2,833 2,921 2,930 2,941 2,951 2,966
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 813.0 859.5 856.1 853.6 825 853 854 859 859 863
Management and public relations... 859.0 933.8 937.8 931.6 873 917 922 935 942 945
Services, nec....................... 43.9 45.9 46.1 46.0 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Government............................ 19,268 19,985 19,898 19,479 19,336 19,519 19,508 19,497 19,534 19,555
Federal............................. 2,761 2,719 2,758 2,704 2,783 2,739 2,731 2,733 2,729 2,726
Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,906.6 1,858.8 1,854.8 1,843.1 1,930 1,883 1,878 1,873 1,870 1,866
State............................... 4,559 4,784 4,730 4,584 4,625 4,658 4,640 4,640 4,647 4,641
Education......................... 1,890.0 2,124.8 2,077.7 1,927.5 1,933 1,975 1,960 1,960 1,967 1,960
Other State government............ 2,668.5 2,659.2 2,652.6 2,656.9 2,692 2,683 2,680 2,680 2,680 2,681
Local............................... 11,948 12,482 12,410 12,191 11,928 12,122 12,137 12,124 12,158 12,188
Education......................... 6,794.8 7,157.2 7,145.8 6,961.7 6,646 6,787 6,794 6,798 6,803 6,825
Other local government............ 5,152.7 5,324.6 5,263.8 5,229.6 5,282 5,335 5,343 5,326 5,355 5,363
1 This series is not suitable for seasonal adjustment because it has very little seasonal and irregular movement.
Thus, the not seasonally adjusted series can be used for analysis of cyclical and long-term trends.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1996p 1997p 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1997p
Total private.................... 33.4 34.5 34.9 33.9 33.8 34.7 34.3 34.6 34.8 34.1
Goods-producing......................... 39.2 41.4 41.8 40.4 39.7 41.0 41.0 41.1 41.3 40.8
Mining................................ 43.8 45.5 46.1 44.3 44.1 45.4 45.4 44.8 45.8 44.4
Construction.......................... 36.7 38.8 38.5 36.3 38.2 38.6 38.8 38.9 38.8 37.8
Manufacturing......................... 39.8 42.1 42.8 41.5 40.0 41.7 41.7 41.7 42.0 41.7
Overtime hours.................... 4.0 4.8 5.1 4.4 4.1 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6
Durable goods........................ 40.9 42.9 43.7 42.2 40.9 42.5 42.4 42.4 42.8 42.4
Overtime hours.................... 4.3 5.1 5.5 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9
Lumber and wood products............ 38.6 41.0 41.1 39.4 39.1 40.9 40.9 41.0 40.9 40.2
Furniture and fixtures.............. 35.8 40.4 41.6 39.5 35.7 39.5 39.5 39.8 40.3 39.9
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 40.9 43.5 43.2 40.7 42.1 43.2 43.3 43.2 43.5 42.1
Primary metal industries............ 43.4 44.5 45.3 44.6 43.2 44.5 44.4 44.1 44.6 44.5
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 44.3 45.1 45.4 45.1 44.3 44.4 44.6 44.7 44.9 45.2
Fabricated metal products........... 40.9 42.9 43.7 42.1 41.0 42.4 42.4 42.3 42.6 42.1
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.3 43.3 44.5 43.3 42.1 43.0 42.9 43.0 43.3 43.1
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 40.4 42.1 43.0 41.4 40.3 41.6 41.5 41.4 41.9 41.3
Transportation equipment............ 42.3 44.5 45.6 44.4 42.4 44.3 43.9 44.1 44.6 44.8
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 43.4 45.2 46.5 45.4 43.3 45.2 44.7 44.6 45.1 45.8
Instruments and related products.... 40.4 42.2 43.0 41.7 40.2 41.9 41.7 41.8 42.0 41.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 37.6 40.7 40.9 39.5 37.7 39.8 39.8 40.0 40.4 39.9
Nondurable goods..................... 38.4 41.2 41.6 40.5 38.7 40.7 40.6 40.7 41.0 40.6
Overtime hours.................... 3.5 4.4 4.5 4.1 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.3
Food and kindred products........... 39.3 41.8 42.1 40.7 39.9 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.5 41.0
Tobacco products.................... 35.8 41.2 42.1 39.0 36.4 40.3 39.9 40.6 41.8 39.2
Textile mill products............... 36.0 41.6 41.9 40.9 36.1 40.9 40.9 41.3 41.6 41.1
Apparel and other textile products.. 33.3 37.7 38.0 37.0 33.5 37.3 37.4 37.4 37.5 37.2
Paper and allied products........... 41.7 44.1 44.5 43.5 41.5 43.5 43.4 43.6 43.7 43.4
Printing and publishing............. 36.7 38.7 39.0 37.7 37.2 38.3 38.2 38.2 38.4 38.1
Chemicals and allied products....... 42.4 43.7 44.4 43.6 42.5 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.6 43.6
Petroleum and coal products......... 43.1 44.0 43.9 46.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 40.3 41.6 42.6 41.3 40.3 41.6 41.5 41.2 41.8 41.1
Leather and leather products........ 34.6 39.3 39.3 37.5 34.8 38.8 38.4 39.0 38.9 37.8
Service-producing....................... 31.9 32.6 33.1 32.2 32.2 33.0 32.6 32.8 33.0 32.4
Transportation and public utilities... 38.5 39.9 40.0 39.1 38.8 40.1 39.6 39.9 40.0 39.4
Wholesale trade....................... 37.6 38.3 38.7 37.8 37.8 38.5 38.1 38.3 38.6 38.0
Retail trade.......................... 27.5 28.7 29.3 27.9 28.3 28.9 28.7 29.0 28.9 28.6
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.5 35.8 36.7 35.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Services.............................. 31.8 32.4 32.7 32.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1996p 1997p 1996 1996 1996p 1997p
Total private.................... $11.71 $12.01 $12.06 $12.12 $391.11 $414.35 $420.89 $410.87
Seasonally adjusted............. 11.62 11.99 12.05 12.06 392.76 414.85 419.34 411.25
Goods-producing......................... 13.27 13.63 13.73 13.69 520.18 564.28 573.91 553.08
Mining................................ 15.63 15.66 15.93 16.18 684.59 712.53 734.37 716.77
Construction.......................... 15.24 15.59 15.64 15.69 559.31 604.89 602.14 569.55
Manufacturing......................... 12.66 12.93 13.08 13.07 503.87 544.35 559.82 542.41
Durable goods........................ 13.18 13.49 13.65 13.64 539.06 578.72 596.51 575.61
Lumber and wood products............ 10.28 10.57 10.61 10.59 396.81 433.37 436.07 417.25
Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.00 10.28 10.41 10.39 358.00 415.31 433.06 410.41
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.60 12.95 12.95 13.04 515.34 563.33 559.44 530.73
Primary metal industries............ 14.85 15.19 15.16 15.19 644.49 675.96 686.75 677.47
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 17.66 18.11 17.95 17.78 782.34 816.76 814.93 801.88
Fabricated metal products........... 12.35 12.58 12.76 12.73 505.12 539.68 557.61 535.93
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.45 13.81 13.99 13.94 568.93 597.97 622.56 603.60
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 11.95 12.35 12.52 12.48 482.78 519.94 538.36 516.67
Transportation equipment............ 16.92 17.38 17.62 17.53 715.72 773.41 803.47 778.33
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.48 17.93 18.20 18.10 758.63 810.44 846.30 821.74
Instruments and related products.... 12.99 13.33 13.41 13.45 524.80 562.53 576.63 560.87
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.32 10.54 10.62 10.59 388.03 428.98 434.36 418.31
Nondurable goods..................... 11.92 12.12 12.25 12.23 457.73 499.34 509.60 495.32
Food and kindred products........... 11.09 11.41 11.48 11.41 435.84 476.94 483.31 464.39
Tobacco products.................... 18.51 18.88 18.92 18.92 662.66 777.86 796.53 737.88
Textile mill products............... 9.56 9.76 9.90 9.90 344.16 406.02 414.81 404.91
Apparel and other textile products.. 7.87 8.01 8.14 8.12 262.07 301.98 309.32 300.44
Paper and allied products........... 14.59 14.87 14.96 14.87 608.40 655.77 665.72 646.85
Printing and publishing............. 12.48 12.82 12.91 12.91 458.02 496.13 503.49 486.71
Chemicals and allied products....... 16.10 16.41 16.50 16.38 682.64 717.12 732.60 714.17
Petroleum and coal products......... 19.40 19.59 20.25 20.46 836.14 861.96 888.98 955.48
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.12 11.33 11.51 11.47 448.14 471.33 490.33 473.71
Leather and leather products........ 8.51 8.74 8.86 8.89 294.45 343.48 348.20 333.38
Service-producing....................... 11.20 11.46 11.51 11.61 357.28 373.60 380.98 373.84
Transportation and public utilities... $14.45 $14.62 $14.67 $14.76 $556.33 $583.34 $586.80 $577.12
Wholesale trade....................... 12.65 13.03 13.19 13.15 475.64 499.05 510.45 497.07
Retail trade.......................... 7.89 8.13 8.14 8.22 216.98 233.33 238.50 229.34
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.62 12.98 13.04 13.04 448.01 464.68 478.57 464.22
Services.............................. 11.73 12.05 12.17 12.21 373.01 390.42 397.96 390.72
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. change
Industry 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1997p from:
Dec. 1996-
Jan. 1997
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $11.62 $11.91 $11.90 $11.99 $12.05 $12.06 0.1
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.41 7.45 7.42 7.45 7.47 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 13.30 13.56 13.57 13.62 13.70 13.75 .4
Mining...................... 15.48 15.67 15.65 15.76 15.89 16.03 .9
Construction................ 15.25 15.53 15.55 15.55 15.67 15.71 .3
Manufacturing............... 12.63 12.87 12.88 12.94 13.00 13.06 .5
Excluding overtime4....... 12.00 12.21 12.21 12.27 12.30 12.36 .5
Service-producing............. 11.06 11.36 11.35 11.45 11.50 11.50 .0
Transportation and public
utilities................ 14.39 14.58 14.50 14.59 14.62 14.76 1.0
Wholesale trade............. 12.58 12.99 12.91 13.05 13.18 13.08 -.8
Retail trade................ 7.83 8.01 8.09 8.13 8.15 8.17 .2
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 12.55 12.92 12.86 13.02 13.02 12.99 -.2
Services.................... 11.59 11.89 11.90 12.02 12.07 12.07 .0
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .3 percent from November 1996 to December 1996, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
1996 1996 1996p 1997p 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1997p
Total private.................... 127.7 138.8 140.6 133.0 131.7 138.0 137.1 138.2 139.3 137.0
Goods-producing......................... 101.5 112.8 112.6 105.6 106.0 110.3 110.5 110.9 111.7 110.4
Mining................................ 51.0 55.6 55.5 52.1 52.7 54.7 54.7 53.9 55.1 53.7
Construction.......................... 120.4 154.9 146.8 126.5 140.7 147.9 149.0 150.5 151.3 147.8
Manufacturing......................... 100.9 107.5 109.1 104.8 102.0 105.9 105.9 106.1 106.9 106.2
Durable goods........................ 103.4 109.8 112.1 107.5 104.1 108.3 108.2 108.4 109.4 108.7
Lumber and wood products............ 123.8 138.5 137.9 129.3 127.1 136.2 137.1 137.9 137.3 134.5
Furniture and fixtures.............. 111.9 126.6 130.8 123.3 111.4 122.9 122.6 123.9 125.7 124.2
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 97.3 111.1 108.3 98.2 104.9 109.2 109.9 109.2 110.4 106.4
Primary metal industries............ 90.9 92.7 94.7 92.5 90.4 92.6 92.4 91.6 92.6 92.3
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 72.9 72.9 73.5 72.7 72.8 72.5 72.5 72.6 72.5 73.4
Fabricated metal products........... 109.8 117.6 119.8 114.5 110.2 115.3 115.5 115.4 116.1 115.0
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 101.9 103.6 107.4 104.7 101.2 102.7 102.8 103.2 104.2 104.2
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 105.3 109.4 111.3 107.1 105.0 108.0 107.4 107.2 108.2 106.7
Transportation equipment............ 115.7 123.4 128.0 123.7 116.6 122.3 121.4 122.7 124.3 125.9
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 157.2 163.6 171.0 164.3 158.2 164.5 161.8 161.7 164.1 167.6
Instruments and related products.... 71.1 74.4 76.1 73.4 70.8 74.0 73.6 73.6 74.2 73.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 95.1 105.7 104.9 100.3 97.2 101.1 101.1 102.0 103.8 104.0
Nondurable goods..................... 97.4 104.4 104.9 101.0 99.3 102.6 102.7 102.8 103.5 102.6
Food and kindred products........... 105.6 115.5 114.8 109.3 111.0 111.8 112.4 113.2 114.6 113.7
Tobacco products.................... 59.6 68.6 71.9 64.7 55.9 61.9 63.2 66.4 66.3 60.2
Textile mill products............... 80.2 92.5 92.9 90.3 80.8 90.9 91.3 91.3 92.3 91.2
Apparel and other textile products.. 68.7 75.4 74.8 71.4 70.1 74.9 74.8 74.3 74.1 72.9
Paper and allied products........... 104.9 110.5 111.5 108.7 105.0 108.8 108.8 109.3 109.3 109.0
Printing and publishing............. 118.6 125.1 126.4 120.4 120.5 123.0 122.8 122.8 123.2 121.9
Chemicals and allied products....... 99.5 100.2 101.4 99.5 100.2 99.2 99.2 99.4 99.6 99.9
Petroleum and coal products......... 70.5 75.6 73.0 75.9 73.9 75.1 73.4 74.8 75.5 79.2
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 136.0 142.5 146.0 140.2 136.5 142.1 141.5 140.9 142.8 140.2
Leather and leather products........ 40.4 43.3 44.3 41.3 41.2 42.9 42.5 42.5 43.6 41.8
Service-producing....................... 139.5 150.5 153.1 145.2 143.2 150.4 149.0 150.5 151.7 148.9
Transportation and public utilities... 121.9 131.7 132.2 126.7 124.5 130.8 129.2 130.4 130.6 129.2
Wholesale trade....................... 120.2 126.5 127.4 123.4 122.0 126.3 125.4 126.3 127.2 125.3
Retail trade.......................... 124.4 138.0 143.6 129.9 129.9 135.7 135.5 137.1 137.1 135.6
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 122.0 126.4 129.9 125.6 122.2 129.6 125.0 127.6 130.7 125.4
Services.............................. 166.1 178.8 180.0 173.7 170.3 179.8 178.2 179.4 181.6 177.7
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1993.............. 60.0 60.8 51.3 58.6 61.7 55.2 57.7 57.0 61.8 59.7 61.8 59.6
1994.............. 58.8 62.1 66.0 64.2 60.3 63.5 61.5 62.1 60.8 61.5 63.1 63.9
1995.............. 63.2 59.3 54.9 54.6 51.4 55.1 54.1 57.4 51.8 54.8 56.3 59.4
1996.............. 52.4 63.2 60.0 52.4 62.2 57.4 55.8 57.3 52.7 63.1 57.2 p59.6
1997.............. p56.6
Over 3-month span:
1993.............. 63.8 61.2 61.1 59.8 63.1 62.9 59.7 63.1 64.5 67.1 64.6 63.5
1994.............. 67.1 69.5 70.4 68.7 66.4 66.0 68.5 69.5 65.3 65.6 68.0 67.8
1995.............. 66.6 63.2 56.9 53.4 54.2 52.9 56.6 53.8 54.2 54.6 58.3 57.0
1996.............. 60.7 61.8 61.2 60.0 61.0 63.6 60.3 56.7 60.8 60.0 p65.9 p61.8
1997..............
Over 6-month span:
1993.............. 63.3 65.2 63.8 64.2 62.4 65.9 65.7 63.9 66.3 67.3 70.6 69.5
1994.............. 70.8 71.6 69.0 69.8 69.5 69.5 69.2 69.0 69.2 68.5 69.1 66.6
1995.............. 66.3 60.8 58.7 54.4 53.5 54.1 53.1 56.3 55.9 54.1 56.2 61.8
1996.............. 60.3 62.9 63.8 63.8 62.6 59.0 65.2 62.6 p62.4 p64.0
1997..............
Over 12-month span:
1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1
1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.4 65.7 65.0
1995.............. 62.6 60.8 60.1 61.2 58.1 57.7 54.5 58.7 58.6 57.3 59.4 59.8
1996.............. 61.0 61.7 61.5 61.1 62.8 p65.2 p63.9
1997..............
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1993.............. 52.5 56.5 50.7 45.7 54.0 45.7 49.3 49.3 59.4 53.2 53.6 55.0
1994.............. 56.5 60.1 59.7 58.6 53.2 57.9 57.6 53.6 55.8 54.7 57.2 59.4
1995.............. 56.8 55.0 46.0 45.3 39.2 40.3 45.0 45.0 42.4 45.3 46.4 47.5
1996.............. 42.1 48.2 48.2 39.6 53.2 49.6 43.9 50.0 44.6 54.3 48.2 p55.0
1997.............. p49.3
Over 3-month span:
1993.............. 60.8 58.3 53.2 47.8 48.9 54.0 50.4 58.3 57.6 59.7 54.7 57.6
1994.............. 63.7 64.4 66.2 60.8 56.1 56.8 60.8 58.6 54.0 56.1 60.1 60.8
1995.............. 60.4 51.8 43.5 34.9 33.1 32.0 33.1 35.6 38.8 39.6 40.6 38.8
1996.............. 38.8 39.9 37.8 43.2 45.3 47.5 45.7 40.6 50.7 47.1 p54.7 p49.3
1997..............
Over 6-month span:
1993.............. 56.5 59.0 56.8 55.4 50.7 57.9 59.4 56.5 57.6 58.6 64.4 60.8
1994.............. 62.2 64.4 60.4 61.5 59.0 56.8 56.5 57.2 60.1 55.8 59.7 55.8
1995.............. 55.4 45.0 38.5 33.5 27.7 28.8 28.8 30.6 33.5 33.1 34.2 38.8
1996.............. 32.0 37.4 37.1 38.1 42.4 37.8 48.6 43.5 p46.0 p50.7
1997..............
Over 12-month span:
1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6
1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 55.8 49.6 47.5
1995.............. 42.1 40.3 39.9 40.6 34.5 31.7 25.9 28.8 28.1 24.1 27.0 29.1
1996.............. 33.1 33.1 33.8 35.6 37.1 p42.8 p40.3
1997..............
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: March 07, 1997
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_0197.htm
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