Technical information: USDL 97-218
Household data: (202) 606-6378
Transmission of material in this
release is embargoed until
Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
Media contact: 606-5902 Thursday, July 3, 1997.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: JUNE 1997
Nonfarm payroll employment rose in June, and the unemployment rate
increased to 5.0 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.
Department of Labor reported today. The total number of payroll jobs
increased by 217,000; private-sector employment rose by 151,000.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The number of unemployed persons rose by 302,000 in June to 6.8
million, seasonally adjusted, and the unemployment rate increased by two-
tenths of a percentage point to 5.0 percent. Among the major demographic
groups, the jobless rate for adult men rose by 0.4 percentage point to 4.2
percent, after declining by the same magnitude in May. An increase in the
jobless rate for whites to 4.2 percent in June also reversed a decline in
May. Unemployment rates for adult women (4.4 percent), teenagers (16.8
percent), blacks (10.4 percent), and Hispanics (7.6 percent) were
essentially unchanged in June. (See tables A-1 and A-2.)
Among the unemployed, the number of persons who had lost their last
jobs and did not expect to be recalled (persons not on temporary layoff)
increased by 189,000 to 2.2 million, after seasonal adjustment. (See table
A-6.) The number of persons who had been unemployed for 5 to 14 weeks also
increased over the month. (See table A-5.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Total employment, at a seasonally adjusted level of 129.4 million, was
little changed in June. Employment increased by 1.2 million during the
first half of the year, after adjusting for the change in population
controls made in January. (See table A-1.)
The number of persons holding more than one job was 8.2 million in
June, not seasonally adjusted. These multiple jobholders made up 6.3
percent of all employed persons, 0.3 percentage point higher than a year
earlier. (See table A-9.)
Both the civilian labor force, 136.2 million, and the labor force
participation rate, 67.1 percent, were unchanged in June. (See table A-1.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.4 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in June; that is, they wanted and were
available for work and had looked for jobs sometime in the prior 12 months.
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________|May-
Category | 19971/ | 19971/ |June
|_________________|__________________________|change
| I | II | Apr. | May | June |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 135,934| 136,157| 136,098| 136,173| 136,200| 27
Employment..........| 128,728| 129,462| 129,384| 129,639| 129,364| -275
Unemployment........| 7,206| 6,695| 6,714| 6,534| 6,836| 302
Not in labor force....| 66,462| 66,678| 66,577| 66,659| 66,800| 141
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 5.3| 4.9| 4.9| 4.8| 5.0| 0.2
Adult men...........| 4.5| 4.1| 4.2| 3.8| 4.2| .4
Adult women.........| 4.7| 4.4| 4.4| 4.5| 4.4| -.1
Teenagers...........| 17.0| 15.9| 15.4| 15.6| 16.8| 1.2
White...............| 4.5| 4.1| 4.2| 4.0| 4.2| .2
Black...............| 10.9| 10.2| 9.8| 10.3| 10.4| .1
Hispanic origin.....| 8.3| 7.7| 8.1| 7.4| 7.6| .2
________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 121,138|p121,854| 121,671|p121,837|p122,054| p217
Goods-producing 2/..| 24,635| p24,694| 24,667| p24,701| p24,713| p12
Construction......| 5,585| p5,616| 5,599| p5,625| p5,623| p-2
Manufacturing.....| 18,476| p18,503| 18,495| p18,500| p18,514| p14
Service-producing 2/| 96,504| p97,160| 97,004| p97,136| p97,341| p205
Retail trade......| 21,928| p22,042| 22,029| p22,020| p22,078| p58
Services..........| 35,086| p35,442| 35,334| p35,464| p35,527| p63
Government........| 19,540| p19,592| 19,579| p19,565| p19,631| p66
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.7| p34.6| 34.5| p34.6| p34.7| p0.1
Manufacturing.......| 41.9| p42.0| 42.1| p42.0| p41.9| p-.1
Overtime..........| 4.8| p4.8| 4.9| p4.8| p4.7| p-.1
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 3/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $12.10| p$12.18| $12.14| p$12.18| p$12.22| p$0.04
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 419.36| p421.43| 418.83| p421.43| p424.03| p2.60
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Beginning in January 1997, household data reflect revised population
controls used in the survey.
2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
- 3 -
The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who
were not currently looking for jobs specifically because they believed no
jobs were available for them or there were none for which they would
qualify--was 353,000 in June. (See table A-9.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Data)
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 217,000 in June, after
seasonal adjustment, about in line with the average monthly job gain
(236,000) for the first 5 months of this year. Job gains in the private
sector, 151,000, were somewhat smaller than in recent months. (See
table B-1.)
The services industry added 63,000 jobs in June, well below the average
monthly gain in the first 5 months of this year (116,000). Health services
gained only 8,000 jobs in June compared to an average monthly gain of
21,000 in the first 5 months of the year. Employment in help supply
services was about unchanged over the month; between March and June, the
industry lost 49,000 jobs. In contrast, strong growth continued in
computer and data processing services (11,000) and engineering and
management services (14,000). Employment in amusement and recreation
services rose by 14,000 in June; since March, job growth in this industry
has totaled 60,000.
Retail trade employment rose by 58,000 in June. Within the industry,
employment in eating and drinking places increased by 28,000 jobs, after
registering little change in May. Food stores and miscellaneous retail
establishments also had particularly large employment increases in June.
Both finance and transportation continued to show job growth in June
(up by 11,000 each), while employment in wholesale trade showed little
change over the month.
Manufacturing employment rose by 14,000, resuming the pace of job
increases that occurred in the first 3 months of this year. Job growth
continued in industrial machinery (3,000), electronic components (3,000),
and aircraft (6,000). In addition, instruments added 4,000 workers in
June. Within nondurable goods, printing and publishing added 6,000 jobs in
June for a total gain of 16,000 over the past 3 months.
Construction employment was little changed in June, after seasonal
adjustment. Some of the weakness was weather related, as evidenced by
declines in outdoor construction activities. Employment among general
building contractors has shown no net growth since registering a large gain
in February.
Government employment rose by 66,000 in June. An increase of 49,000 in
local government education followed 3 months with little change in
employment; the noneducation component rose by 29,000 in June. Federal
government employment continued to decline.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour in June to 34.7 hours,
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seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek and factory overtime both
fell slightly, to 41.9 hours and 4.7 hours, respectively. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or
nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.4 percent to 140.7
(1982=100) in June, on a seasonally adjusted basis. The manufacturing
index declined by 0.3 percent to 108.0. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers
on nonfarm payrolls were up by 4 cents in June to $12.22, seasonally
adjusted. Average weekly earnings increased by 0.6 percent to $424.03.
Over the past year, both average hourly earnings and average weekly
earnings have risen by 3.5 percent. (See table B-3.)
________________________________________
The Employment Situation for July 1997 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, August 1, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).
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Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1997,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
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Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
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period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
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monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.6 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $13.00 per issue or
$35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 200,459 202,832 203,000 200,459 202,389 202,513 202,674 202,832 203,000
Civilian labor force.......................... 135,083 135,963 137,557 133,709 135,634 136,319 136,098 136,173 136,200
Participation rate...................... 67.4 67.0 67.8 66.7 67.0 67.3 67.2 67.1 67.1
Employed.................................... 127,706 129,565 130,463 126,590 128,430 129,175 129,384 129,639 129,364
Employment-population ratio............. 63.7 63.9 64.3 63.2 63.5 63.8 63.8 63.9 63.7
Agriculture............................... 3,793 3,652 3,757 3,408 3,292 3,386 3,497 3,430 3,391
Nonagricultural industries................ 123,912 125,912 126,705 123,182 125,138 125,789 125,887 126,209 125,973
Unemployed.................................. 7,377 6,398 7,094 7,119 7,205 7,144 6,714 6,534 6,836
Unemployment rate....................... 5.5 4.7 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0
Not in labor force............................ 65,376 66,870 65,443 66,750 66,754 66,194 66,577 66,659 66,800
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,140 97,559 97,649 96,140 97,320 97,387 97,474 97,559 97,649
Civilian labor force.......................... 73,165 73,191 74,312 72,110 72,987 73,268 73,232 73,200 73,242
Participation rate...................... 76.1 75.0 76.1 75.0 75.0 75.2 75.1 75.0 75.0
Employed.................................... 69,298 69,968 70,619 68,251 69,232 69,478 69,627 69,929 69,567
Employment-population ratio............. 72.1 71.7 72.3 71.0 71.1 71.3 71.4 71.7 71.2
Unemployed.................................. 3,868 3,223 3,693 3,859 3,755 3,790 3,604 3,271 3,674
Unemployment rate....................... 5.3 4.4 5.0 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.5 5.0
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 88,570 89,766 89,829 88,570 89,556 89,604 89,680 89,766 89,829
Civilian labor force.......................... 68,439 69,146 69,549 68,088 68,827 69,111 69,147 69,059 69,167
Participation rate...................... 77.3 77.0 77.4 76.9 76.9 77.1 77.1 76.9 77.0
Employed.................................... 65,474 66,564 66,828 64,933 65,818 66,066 66,243 66,418 66,266
Employment-population ratio............. 73.9 74.2 74.4 73.3 73.5 73.7 73.9 74.0 73.8
Agriculture............................... 2,492 2,566 2,596 2,318 2,276 2,362 2,428 2,421 2,417
Nonagricultural industries................ 62,983 63,997 64,232 62,615 63,542 63,703 63,815 63,997 63,849
Unemployed.................................. 2,964 2,582 2,721 3,155 3,009 3,045 2,904 2,640 2,901
Unemployment rate....................... 4.3 3.7 3.9 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.2 3.8 4.2
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 104,319 105,274 105,351 104,319 105,068 105,127 105,200 105,274 105,351
Civilian labor force.......................... 61,917 62,772 63,245 61,599 62,647 63,051 62,866 62,973 62,958
Participation rate...................... 59.4 59.6 60.0 59.0 59.6 60.0 59.8 59.8 59.8
Employed.................................... 58,408 59,597 59,843 58,339 59,197 59,697 59,756 59,710 59,796
Employment-population ratio............. 56.0 56.6 56.8 55.9 56.3 56.8 56.8 56.7 56.8
Unemployed.................................. 3,509 3,175 3,401 3,260 3,450 3,354 3,109 3,263 3,162
Unemployment rate....................... 5.7 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.3 4.9 5.2 5.0
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,999 97,767 97,834 96,999 97,571 97,638 97,685 97,767 97,834
Civilian labor force.......................... 57,644 58,984 58,908 57,909 58,743 59,130 58,974 59,130 59,207
Participation rate...................... 59.4 60.3 60.2 59.7 60.2 60.6 60.4 60.5 60.5
Employed.................................... 54,903 56,464 56,263 55,196 55,955 56,359 56,392 56,481 56,585
Employment-population ratio............. 56.6 57.8 57.5 56.9 57.3 57.7 57.7 57.8 57.8
Agriculture............................... 915 782 809 835 775 739 779 743 740
Nonagricultural industries................ 53,989 55,682 55,454 54,361 55,179 55,620 55,613 55,738 55,845
Unemployed.................................. 2,741 2,520 2,645 2,713 2,788 2,771 2,581 2,650 2,621
Unemployment rate....................... 4.8 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population........... 14,890 15,300 15,336 14,890 15,261 15,271 15,309 15,300 15,336
Civilian labor force.......................... 9,000 7,832 9,100 7,712 8,065 8,078 7,977 7,984 7,826
Participation rate...................... 60.4 51.2 59.3 51.8 52.8 52.9 52.1 52.2 51.0
Employed.................................... 7,328 6,537 7,372 6,461 6,657 6,750 6,748 6,740 6,512
Employment-population ratio............. 49.2 42.7 48.1 43.4 43.6 44.2 44.1 44.1 42.5
Agriculture............................... 387 304 353 255 240 285 290 266 234
Nonagricultural industries................ 6,941 6,233 7,019 6,206 6,417 6,465 6,458 6,474 6,279
Unemployed.................................. 1,672 1,296 1,728 1,251 1,408 1,328 1,229 1,244 1,314
Unemployment rate....................... 18.6 16.5 19.0 16.2 17.5 16.4 15.4 15.6 16.8
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 168,222 169,782 169,897 168,222 169,492 169,569 169,675 169,782 169,897
Civilian labor force.......................... 114,098 114,486 115,832 112,940 114,333 114,736 114,618 114,630 114,691
Participation rate........................ 67.8 67.4 68.2 67.1 67.5 67.7 67.6 67.5 67.5
Employed.................................... 108,771 110,004 110,839 107,733 109,197 109,630 109,831 110,052 109,821
Employment-population ratio............... 64.7 64.8 65.2 64.0 64.4 64.7 64.7 64.8 64.6
Unemployed.................................. 5,327 4,481 4,994 5,207 5,136 5,106 4,786 4,578 4,870
Unemployment rate......................... 4.7 3.9 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.2
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 58,698 59,137 59,447 58,366 58,968 59,161 59,196 59,008 59,088
Participation rate........................ 77.8 77.6 77.9 77.4 77.5 77.7 77.7 77.4 77.5
Employed.................................... 56,496 57,284 57,494 55,992 56,692 56,923 57,057 57,112 56,981
Employment-population ratio............... 74.9 75.2 75.4 74.3 74.5 74.8 74.9 74.9 74.7
Unemployed.................................. 2,203 1,853 1,953 2,374 2,275 2,238 2,139 1,895 2,107
Unemployment rate......................... 3.8 3.1 3.3 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.2 3.6
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 47,781 48,705 48,666 47,992 48,619 48,832 48,662 48,874 48,924
Participation rate........................ 59.0 59.8 59.7 59.2 59.8 60.0 59.8 60.0 60.1
Employed.................................... 45,832 47,000 46,846 46,075 46,747 46,915 46,902 47,047 47,128
Employment-population ratio............... 56.6 57.7 57.5 56.9 57.5 57.7 57.6 57.8 57.9
Unemployed.................................. 1,949 1,705 1,820 1,917 1,872 1,917 1,759 1,827 1,795
Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 3.5 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force.......................... 7,618 6,644 7,719 6,582 6,746 6,742 6,760 6,748 6,679
Participation rate........................ 64.5 54.7 63.4 55.7 55.6 55.6 55.7 55.5 54.9
Employed.................................... 6,443 5,721 6,499 5,666 5,758 5,792 5,872 5,893 5,711
Employment-population ratio............... 54.5 47.1 53.4 48.0 47.5 47.7 48.4 48.5 46.9
Unemployed.................................. 1,175 923 1,220 916 988 951 888 855 968
Unemployment rate......................... 15.4 13.9 15.8 13.9 14.6 14.1 13.1 12.7 14.5
Men..................................... 15.9 13.3 16.9 14.9 14.6 15.0 14.3 12.7 16.3
Women................................... 14.9 14.5 14.6 12.8 14.7 13.1 11.9 12.7 12.6
BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,579 23,950 23,978 23,579 23,872 23,895 23,923 23,950 23,978
Civilian labor force.......................... 15,228 15,370 15,605 15,010 15,408 15,439 15,365 15,434 15,398
Participation rate........................ 64.6 64.2 65.1 63.7 64.5 64.6 64.2 64.4 64.2
Employed.................................... 13,542 13,825 13,854 13,478 13,672 13,784 13,863 13,837 13,793
Employment-population ratio............... 57.4 57.7 57.8 57.2 57.3 57.7 57.9 57.8 57.5
Unemployed.................................. 1,686 1,545 1,751 1,532 1,736 1,655 1,503 1,597 1,605
Unemployment rate......................... 11.1 10.0 11.2 10.2 11.3 10.7 9.8 10.3 10.4
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 6,778 6,849 6,943 6,757 6,765 6,803 6,805 6,831 6,926
Participation rate........................ 72.0 71.7 72.6 71.8 71.0 71.6 71.4 71.5 72.4
Employed.................................... 6,165 6,287 6,327 6,133 6,159 6,173 6,234 6,255 6,296
Employment-population ratio............... 65.5 65.8 66.1 65.2 64.7 65.0 65.4 65.5 65.8
Unemployed.................................. 613 563 616 624 605 629 571 575 630
Unemployment rate......................... 9.0 8.2 8.9 9.2 9.0 9.3 8.4 8.4 9.1
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 7,366 7,641 7,597 7,377 7,636 7,641 7,641 7,693 7,615
Participation rate........................ 62.3 63.7 63.4 62.4 63.9 63.9 63.8 64.1 63.5
Employed.................................... 6,730 6,967 6,900 6,746 6,851 6,934 6,997 6,974 6,921
Employment-population ratio............... 56.9 58.1 57.6 57.1 57.3 57.9 58.4 58.1 57.7
Unemployed.................................. 636 675 697 631 785 706 644 719 694
Unemployment rate......................... 8.6 8.8 9.2 8.6 10.3 9.2 8.4 9.4 9.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force.......................... 1,084 879 1,065 876 1,007 996 920 910 857
Participation rate........................ 46.2 36.6 44.0 37.3 42.0 41.1 38.1 37.9 35.4
Employed.................................... 648 572 627 599 662 676 632 608 577
Employment-population ratio............... 27.6 23.8 25.9 25.5 27.6 27.9 26.2 25.3 23.8
Unemployed.................................. 436 307 439 277 346 319 287 302 281
Unemployment rate......................... 40.3 34.9 41.2 31.6 34.3 32.1 31.2 33.2 32.7
Men..................................... 42.8 35.9 46.2 36.6 37.4 41.4 37.3 32.6 41.1
Women................................... 37.7 34.0 36.0 26.9 31.3 23.7 25.3 33.8 24.5
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 19,184 20,236 20,293 19,184 20,067 20,119 20,180 20,236 20,293
Civilian labor force.......................... 12,660 13,630 13,839 12,624 13,640 13,662 13,572 13,746 13,807
Participation rate........................ 66.0 67.4 68.2 65.8 68.0 67.9 67.3 67.9 68.0
Employed.................................... 11,575 12,666 12,820 11,510 12,538 12,493 12,470 12,730 12,756
Employment-population ratio............... 60.3 62.6 63.2 60.0 62.5 62.1 61.8 62.9 62.9
Unemployed.................................. 1,084 964 1,019 1,114 1,102 1,169 1,102 1,016 1,051
Unemployment rate......................... 8.6 7.1 7.4 8.8 8.1 8.6 8.1 7.4 7.6
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over............... 127,706 129,565 130,463 126,590 128,430 129,175 129,384 129,639 129,364
Married men, spouse present................... 42,629 42,484 42,533 42,520 42,513 42,509 42,329 42,273 42,448
Married women, spouse present................. 32,192 32,575 32,259 32,456 32,578 32,699 32,473 32,445 32,519
Women who maintain families................... 7,345 7,913 7,831 7,364 7,556 7,720 7,838 7,858 7,847
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty......... 36,440 37,391 37,271 36,667 37,525 37,723 37,599 37,318 37,493
Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 37,720 38,132 38,218 37,636 38,073 38,158 38,150 38,362 38,142
Service occupations........................... 17,490 17,407 17,708 17,191 17,170 17,292 17,267 17,390 17,412
Precision production, craft, and repair....... 13,748 14,265 14,551 13,559 14,140 14,200 14,301 14,380 14,364
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,338 18,514 18,765 18,159 18,144 18,234 18,415 18,647 18,597
Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,968 3,856 3,950 3,502 3,388 3,507 3,605 3,680 3,499
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers..................... 2,169 2,117 2,222 1,883 1,932 1,905 1,989 1,941 1,929
Self-employed workers....................... 1,578 1,483 1,485 1,490 1,353 1,414 1,424 1,444 1,404
Unpaid family workers....................... 46 53 50 36 15 59 70 50 40
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers..................... 114,693 116,611 117,386 114,000 115,987 116,533 116,608 116,969 116,653
Government................................ 18,017 18,128 17,846 18,280 18,144 17,994 18,036 17,807 18,099
Private industries........................ 96,676 98,483 99,541 95,720 97,843 98,539 98,572 99,162 98,554
Private households...................... 863 910 900 829 882 869 922 967 870
Other industries........................ 95,813 97,573 98,641 94,891 96,962 97,671 97,650 98,195 97,684
Self-employed workers....................... 9,083 9,151 9,180 9,027 9,124 9,292 9,159 9,106 9,126
Unpaid family workers....................... 137 150 139 127 136 108 130 148 128
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,577 3,891 4,258 4,325 4,262 4,153 4,402 4,019 4,025
Slack work or business conditions......... 2,299 2,192 2,275 2,391 2,378 2,344 2,491 2,300 2,375
Could only find part-time work............ 1,854 1,395 1,580 1,584 1,550 1,518 1,629 1,391 1,347
Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 16,408 18,592 16,728 17,960 18,070 18,120 18,176 18,336 18,322
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,428 3,707 4,024 4,161 4,098 3,937 4,235 3,806 3,782
Slack work or business conditions......... 2,208 2,079 2,140 2,282 2,277 2,210 2,374 2,159 2,220
Could only find part-time work............ 1,815 1,354 1,516 1,558 1,523 1,475 1,603 1,347 1,298
Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 15,825 17,993 16,162 17,298 17,452 17,565 17,661 17,780 17,663
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Category
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over....................... 7,119 6,534 6,836 5.3 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0
Men, 20 years and over....................... 3,155 2,640 2,901 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.2 3.8 4.2
Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,713 2,650 2,621 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,251 1,244 1,314 16.2 17.5 16.4 15.4 15.6 16.8
Married men, spouse present.................. 1,304 1,143 1,159 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7
Married women, spouse present................ 1,204 1,076 1,071 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2
Women who maintain families.................. 619 650 686 7.8 9.0 9.1 7.5 7.6 8.0
Full-time workers............................ 5,688 5,274 5,515 5.2 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.9
Part-time workers............................ 1,384 1,283 1,271 5.6 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.2 5.3
OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty........ 906 798 748 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0
Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,647 1,526 1,702 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.3
Precision production, craft, and repair...... 757 688 715 5.3 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.7
Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,572 1,421 1,477 8.0 8.1 8.1 7.3 7.1 7.4
Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 285 243 308 7.5 7.5 7.4 6.6 6.2 8.1
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary
workers...................................... 5,527 5,199 5,208 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0
Goods-producing industries................. 1,691 1,526 1,493 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.2
Mining................................... 28 19 15 4.9 4.2 4.0 2.0 3.0 2.3
Construction............................. 628 600 591 9.6 9.0 9.6 8.7 8.4 8.5
Manufacturing............................ 1,035 908 887 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.1
Durable goods.......................... 562 446 439 4.5 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5
Nondurable goods....................... 473 462 448 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.8 5.3 5.0
Service-producing industries............... 3,836 3,672 3,714 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.9 5.0
Transportation and public utilities...... 309 273 218 4.4 4.3 4.1 2.8 3.6 2.9
Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,684 1,631 1,737 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 193 240 186 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.2 2.5
Services................................. 1,650 1,528 1,573 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.8
Government workers........................... 533 436 533 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.9
Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 200 149 229 9.6 8.8 9.5 9.6 7.1 10.6
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks.............................. 3,218 2,535 3,210 2,544 2,591 2,650 2,354 2,523 2,538
5 to 14 weeks.................................. 1,892 1,691 1,895 2,201 2,382 2,380 2,156 2,022 2,211
15 weeks and over.............................. 2,267 2,172 1,989 2,353 2,163 2,064 2,092 2,071 2,063
15 to 26 weeks.............................. 965 1,144 973 1,051 1,025 1,001 1,058 1,078 1,045
27 weeks and over........................... 1,302 1,028 1,016 1,302 1,138 1,063 1,034 993 1,018
Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 16.2 15.7 14.2 17.2 16.0 15.3 15.2 15.1 15.1
Median duration, in weeks...................... 6.1 7.8 5.8 8.1 8.4 7.9 8.3 7.7 7.7
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks............................ 43.6 39.6 45.3 35.8 36.3 37.4 35.7 38.1 37.3
5 to 14 weeks................................ 25.6 26.4 26.7 31.0 33.4 33.6 32.7 30.6 32.5
15 weeks and over............................ 30.7 33.9 28.0 33.2 30.3 29.1 31.7 31.3 30.3
15 to 26 weeks............................. 13.1 17.9 13.7 14.8 14.4 14.1 16.0 16.3 15.3
27 weeks and over.......................... 17.6 16.1 14.3 18.3 15.9 15.0 15.7 15.0 14.9
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Reason
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 3,116 2,696 2,878 3,399 3,163 3,187 2,979 2,902 3,145
On temporary layoff................................... 853 704 788 1,000 944 1,021 976 871 925
Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,262 1,992 2,090 2,399 2,218 2,167 2,003 2,031 2,220
Permanent job losers................................ 1,670 1,391 1,448 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 593 602 642 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers............................................. 660 721 774 702 787 784 754 801 829
Reentrants.............................................. 2,719 2,412 2,628 2,437 2,648 2,535 2,420 2,306 2,359
New entrants............................................ 882 569 814 545 647 647 577 574 481
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed........................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 42.2 42.1 40.6 48.0 43.7 44.6 44.3 44.1 46.2
On temporary layoff.................................. 11.6 11.0 11.1 14.1 13.0 14.3 14.5 13.2 13.6
Not on temporary layoff.............................. 30.7 31.1 29.5 33.9 30.6 30.3 29.8 30.9 32.6
Job leavers............................................ 9.0 11.3 10.9 9.9 10.9 11.0 11.2 12.2 12.2
Reentrants............................................. 36.9 37.7 37.0 34.4 36.6 35.4 36.0 35.0 34.6
New entrants........................................... 12.0 8.9 11.5 7.7 8.9 9.0 8.6 8.7 7.1
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3
Job leavers............................................ .5 .5 .6 .5 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6
Reentrants............................................. 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7
New entrants........................................... .7 .4 .6 .4 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4
1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Measure
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force.................................................... 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 5.5 4.7 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force
plus discouraged workers....................................... 5.7 4.9 5.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other
marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian
labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 6.6 5.7 6.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus
total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 10.0 8.5 9.2 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7
of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking
for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past.
Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently
looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time
work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of
alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1997,
data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Age and sex
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 7,119 6,534 6,836 5.3 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0
16 to 24 years.................................. 2,481 2,357 2,442 11.8 12.0 11.8 11.4 10.9 11.5
16 to 19 years................................ 1,251 1,244 1,314 16.2 17.5 16.4 15.4 15.6 16.8
16 to 17 years.............................. 622 585 548 18.9 19.7 19.4 18.5 18.4 17.3
18 to 19 years.............................. 626 657 762 14.1 15.2 14.6 13.3 13.7 16.3
20 to 24 years................................ 1,230 1,114 1,128 9.2 8.7 9.0 9.0 8.2 8.4
25 years and over............................... 4,625 4,209 4,382 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.8
25 to 54 years................................ 4,047 3,733 3,857 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.9
55 years and over............................. 558 481 515 3.5 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.1
Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,859 3,271 3,674 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.5 5.0
16 to 24 years................................ 1,387 1,175 1,359 12.5 12.0 12.2 11.8 10.3 12.1
16 to 19 years.............................. 704 630 774 17.5 17.9 17.9 17.2 15.2 19.0
16 to 17 years............................ 344 290 330 20.5 19.6 21.4 20.5 17.8 19.9
18 to 19 years............................ 357 339 440 15.0 15.4 15.7 15.2 13.5 18.2
20 to 24 years.............................. 683 544 585 9.6 8.6 8.9 8.7 7.5 8.2
25 years and over............................. 2,466 2,113 2,311 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.7
25 to 54 years.............................. 2,144 1,846 2,018 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.8
55 years and over........................... 311 263 287 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.0 2.8 3.1
Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,260 3,263 3,162 5.3 5.5 5.3 4.9 5.2 5.0
16 to 24 years................................ 1,094 1,183 1,083 11.0 11.9 11.3 10.9 11.6 10.8
16 to 19 years.............................. 547 614 540 14.8 16.9 14.9 13.6 16.0 14.4
16 to 17 years............................ 278 295 217 17.3 19.7 17.1 16.5 19.0 14.4
18 to 19 years............................ 269 318 322 13.0 15.0 13.3 11.3 13.8 14.3
20 to 24 years.............................. 547 569 542 8.8 8.8 9.1 9.3 8.9 8.6
25 years and over............................. 2,159 2,096 2,071 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.8 4.0 3.9
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,903 1,887 1,839 4.3 4.5 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.0
55 years and over........................... 247 218 228 3.5 2.6 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.2
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
June June June June June June
1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force.................................... 65,376 65,443 22,974 23,337 42,402 42,106
Persons who currently want a job.............................. 6,043 5,325 2,400 2,255 3,644 3,070
Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,684 1,428 718 683 967 744
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 414 353 229 200 185 152
Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,270 1,075 489 483 781 592
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,692 8,214 4,206 4,513 3,486 3,700
Percent of total employed................................... 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.4 6.0 6.2
Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,345 4,573 2,547 2,795 1,798 1,779
Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,562 1,687 511 530 1,051 1,157
Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 237 299 167 228 71 71
Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,494 1,625 960 949 533 676
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during
the reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or
old, and other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and
transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown
separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
June Apr. May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p
Total......................... 120,537 121,436 122,482 123,109 119,516 121,162 121,344 121,671 121,837 122,054
Total private.................... 101,038 101,483 102,476 103,417 100,079 101,615 101,799 102,092 102,272 102,423
Goods-producing......................... 24,756 24,413 24,721 25,017 24,453 24,653 24,670 24,667 24,701 24,713
Mining................................ 582 567 574 582 577 574 572 573 576 576
Metal mining........................ 55.4 53.6 54.2 55.6 54 54 54 54 54 54
Coal mining......................... 97.2 92.6 92.6 92.6 97 93 93 93 93 92
Oil and gas extraction.............. 320.0 313.8 317.6 321.9 320 319 317 319 322 322
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 109.8 106.7 109.8 111.8 106 108 108 107 107 108
Construction.......................... 5,616 5,437 5,668 5,830 5,408 5,604 5,609 5,599 5,625 5,623
General building contractors........ 1,296.9 1,260.1 1,294.4 1,336.1 1,260 1,298 1,298 1,297 1,299 1,299
Heavy construction, except building. 828.9 746.7 805.7 818.3 775 791 777 767 777 765
Special trade contractors........... 3,490.1 3,430.1 3,568.1 3,676.0 3,373 3,515 3,534 3,535 3,549 3,559
Manufacturing......................... 18,558 18,409 18,479 18,605 18,468 18,475 18,489 18,495 18,500 18,514
Production workers................ 12,825 12,712 12,775 12,872 12,751 12,762 12,771 12,774 12,797 12,798
Durable goods........................ 10,839 10,836 10,880 10,946 10,778 10,836 10,848 10,856 10,866 10,883
Production workers................ 7,433 7,434 7,475 7,526 7,376 7,427 7,437 7,440 7,461 7,468
Lumber and wood products............ 790.6 786.3 796.6 808.7 781 793 797 799 801 798
Furniture and fixtures.............. 504.9 506.1 508.1 510.9 503 507 507 506 508 509
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 552.1 538.8 546.2 550.9 540 543 542 541 540 539
Primary metal industries............ 714.6 708.5 706.9 710.2 713 708 709 710 707 708
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 242.3 234.8 234.6 236.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Fabricated metal products........... 1,453.6 1,463.8 1,468.3 1,476.8 1,445 1,462 1,463 1,468 1,469 1,468
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,124.4 2,145.7 2,148.2 2,157.6 2,113 2,132 2,136 2,142 2,143 2,146
Computer and office equipment..... 365.9 373.4 375.7 377.6 364 370 372 375 376 375
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,656.9 1,638.3 1,641.0 1,652.7 1,653 1,645 1,645 1,643 1,644 1,649
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 613.1 617.0 620.4 626.9 611 612 614 618 622 625
Transportation equipment............ 1,794.9 1,809.5 1,823.0 1,830.7 1,787 1,804 1,810 1,804 1,813 1,823
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 981.6 960.3 971.5 972.4 974 964 969 957 964 965
Aircraft and parts................ 451.3 495.1 497.4 503.3 452 487 491 495 498 504
Instruments and related products.... 857.8 853.4 854.8 860.6 856 854 853 855 854 858
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 388.7 385.8 386.5 387.0 387 388 386 388 387 385
Nondurable goods..................... 7,719 7,573 7,599 7,659 7,690 7,639 7,641 7,639 7,634 7,631
Production workers................ 5,392 5,278 5,300 5,346 5,375 5,335 5,334 5,334 5,336 5,330
Food and kindred products........... 1,686.3 1,648.4 1,660.9 1,690.4 1,689 1,694 1,698 1,699 1,693 1,693
Tobacco products.................... 38.2 38.5 37.6 37.9 41 42 42 41 41 41
Textile mill products............... 628.9 608.9 610.1 612.1 625 612 612 609 608 608
Apparel and other textile products.. 873.8 820.7 822.9 823.2 866 831 827 822 819 816
Paper and allied products........... 685.9 672.9 674.9 681.1 680 678 677 677 677 676
Printing and publishing............. 1,537.7 1,538.7 1,541.9 1,550.6 1,538 1,534 1,535 1,541 1,545 1,551
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,038.2 1,026.0 1,026.9 1,033.4 1,032 1,028 1,028 1,029 1,030 1,027
Petroleum and coal products......... 144.9 138.1 139.7 140.9 142 139 140 140 139 138
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 988.1 987.4 990.4 996.9 980 987 988 988 989 989
Leather and leather products........ 97.4 92.9 93.2 92.7 97 94 94 93 93 92
Service-producing....................... 95,781 97,023 97,761 98,092 95,063 96,509 96,674 97,004 97,136 97,341
Transportation and public utilities... 6,299 6,384 6,429 6,462 6,270 6,376 6,405 6,421 6,426 6,431
Transportation...................... 4,065 4,151 4,190 4,214 4,047 4,142 4,164 4,179 4,183 4,194
Railroad transportation........... 231.4 225.0 228.0 226.7 231 227 226 225 226 226
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 440.2 471.0 474.2 460.6 439 453 455 460 457 459
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,661.7 1,651.7 1,677.0 1,703.7 1,651 1,664 1,671 1,676 1,686 1,691
Water transportation.............. 179.3 175.7 179.4 181.0 173 175 175 177 174 175
Transportation by air............. 1,120.1 1,179.5 1,183.1 1,189.6 1,122 1,178 1,191 1,192 1,192 1,192
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.8 14.2 14.2 14.5 15 14 14 14 14 14
Transportation services........... 417.8 434.2 434.5 438.0 416 431 432 435 434 437
Communications and public utilities. 2,234 2,233 2,239 2,248 2,223 2,234 2,241 2,242 2,243 2,237
Communications.................... 1,341.5 1,363.3 1,367.0 1,371.8 1,338 1,358 1,364 1,369 1,371 1,368
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 892.2 869.8 871.7 876.6 885 876 877 873 872 869
Wholesale trade....................... 6,514 6,601 6,641 6,677 6,469 6,593 6,611 6,622 6,630 6,631
Durable goods....................... 3,823 3,895 3,915 3,938 3,798 3,879 3,889 3,900 3,909 3,912
Nondurable goods.................... 2,691 2,706 2,726 2,739 2,671 2,714 2,722 2,722 2,721 2,719
Retail trade.......................... 21,803 21,750 22,060 22,286 21,600 21,922 21,945 22,029 22,020 22,078
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 932.7 936.9 966.5 970.9 890 918 922 931 931 926
General merchandise stores.......... 2,666.8 2,682.2 2,702.9 2,737.0 2,726 2,752 2,783 2,799 2,788 2,795
Department stores................. 2,338.4 2,355.5 2,371.3 2,401.2 2,390 2,416 2,452 2,446 2,454 2,452
Food stores......................... 3,450.6 3,438.9 3,471.0 3,512.2 3,427 3,477 3,478 3,480 3,479 3,489
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,293.1 2,309.0 2,320.7 2,336.8 2,270 2,311 2,315 2,319 2,314 2,313
New and used car dealers.......... 1,035.9 1,053.5 1,053.9 1,059.0 1,033 1,053 1,055 1,055 1,053 1,056
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,089.8 1,075.3 1,076.7 1,090.2 1,099 1,103 1,104 1,105 1,099 1,099
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 973.5 1,015.3 1,020.2 1,023.6 983 1,022 1,025 1,026 1,032 1,033
Eating and drinking places.......... 7,733.0 7,550.3 7,727.0 7,838.5 7,499 7,556 7,525 7,571 7,573 7,601
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,663.0 2,741.8 2,774.8 2,776.6 2,706 2,783 2,793 2,798 2,804 2,822
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,959 6,985 7,029 7,108 6,897 6,980 6,992 7,019 7,031 7,043
Finance............................. 3,315 3,370 3,387 3,420 3,298 3,355 3,366 3,381 3,391 3,402
Depository institutions........... 2,034.1 2,032.2 2,041.8 2,063.6 2,022 2,034 2,037 2,041 2,046 2,051
Commercial banks................ 1,473.8 1,477.5 1,486.5 1,504.3 1,464 1,479 1,482 1,486 1,491 1,494
Savings institutions............ 265.6 253.2 252.9 254.7 264 255 254 253 253 253
Nondepository institutions........ 518.4 539.0 542.6 547.2 516 530 534 539 542 545
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 233.5 243.3 244.3 246.1 231 241 242 243 243 243
Security and commodity brokers.... 553.3 580.1 583.0 587.8 551 576 579 583 585 585
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 209.6 218.5 219.4 221.3 209 215 216 218 218 221
Insurance........................... 2,225 2,217 2,220 2,232 2,219 2,219 2,217 2,221 2,222 2,225
Insurance carriers................ 1,515.9 1,499.3 1,502.4 1,511.2 1,512 1,503 1,500 1,502 1,504 1,507
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 709.2 717.7 717.8 720.8 707 716 717 719 718 718
Real estate......................... 1,419 1,398 1,422 1,456 1,380 1,406 1,409 1,417 1,418 1,416
Services2............................. 34,707 35,350 35,596 35,867 34,390 35,091 35,176 35,334 35,464 35,527
Agricultural services............... 697.4 668.9 721.6 746.4 625 649 648 664 667 669
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,833.6 1,707.5 1,786.1 1,870.5 1,731 1,746 1,746 1,756 1,768 1,765
Personal services................... 1,157.7 1,253.4 1,188.6 1,177.3 1,184 1,197 1,196 1,193 1,202 1,203
Business services................... 7,264.0 7,489.6 7,557.8 7,645.7 7,252 7,521 7,577 7,594 7,607 7,635
Services to buildings............. 906.8 899.3 906.5 910.4 898 897 896 902 903 902
Personnel supply services......... 2,657.2 2,670.7 2,704.4 2,743.9 2,663 2,758 2,787 2,752 2,745 2,750
Help supply services............ 2,353.4 2,338.6 2,370.2 2,403.0 2,359 2,432 2,457 2,419 2,410 2,408
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,196.3 1,308.6 1,318.5 1,329.3 1,199 1,278 1,291 1,306 1,322 1,333
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,087.9 1,131.9 1,136.5 1,143.7 1,079 1,123 1,126 1,132 1,136 1,134
Miscellaneous repair services....... 378.5 380.6 385.5 386.6 375 379 380 382 384 383
Motion pictures..................... 528.4 529.4 531.1 532.8 524 532 529 528 529 528
Amusement and recreation services... 1,695.6 1,489.6 1,622.0 1,797.5 1,466 1,495 1,494 1,503 1,540 1,554
Health services..................... 9,487.8 9,627.2 9,656.3 9,700.8 9,466 9,600 9,612 9,644 9,671 9,679
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,683.1 1,723.1 1,734.3 1,744.3 1,679 1,720 1,721 1,728 1,738 1,740
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,734.5 1,753.9 1,757.6 1,764.3 1,733 1,751 1,753 1,760 1,764 1,762
Hospitals......................... 3,817.0 3,852.3 3,859.1 3,879.2 3,809 3,846 3,852 3,857 3,864 3,872
Home health care services......... 668.4 681.7 683.4 683.7 666 676 678 684 682 682
Legal services...................... 943.3 945.5 947.6 971.9 929 943 946 951 953 957
Educational services................ 1,841.1 2,191.2 2,097.6 1,868.8 2,021 2,046 2,047 2,062 2,063 2,051
Social services..................... 2,399.6 2,471.8 2,493.5 2,470.2 2,406 2,438 2,445 2,458 2,468 2,477
Child day care services........... 553.5 597.6 607.9 576.6 569 579 580 581 587 592
Residential care.................. 677.3 691.7 695.9 705.0 671 686 690 694 696 699
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 91.7 85.4 89.6 94.1 85 87 87 87 87 87
Membership organizations............ 2,221.5 2,185.5 2,198.0 2,238.5 2,187 2,192 2,193 2,199 2,200 2,203
Engineering and management services. 2,863.7 2,976.9 2,968.4 3,005.6 2,845 2,927 2,934 2,965 2,972 2,986
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 848.8 862.7 869.8 885.2 841 862 866 869 870 877
Management and public relations... 877.5 934.7 941.1 954.9 870 919 923 936 940 946
Services, nec....................... 47.7 48.0 48.5 48.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Government............................ 19,499 19,953 20,006 19,692 19,437 19,547 19,545 19,579 19,565 19,631
Federal............................. 2,783 2,700 2,701 2,706 2,757 2,716 2,709 2,708 2,697 2,681
Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,931.1 1,852.5 1,852.2 1,858.2 1,904 1,861 1,856 1,856 1,845 1,832
State............................... 4,489 4,760 4,699 4,499 4,629 4,624 4,622 4,635 4,638 4,642
Education......................... 1,751.6 2,074.1 2,002.5 1,775.8 1,928 1,931 1,929 1,938 1,943 1,954
Other State government............ 2,737.2 2,685.8 2,696.4 2,723.3 2,701 2,693 2,693 2,697 2,695 2,688
Local............................... 12,227 12,493 12,606 12,487 12,051 12,207 12,214 12,236 12,230 12,308
Education......................... 6,760.1 7,206.5 7,254.4 6,928.1 6,736 6,849 6,853 6,858 6,855 6,904
Other local government............ 5,467.3 5,286.9 5,351.2 5,558.8 5,315 5,358 5,361 5,378 5,375 5,404
1 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
June Apr. May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p
Total private.................... 34.9 34.4 34.5 34.9 34.7 34.8 34.8 34.5 34.6 34.7
Goods-producing......................... 41.4 41.1 41.4 41.5 41.1 41.2 41.4 41.4 41.4 41.2
Mining................................ 46.0 45.1 45.9 45.7 45.6 45.8 45.9 45.3 46.1 45.3
Construction.......................... 39.6 38.7 39.7 39.5 38.8 38.8 38.9 38.9 39.4 38.7
Manufacturing......................... 41.9 41.8 41.9 42.0 41.7 41.9 42.1 42.1 42.0 41.9
Overtime hours.................... 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.7
Durable goods........................ 42.7 42.7 42.8 42.9 42.5 42.7 42.9 43.0 42.8 42.7
Overtime hours.................... 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.0
Lumber and wood products............ 41.6 41.2 41.4 41.6 41.1 40.8 41.0 41.2 41.1 41.1
Furniture and fixtures.............. 39.5 39.5 39.7 39.8 39.6 39.9 40.3 40.1 40.3 39.8
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 44.1 42.9 43.7 43.5 43.4 43.3 43.1 43.0 43.4 42.8
Primary metal industries............ 44.3 44.7 44.7 44.6 44.2 44.6 44.8 45.1 44.8 44.5
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 44.5 44.9 44.7 44.7 44.4 44.6 44.8 45.2 44.7 44.6
Fabricated metal products........... 42.8 42.4 42.5 42.7 42.6 42.5 42.6 42.9 42.6 42.5
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.3 43.6 43.4 43.5 43.1 43.4 43.5 43.9 43.5 43.4
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 41.6 41.8 41.9 41.9 41.6 41.9 42.1 42.3 42.2 41.9
Transportation equipment............ 44.5 44.7 44.6 45.0 44.1 44.6 45.0 44.8 44.4 44.6
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.8 45.4 45.4 46.1 45.3 45.3 45.7 45.3 45.1 45.6
Instruments and related products.... 42.0 41.7 41.7 42.1 41.9 42.1 42.0 41.9 41.9 42.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 39.7 40.2 40.0 40.2 39.7 40.5 40.2 40.5 40.3 40.2
Nondurable goods..................... 40.8 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.7 40.8 40.9 40.9 40.8 40.7
Overtime hours.................... 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2
Food and kindred products........... 40.9 40.4 41.1 41.0 41.0 41.3 41.3 41.1 41.4 41.1
Tobacco products.................... 41.0 38.4 38.8 39.5 39.4 40.8 40.2 39.0 38.5 37.9
Textile mill products............... 41.4 41.3 41.1 41.5 40.9 40.9 41.2 41.7 41.3 41.0
Apparel and other textile products.. 37.9 37.2 37.2 37.7 37.5 37.2 37.5 37.5 37.1 37.3
Paper and allied products........... 43.4 43.4 43.4 43.3 43.4 43.7 43.8 43.9 43.8 43.3
Printing and publishing............. 37.9 38.3 38.1 38.1 38.2 38.5 38.6 38.5 38.3 38.4
Chemicals and allied products....... 43.4 43.0 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.3 43.3 43.1 43.4 43.3
Petroleum and coal products......... 44.7 42.4 42.4 42.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.5 41.7 41.8 42.0 41.6 41.5
Leather and leather products........ 39.1 38.1 38.1 38.6 38.4 38.9 38.7 38.5 38.1 37.9
Service-producing....................... 33.2 32.6 32.7 33.2 33.0 33.0 33.0 32.7 32.7 33.0
Transportation and public utilities... 40.1 39.2 39.3 39.6 39.9 39.7 39.8 39.3 39.5 39.4
Wholesale trade....................... 38.8 38.3 38.5 38.9 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.4 38.4 38.7
Retail trade.......................... 29.4 28.6 28.9 29.5 29.0 29.1 29.1 28.9 29.0 29.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.5 35.9 35.9 36.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Services.............................. 32.8 32.4 32.4 32.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
June Apr. May June June Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997p 1997p
Total private.................... $11.75 $12.17 $12.16 $12.16 $410.08 $418.65 $419.52 $424.38
Seasonally adjusted............. 11.81 12.14 12.18 12.22 409.81 418.83 421.43 424.03
Goods-producing......................... 13.45 13.77 13.83 13.86 556.83 565.95 572.56 575.19
Mining................................ 15.58 16.05 16.00 16.19 716.68 723.86 734.40 739.88
Construction.......................... 15.34 15.75 15.83 15.86 607.46 609.53 628.45 626.47
Manufacturing......................... 12.75 13.09 13.09 13.11 534.23 547.16 548.47 550.62
Durable goods........................ 13.33 13.64 13.65 13.68 569.19 582.43 584.22 586.87
Lumber and wood products............ 10.45 10.64 10.71 10.75 434.72 438.37 443.39 447.20
Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.11 10.42 10.47 10.53 399.35 411.59 415.66 419.09
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.82 13.06 13.12 13.12 565.36 560.27 573.34 570.72
Primary metal industries............ 14.91 15.15 15.10 15.16 660.51 677.21 674.97 676.14
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 17.64 17.88 17.84 17.94 784.98 802.81 797.45 801.92
Fabricated metal products........... 12.53 12.80 12.80 12.79 536.28 542.72 544.00 546.13
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.51 13.94 13.92 13.97 584.98 607.78 604.13 607.70
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 12.19 12.55 12.58 12.66 507.10 524.59 527.10 530.45
Transportation equipment............ 17.23 17.48 17.47 17.46 766.74 781.36 779.16 785.70
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.84 18.01 17.99 17.95 817.07 817.65 816.75 827.50
Instruments and related products.... 13.09 13.47 13.54 13.56 549.78 561.70 564.62 570.88
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.33 10.53 10.51 10.50 410.10 423.31 420.40 422.10
Nondurable goods..................... 11.92 12.27 12.27 12.27 486.34 496.94 498.16 499.39
Food and kindred products........... 11.22 11.45 11.46 11.42 458.90 462.58 471.01 468.22
Tobacco products.................... 21.37 20.32 20.77 20.83 876.17 780.29 805.88 822.79
Textile mill products............... 9.68 9.94 9.94 10.00 400.75 410.52 408.53 415.00
Apparel and other textile products.. 7.99 8.21 8.23 8.28 302.82 305.41 306.16 312.16
Paper and allied products........... 14.63 15.00 15.00 14.99 634.94 651.00 651.00 649.07
Printing and publishing............. 12.54 12.99 12.92 12.90 475.27 497.52 492.25 491.49
Chemicals and allied products....... 16.11 16.42 16.51 16.55 699.17 706.06 713.23 716.62
Petroleum and coal products......... 18.88 19.97 20.00 20.07 843.94 846.73 848.00 856.99
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.16 11.53 11.50 11.53 465.37 480.80 479.55 480.80
Leather and leather products........ 8.47 8.87 8.90 8.90 331.18 337.95 339.09 343.54
Service-producing....................... 11.18 11.63 11.60 11.59 371.18 379.14 379.32 384.79
Transportation and public utilities... $14.40 $14.77 $14.73 $14.72 $577.44 $578.98 $578.89 $582.91
Wholesale trade....................... 12.88 13.33 13.29 13.32 499.74 510.54 511.67 518.15
Retail trade.......................... 7.98 8.28 8.27 8.27 234.61 236.81 239.00 243.97
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.75 13.09 13.16 13.20 465.38 469.93 472.44 485.76
Services.............................. 11.66 12.20 12.16 12.14 382.45 395.28 393.98 398.19
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June change
Industry 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p from:
May 1997-
June 1997
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $11.81 $12.10 $12.14 $12.14 $12.18 $12.22 0.3
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.44 7.47 7.49 7.49 7.52 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 13.45 13.76 13.79 13.80 13.85 13.87 .1
Mining...................... 15.59 15.96 15.94 15.96 16.07 16.20 .8
Construction................ 15.41 15.79 15.80 15.86 15.91 15.93 .1
Manufacturing............... 12.77 13.03 13.07 13.07 13.11 13.13 .2
Excluding overtime4....... 12.11 12.35 12.37 12.38 12.38 12.43 .4
Service-producing............. 11.26 11.54 11.59 11.58 11.62 11.68 .5
Transportation and public
utilities................ 14.47 14.64 14.73 14.76 14.81 14.79 -.1
Wholesale trade............. 12.94 13.23 13.30 13.27 13.30 13.38 .6
Retail trade................ 8.00 8.21 8.25 8.26 8.28 8.30 .2
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 12.82 13.08 13.12 13.00 13.16 13.26 .8
Services.................... 11.77 12.12 12.16 12.16 12.19 12.25 .5
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .4 percent from April 1997 to May 1997, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
June Apr. May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p
Total private.................... 139.9 138.2 140.2 143.1 137.6 140.0 140.2 139.6 140.1 140.7
Goods-producing......................... 114.1 111.2 113.8 115.6 111.4 113.1 113.3 113.3 113.7 112.9
Mining................................ 56.9 54.9 56.9 57.5 55.8 56.4 56.6 55.8 57.5 56.3
Construction.......................... 157.8 147.2 158.6 163.2 147.4 154.5 154.0 153.2 156.0 152.7
Manufacturing......................... 108.4 107.2 107.9 109.1 107.3 107.9 108.3 108.5 108.3 108.0
Durable goods........................ 110.8 110.9 111.6 112.7 109.4 110.7 111.3 111.7 111.5 111.3
Lumber and wood products............ 143.2 140.8 143.4 146.8 139.5 140.7 142.2 143.3 143.4 143.0
Furniture and fixtures.............. 123.9 124.6 125.8 127.0 123.6 125.7 127.3 126.7 127.6 126.4
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 115.0 108.8 112.4 113.4 110.2 111.0 110.0 109.2 110.2 108.7
Primary metal industries............ 93.7 93.8 93.7 93.8 93.2 93.5 93.9 94.5 93.7 93.3
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 74.7 72.8 72.5 73.2 74.1 72.9 73.2 73.8 72.6 72.5
Fabricated metal products........... 116.1 116.3 117.0 118.3 114.9 116.2 116.7 118.0 117.1 117.0
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 105.7 108.8 108.5 108.9 104.8 106.9 107.7 109.2 108.3 108.0
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 108.8 107.7 108.1 109.1 108.4 108.3 108.8 109.1 109.1 108.7
Transportation equipment............ 125.9 127.0 128.3 130.2 123.5 126.1 127.6 126.5 126.9 127.7
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 171.9 166.1 169.0 172.2 168.4 165.9 167.9 164.4 165.9 168.6
Instruments and related products.... 76.1 74.7 74.9 75.9 75.6 76.0 75.4 75.1 75.1 75.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 102.6 102.4 102.1 103.1 102.0 104.1 102.5 103.3 103.2 102.5
Nondurable goods..................... 105.1 102.1 102.9 104.1 104.5 104.0 104.3 104.2 104.0 103.6
Food and kindred products........... 114.7 110.8 113.6 115.6 115.6 117.0 117.4 117.0 117.3 116.4
Tobacco products.................... 58.3 54.9 53.6 54.4 62.5 64.7 63.7 59.9 59.1 58.2
Textile mill products............... 91.4 88.8 88.4 89.7 89.7 88.2 88.8 89.6 88.5 87.9
Apparel and other textile products.. 79.7 73.2 73.5 74.5 78.0 74.2 74.3 73.9 73.0 73.0
Paper and allied products........... 109.9 108.4 109.1 110.0 109.0 110.2 110.2 110.4 110.4 109.1
Printing and publishing............. 122.8 123.9 123.9 124.4 123.7 123.9 124.3 124.7 125.1 125.4
Chemicals and allied products....... 102.6 99.4 99.7 100.5 102.0 100.3 100.3 99.9 100.7 100.0
Petroleum and coal products......... 80.3 73.6 75.0 76.8 78.2 76.3 76.1 73.6 75.0 74.7
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 144.9 144.8 144.9 146.5 142.9 144.5 145.0 145.9 144.7 144.6
Leather and leather products........ 45.2 41.5 41.6 41.9 43.7 43.0 42.8 42.0 41.6 40.8
Service-producing....................... 151.5 150.3 152.1 155.5 149.3 152.1 152.3 151.3 151.9 153.2
Transportation and public utilities... 130.1 129.0 130.5 131.7 128.9 130.5 131.4 130.1 130.9 130.3
Wholesale trade....................... 125.2 124.9 126.3 128.2 123.7 125.9 126.3 125.7 125.8 126.7
Retail trade.......................... 138.9 134.6 137.9 142.1 135.6 138.2 138.5 137.9 138.4 138.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 128.6 126.2 127.2 132.3 127.6 128.9 129.0 126.7 127.4 131.6
Services.............................. 181.0 182.0 183.2 186.6 178.8 182.6 182.6 181.7 182.3 184.4
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1993.............. 59.7 61.0 49.6 57.6 61.5 56.2 55.5 58.3 62.2 59.6 61.7 59.3
1994.............. 57.6 61.9 67.1 64.5 57.7 63.9 62.5 62.6 61.4 60.3 63.8 62.4
1995.............. 62.4 60.1 54.5 55.6 48.0 53.9 54.1 59.8 57.0 54.9 57.2 57.9
1996.............. 51.7 64.3 60.1 54.9 62.9 60.5 56.5 59.3 54.4 62.6 58.1 61.0
1997.............. 59.3 59.1 59.0 61.1 p56.2 p53.1
Over 3-month span:
1993.............. 64.7 60.8 60.5 58.6 62.9 63.6 59.6 62.9 64.7 66.9 64.3 63.6
1994.............. 65.3 69.5 70.4 68.7 67.1 67.0 69.1 69.7 65.7 65.6 67.0 66.2
1995.............. 65.4 62.5 58.7 53.2 54.6 52.4 57.9 59.6 59.7 59.0 57.0 56.3
1996.............. 62.6 63.6 62.6 61.2 62.1 63.1 62.6 58.8 62.8 60.4 64.7 65.0
1997.............. 64.6 62.2 64.2 p64.5 p58.6
Over 6-month span:
1993.............. 62.9 64.6 64.3 64.3 62.2 65.6 66.0 64.9 66.3 66.7 69.4 69.2
1994.............. 71.1 69.8 69.8 70.9 70.1 69.8 69.7 69.4 69.4 67.4 67.7 66.2
1995.............. 66.9 61.4 58.1 56.6 58.1 58.1 56.7 59.8 60.3 59.1 61.5 63.3
1996.............. 62.2 63.5 63.5 63.5 62.6 61.2 65.3 63.6 62.6 64.5 64.2 67.4
1997.............. 67.6 p66.3 p63.5
Over 12-month span:
1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1
1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0
1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.1 62.2 63.3
1996.............. 63.5 64.7 62.4 62.9 64.7 64.2 65.0 63.1 63.8 66.7 p65.3 p63.8
1997..............
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1993.............. 52.2 56.8 49.6 44.2 53.2 46.4 49.3 51.8 57.9 52.2 54.0 55.8
1994.............. 55.8 59.0 60.4 58.6 52.9 58.6 59.4 56.1 52.9 55.0 58.6 58.3
1995.............. 54.3 56.1 44.2 51.4 42.1 42.8 43.5 52.2 47.1 50.0 47.5 50.7
1996.............. 45.7 54.3 47.8 39.2 52.2 52.2 44.2 52.9 44.2 50.7 49.6 52.2
1997.............. 54.0 50.4 52.9 52.9 p50.7 p52.5
Over 3-month span:
1993.............. 61.5 59.0 54.0 46.8 48.6 54.3 51.1 58.3 57.2 59.4 54.7 58.3
1994.............. 61.9 64.7 65.5 59.7 57.6 60.1 62.2 57.9 55.0 55.4 60.1 59.4
1995.............. 59.7 50.4 47.5 40.3 42.4 36.3 38.5 43.9 49.3 46.4 45.3 43.9
1996.............. 47.5 47.8 42.1 38.5 43.2 45.0 48.9 43.2 50.4 46.4 52.5 52.5
1997.............. 53.2 51.4 50.7 p52.2 p49.6
Over 6-month span:
1993.............. 55.8 58.6 58.6 55.8 51.8 57.2 59.7 57.2 57.6 58.3 62.6 60.8
1994.............. 62.2 62.2 62.6 63.3 59.4 56.5 56.5 58.6 58.6 55.0 58.3 55.0
1995.............. 55.8 48.6 43.9 38.8 39.2 39.6 38.8 39.6 43.9 45.0 44.2 44.6
1996.............. 41.4 41.7 41.0 38.1 39.6 40.6 47.5 46.8 45.3 50.4 48.2 53.2
1997.............. 53.2 p53.2 p50.7
Over 12-month span:
1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6
1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6
1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 37.4 38.1 39.9
1996.............. 39.6 42.8 39.2 39.6 42.4 40.3 43.5 40.3 43.5 46.8 p45.7 p45.3
1997..............
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: August 01, 1997
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_0697.htm
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