Technical information: USDL 98-276
Household data: (202) 606-6378
Transmission of material in this
release is embargoed until
Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
Media contact: 606-5902 Thursday, July 2, 1998.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: JUNE 1998
Nonfarm payroll employment rose in June, and the unemployment rate
edged up to 4.5 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.
Department of Labor reported today. Payroll employment grew by 205,000,
following 2 months of gains above 300,000. Job gains occurred in
construction and in many service-producing industries, while employment in
manufacturing fell.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The number of unemployed persons increased from 5.9 to 6.2 million in
June. The unemployment rate was 4.5 percent; it had been 4.3 percent in
the prior 2 months. The jobless rate for whites rose by 0.3 percentage
point to 4.0 percent. Unemployment rates across most of the other major
demographic groups--adult men (3.7 percent), adult women (4.1 percent),
teenagers (14.6 percent), blacks (8.2 percent), and Hispanics (7.6
percent)--were not significantly changed from May. (See tables A-1 and A-2.)
Among the major educational attainment categories, the unemployment
rate for high school graduates 25 years and older with no college
experience rose by 0.3 percentage point to 4.0 percent. Jobless rates for
persons with less than a high school diploma (7.2 percent), some college
experience but no bachelor’s degree (2.9 percent), and college graduates
(1.7 percent) were essentially unchanged. (See table A-3.)
The number of persons unemployed for 15 weeks or more increased
slightly to 1.6 million in June, but has fallen by about 350,000 over the
last year (after adjustment is made for changes in the composite estimation
procedure). (See table A-6.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Total employment was essentially unchanged at 131.2 million in June.
The employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population age 16
and older with jobs--was 64.0 percent, just below the all-time high of 64.2
percent that had prevailed for most of this year. (See table A-1.)
About 7.7 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one
job in June. These multiple jobholders comprised 5.8 percent of total
employment. (See table A-10.)
The civilian labor force was about unchanged in June, at 137.4 million
(seasonally adjusted). The labor force participation rate held at 67.0
percent for the third consecutive month. (See table A-1.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in June, down somewhat from a year earlier.
These were people who wanted and were available for work and had looked
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________| May-
Category | 1998 1/ | 1998 1/ | June
|_________________|__________________________|change
| I | II | Apr. | May | June |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 137,524| 137,351| 137,242| 137,364| 137,447| 83
Employment..........| 131,080| 131,349| 131,383| 131,453| 131,209| -244
Unemployment........| 6,444| 6,002| 5,859| 5,910| 6,237| 327
Not in labor force....| 66,871| 67,554| 67,489| 67,535| 67,639| 104
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 4.7| 4.4| 4.3| 4.3| 4.5| 0.2
Adult men...........| 3.8| 3.6| 3.4| 3.5| 3.7| .2
Adult women.........| 4.3| 4.0| 4.1| 3.9| 4.1| .2
Teenagers...........| 14.6| 14.0| 13.1| 14.2| 14.6| .4
White...............| 4.0| 3.8| 3.6| 3.7| 4.0| .3
Black...............| 9.4| 8.7| 8.9| 9.0| 8.2| -.8
Hispanic origin.....| 6.9| 6.9| 6.5| 6.8| 7.6| .8
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA 2/| Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 124,795|p125,508| 125,234|p125,543|p125,748| p205
Goods-producing 2/..| 25,296| p25,310| 25,339| p25,301| p25,291| p-10
Construction......| 5,881| p5,928| 5,930| p5,917| p5,937| p20
Manufacturing.....| 18,825| p18,803| 18,827| p18,805| p18,776| p-29
Service-producing 2/| 99,500|p100,198| 99,895|p100,242|p100,457| p215
Retail trade......| 22,274| p22,405| 22,335| p22,414| p22,467| p53
Services..........| 37,019| p37,343| 37,196| p37,349| p37,485| p136
Government........| 19,711| p19,794| 19,764| p19,826| p19,793| p-33
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.7| p34.6| 34.5| p34.7| p34.6| p-0.1
Manufacturing.......| 42.0| p41.7| 41.4| p41.8| p41.8| p.0
Overtime..........| 4.8| p4.6| 4.5| p4.6| p4.6| p.0
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 144.3| p144.6| 144.0| p144.9| p144.8| p-0.1
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 3/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $12.59| p$12.72| $12.70| p$12.73| p$12.74| p$0.01
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 436.75| p440.23| 438.15| p441.73| p440.80| p-.93
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Beginning in January 1998, household data reflect new composite
estimation procedures and revised population controls.
2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
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for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed
because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the
survey. (See table A-10.)
The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached
who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed
no jobs were available for them--totaled 311,000 in June.
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 205,000 in June, after seasonal
adjustment. Employment gains were widespread across the private sector,
but were partially offset by job losses in manufacturing and government.
(See table B-1.)
The services industry added 136,000 jobs in June. This followed a
gain of 153,000 in May and a series of much smaller increases from February
through April. Business services accounted for nearly half of June’s
increase, with help supply services and computer services adding 32,000 and
21,000 jobs, respectively. Engineering and management services gained
25,000 jobs, health services, 23,000, and social services, 13,000, each
continuing its long-term growth trend.
Employment in retail trade grew by 53,000 in June, the industry's
third consecutive large monthly increase. Employment growth was led by
eating and drinking places (21,000), furniture and home furnishings stores
(8,000), miscellaneous retail establishments (7,000), and automotive
dealers and service stations (6,000). Wholesale trade employment increased
by 15,000, about in line with the average for the prior 12 months.
Finance, insurance, and real estate continued its steady growth
pattern, adding 30,000 jobs over the month. The gains were widespread,
with the largest occurring in security and commodity brokerages,
nondepository institutions, and insurance carriers. Real estate employment
also rose, after showing little change in May.
Transportation and public utilities added 14,000 jobs in June,
following a similar gain in May. Employment in trucking and warehousing
increased by 11,000, and communications added 8,000 jobs.
Construction employment grew by 20,000 in June, following a decline in
May. Employment changes in this industry have varied in recent months,
reflecting the impact of unusual weather; the industry has added 215,000
jobs since last October.
Manufacturing employment fell by 29,000 in June, following a decline
of 22,000 in May. The June losses were widespread; the largest (6,000
each) were in apparel, which continued its long-term decline, and in
automobile manufacturing. A strike involving 3,000 workers in an auto
stamping plant (in the fabricated metals industry) led to several plant
shutdowns in the auto industry. Textiles, paper products, electronic
components, and food and kindred products also lost jobs. In contrast to
all of these declines, printing and publishing employment rose by 5,000,
after 4 months of virtually no change, and employment in stone, clay, and
glass products, which has been moving erratically for several months,
increased by 3,000.
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Government payrolls fell in June by 33,000, mostly in schools, where
employment was strong in May. The noneducation component of state
government also recorded a drop in employment, primarily because of a
strike in public transportation, while local government other than
education continued to add jobs. Federal government employment continued
to decline.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour in June to 34.6 hours,
seasonally adjusted. In manufacturing, the workweek and overtime were
unchanged at 41.8 and 4.6 hours, respectively. Weekly hours in auto
manufacturing fell by 0.9 hour due to the strike-related plant shutdowns
that occurred during the survey reference period. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonfarm payrolls was little changed at 144.8 (1982=100),
seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index edged down by 0.3 percent to
109.1. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls edged up 1 cent in June to $12.74, seasonally
adjusted. Average weekly earnings decreased by 0.2 percent to $440.80.
Over the year, average hourly and weekly earnings have risen by 4.1 and 4.4
percent, respectively. (See table B-3.)
________________________________________
The Employment Situation for July 1998 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, August 7, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).
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Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1998,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
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Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
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period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
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monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.6 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or
$35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 203,000 204,899 205,085 203,000 204,400 204,547 204,731 204,899 205,085
Civilian labor force.......................... 137,557 137,240 138,798 136,206 137,557 137,523 137,242 137,364 137,447
Participation rate...................... 67.8 67.0 67.7 67.1 67.3 67.2 67.0 67.0 67.0
Employed.................................... 130,463 131,476 132,265 129,392 131,163 130,994 131,383 131,453 131,209
Employment-population ratio............. 64.3 64.2 64.5 63.7 64.2 64.0 64.2 64.2 64.0
Agriculture............................... 3,757 3,552 3,718 3,389 3,335 3,132 3,350 3,335 3,343
Nonagricultural industries................ 126,705 127,924 128,546 126,003 127,829 127,862 128,033 128,118 127,867
Unemployed.................................. 7,094 5,764 6,534 6,814 6,393 6,529 5,859 5,910 6,237
Unemployment rate....................... 5.2 4.2 4.7 5.0 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5
Not in labor force............................ 65,443 67,659 66,287 66,794 66,844 67,024 67,489 67,535 67,639
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 97,649 98,591 98,691 97,649 98,331 98,405 98,503 98,591 98,691
Civilian labor force.......................... 74,312 73,853 74,945 73,225 73,780 73,695 73,799 73,783 73,818
Participation rate...................... 76.1 74.9 75.9 75.0 75.0 74.9 74.9 74.8 74.8
Employed.................................... 70,619 70,856 71,618 69,586 70,459 70,297 70,831 70,685 70,570
Employment-population ratio............. 72.3 71.9 72.6 71.3 71.7 71.4 71.9 71.7 71.5
Unemployed.................................. 3,693 2,997 3,326 3,639 3,320 3,399 2,969 3,098 3,249
Unemployment rate....................... 5.0 4.1 4.4 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.4
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 89,829 90,622 90,700 89,829 90,476 90,502 90,580 90,622 90,700
Civilian labor force.......................... 69,549 69,752 69,968 69,157 69,601 69,451 69,697 69,624 69,545
Participation rate...................... 77.4 77.0 77.1 77.0 76.9 76.7 76.9 76.8 76.7
Employed.................................... 66,828 67,413 67,531 66,258 66,990 66,753 67,301 67,190 66,950
Employment-population ratio............. 74.4 74.4 74.5 73.8 74.0 73.8 74.3 74.1 73.8
Agriculture............................... 2,596 2,482 2,527 2,398 2,264 2,168 2,420 2,324 2,333
Nonagricultural industries................ 64,232 64,930 65,004 63,860 64,726 64,585 64,881 64,866 64,617
Unemployed.................................. 2,721 2,339 2,437 2,899 2,611 2,699 2,396 2,434 2,595
Unemployment rate....................... 3.9 3.4 3.5 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.7
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 105,351 106,308 106,394 105,351 106,070 106,141 106,228 106,308 106,394
Civilian labor force.......................... 63,245 63,387 63,854 62,981 63,777 63,827 63,443 63,581 63,628
Participation rate...................... 60.0 59.6 60.0 59.8 60.1 60.1 59.7 59.8 59.8
Employed.................................... 59,843 60,619 60,646 59,806 60,704 60,697 60,553 60,768 60,640
Employment-population ratio............. 56.8 57.0 57.0 56.8 57.2 57.2 57.0 57.2 57.0
Unemployed.................................. 3,401 2,767 3,207 3,175 3,073 3,130 2,890 2,813 2,989
Unemployment rate....................... 5.4 4.4 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.7
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 97,834 98,668 98,735 97,834 98,471 98,534 98,583 98,668 98,735
Civilian labor force.......................... 58,908 59,434 59,277 59,195 59,721 59,771 59,486 59,573 59,599
Participation rate...................... 60.2 60.2 60.0 60.5 60.6 60.7 60.3 60.4 60.4
Employed.................................... 56,263 57,216 56,828 56,575 57,146 57,186 57,075 57,253 57,172
Employment-population ratio............. 57.5 58.0 57.6 57.8 58.0 58.0 57.9 58.0 57.9
Agriculture............................... 809 774 799 755 801 717 705 755 747
Nonagricultural industries................ 55,454 56,442 56,030 55,820 56,345 56,470 56,370 56,499 56,424
Unemployed.................................. 2,645 2,218 2,449 2,620 2,575 2,585 2,411 2,320 2,427
Unemployment rate....................... 4.5 3.7 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population........... 15,336 15,609 15,651 15,336 15,453 15,511 15,569 15,609 15,651
Civilian labor force.......................... 9,100 8,054 9,553 7,854 8,235 8,300 8,059 8,166 8,302
Participation rate...................... 59.3 51.6 61.0 51.2 53.3 53.5 51.8 52.3 53.0
Employed.................................... 7,372 6,847 7,905 6,559 7,028 7,055 7,007 7,010 7,088
Employment-population ratio............. 48.1 43.9 50.5 42.8 45.5 45.5 45.0 44.9 45.3
Agriculture............................... 353 296 392 236 270 247 225 256 262
Nonagricultural industries................ 7,019 6,552 7,513 6,323 6,758 6,808 6,782 6,754 6,826
Unemployed.................................. 1,728 1,207 1,648 1,295 1,207 1,245 1,052 1,156 1,215
Unemployment rate....................... 19.0 15.0 17.2 16.5 14.7 15.0 13.1 14.2 14.6
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 169,897 171,257 171,387 169,897 170,917 171,016 171,141 171,257 171,387
Civilian labor force.......................... 115,832 115,261 116,297 114,659 115,392 115,297 115,057 115,309 115,137
Participation rate........................ 68.2 67.3 67.9 67.5 67.5 67.4 67.2 67.3 67.2
Employed.................................... 110,839 111,127 111,576 109,779 110,842 110,605 110,859 111,025 110,535
Employment-population ratio............... 65.2 64.9 65.1 64.6 64.9 64.7 64.8 64.8 64.5
Unemployed.................................. 4,994 4,134 4,721 4,880 4,550 4,692 4,198 4,284 4,602
Unemployment rate......................... 4.3 3.6 4.1 4.3 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.7 4.0
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 59,447 59,488 59,618 59,086 59,372 59,201 59,307 59,366 59,257
Participation rate........................ 77.9 77.4 77.5 77.5 77.4 77.1 77.2 77.2 77.0
Employed.................................... 57,494 57,746 57,817 56,967 57,456 57,209 57,562 57,516 57,302
Employment-population ratio............... 75.4 75.1 75.2 74.7 74.9 74.5 74.9 74.8 74.5
Unemployed.................................. 1,953 1,743 1,801 2,119 1,916 1,992 1,745 1,850 1,955
Unemployment rate......................... 3.3 2.9 3.0 3.6 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 48,666 48,920 48,665 48,877 49,057 49,077 48,955 49,019 48,886
Participation rate........................ 59.7 59.7 59.3 60.0 59.9 59.9 59.7 59.8 59.6
Employed.................................... 46,846 47,416 46,961 47,077 47,279 47,276 47,300 47,416 47,197
Employment-population ratio............... 57.5 57.8 57.2 57.8 57.7 57.7 57.7 57.8 57.5
Unemployed.................................. 1,820 1,504 1,704 1,800 1,778 1,801 1,654 1,603 1,688
Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.5
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force.......................... 7,719 6,853 8,014 6,696 6,963 7,019 6,795 6,924 6,994
Participation rate........................ 63.4 55.2 64.4 55.0 56.6 56.9 54.9 55.8 56.2
Employed.................................... 6,499 5,965 6,797 5,735 6,107 6,120 5,996 6,093 6,036
Employment-population ratio............... 53.4 48.1 54.6 47.1 49.6 49.6 48.5 49.1 48.5
Unemployed.................................. 1,220 888 1,217 961 857 899 799 831 958
Unemployment rate......................... 15.8 13.0 15.2 14.4 12.3 12.8 11.8 12.0 13.7
Men..................................... 16.9 14.3 16.0 15.8 14.7 14.9 12.7 14.0 14.7
Women................................... 14.6 11.5 14.3 12.8 9.8 10.6 10.7 9.8 12.6
BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,978 24,317 24,349 23,978 24,229 24,257 24,289 24,317 24,349
Civilian labor force.......................... 15,605 15,709 16,182 15,426 15,885 15,971 15,907 15,756 16,013
Participation rate........................ 65.1 64.6 66.5 64.3 65.6 65.8 65.5 64.8 65.8
Employed.................................... 13,854 14,336 14,709 13,836 14,349 14,498 14,499 14,344 14,700
Employment-population ratio............... 57.8 59.0 60.4 57.7 59.2 59.8 59.7 59.0 60.4
Unemployed.................................. 1,751 1,373 1,473 1,590 1,535 1,473 1,408 1,412 1,313
Unemployment rate......................... 11.2 8.7 9.1 10.3 9.7 9.2 8.9 9.0 8.2
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 6,943 7,009 7,105 6,925 6,974 7,044 7,097 7,009 7,088
Participation rate........................ 72.6 72.2 73.1 72.4 72.1 72.8 73.2 72.2 73.0
Employed.................................... 6,327 6,549 6,619 6,305 6,428 6,511 6,573 6,536 6,599
Employment-population ratio............... 66.1 67.5 68.1 65.9 66.5 67.3 67.8 67.4 67.9
Unemployed.................................. 616 460 486 620 546 533 524 473 489
Unemployment rate......................... 8.9 6.6 6.8 9.0 7.8 7.6 7.4 6.7 6.9
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 7,597 7,762 7,841 7,617 7,952 7,935 7,822 7,787 7,866
Participation rate........................ 63.4 63.7 64.3 63.5 65.5 65.3 64.3 64.0 64.5
Employed.................................... 6,900 7,130 7,220 6,932 7,265 7,284 7,182 7,130 7,256
Employment-population ratio............... 57.6 58.6 59.2 57.8 59.8 60.0 59.0 58.6 59.5
Unemployed.................................. 697 631 621 685 687 651 640 657 609
Unemployment rate......................... 9.2 8.1 7.9 9.0 8.6 8.2 8.2 8.4 7.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force.......................... 1,065 938 1,236 884 959 992 988 960 1,060
Participation rate........................ 44.0 38.5 50.5 36.5 39.6 40.9 40.6 39.4 43.4
Employed.................................... 627 657 871 599 656 703 744 678 846
Employment-population ratio............... 25.9 26.9 35.6 24.7 27.1 29.0 30.6 27.8 34.6
Unemployed.................................. 439 282 365 285 302 289 244 283 214
Unemployment rate......................... 41.2 30.0 29.6 32.2 31.5 29.1 24.7 29.4 20.2
Men..................................... 46.2 30.7 30.2 39.1 34.7 27.8 23.9 30.2 20.4
Women................................... 36.0 29.4 29.0 25.5 28.4 30.3 25.3 28.8 20.1
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 20,293 20,975 21,036 20,293 20,798 20,851 20,915 20,975 21,036
Civilian labor force.......................... 13,839 14,328 14,436 13,814 14,149 14,298 14,369 14,458 14,420
Participation rate........................ 68.2 68.3 68.6 68.1 68.0 68.6 68.7 68.9 68.5
Employed.................................... 12,820 13,426 13,394 12,751 13,181 13,305 13,434 13,480 13,328
Employment-population ratio............... 63.2 64.0 63.7 62.8 63.4 63.8 64.2 64.3 63.4
Unemployed.................................. 1,019 902 1,042 1,063 968 993 935 978 1,092
Unemployment rate......................... 7.4 6.3 7.2 7.7 6.8 6.9 6.5 6.8 7.6
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Educational attainment
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian noninstitutional population.... 29,924 29,931 30,064 29,924 29,228 29,251 29,638 29,931 30,064
Civilian labor force.................. 12,693 12,942 12,988 12,608 12,555 12,392 12,664 12,690 12,888
Percent of population............. 42.4 43.2 43.2 42.1 43.0 42.4 42.7 42.4 42.9
Employed............................ 11,737 12,147 12,130 11,575 11,676 11,500 11,773 11,839 11,963
Employment-population ratio....... 39.2 40.6 40.3 38.7 39.9 39.3 39.7 39.6 39.8
Unemployed.......................... 956 796 858 1,033 879 891 891 851 925
Unemployment rate................. 7.5 6.1 6.6 8.2 7.0 7.2 7.0 6.7 7.2
High school graduates, no college (2)
Civilian noninstitutional population.... 57,643 57,706 57,446 57,643 57,418 57,885 57,484 57,706 57,446
Civilian labor force.................. 37,915 37,627 37,174 37,826 37,807 37,931 37,340 37,496 37,096
Percent of population............. 65.8 65.2 64.7 65.6 65.8 65.5 65.0 65.0 64.6
Employed............................ 36,372 36,366 35,780 36,174 36,302 36,331 35,885 36,114 35,602
Employment-population ratio....... 63.1 63.0 62.3 62.8 63.2 62.8 62.4 62.6 62.0
Unemployed.......................... 1,544 1,261 1,394 1,652 1,505 1,600 1,454 1,383 1,494
Unemployment rate................. 4.1 3.4 3.8 4.4 4.0 4.2 3.9 3.7 4.0
Less than a bachelor's degree(3)
Civilian noninstitutional population.... 41,747 42,024 41,880 41,747 42,527 42,313 42,303 42,024 41,880
Civilian labor force.................. 31,091 31,114 31,008 31,333 31,505 31,515 31,517 31,408 31,227
Percent of population............. 74.5 74.0 74.0 75.1 74.1 74.5 74.5 74.7 74.6
Employed............................ 30,117 30,193 30,151 30,316 30,538 30,471 30,669 30,437 30,333
Employment-population ratio....... 72.1 71.8 72.0 72.6 71.8 72.0 72.5 72.4 72.4
Unemployed.......................... 974 921 857 1,017 967 1,043 848 971 894
Unemployment rate................. 3.1 3.0 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.3 2.7 3.1 2.9
College graduates
Civilian noninstitutional population.... 40,955 42,090 42,464 40,955 42,238 42,085 42,197 42,090 42,464
Civilian labor force.................. 32,738 33,930 33,957 33,036 33,672 33,777 33,989 33,920 34,274
Percent of population............. 79.9 80.6 80.0 80.7 79.7 80.3 80.5 80.6 80.7
Employed............................ 32,034 33,397 33,337 32,356 33,029 33,145 33,419 33,364 33,674
Employment-population ratio....... 78.2 79.3 78.5 79.0 78.2 78.8 79.2 79.3 79.3
Unemployed.......................... 704 533 620 680 643 632 571 556 600
Unemployment rate................. 2.2 1.6 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.7
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over............... 130,463 131,476 132,265 129,392 131,163 130,994 131,383 131,453 131,209
Married men, spouse present................... 42,533 42,556 42,582 42,476 42,915 42,779 42,865 42,471 42,539
Married women, spouse present................. 32,259 32,838 32,412 32,654 32,821 32,872 32,973 32,805 32,805
Women who maintain families................... 7,831 7,943 7,938 7,820 7,884 7,776 7,813 7,848 7,922
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty......... 37,271 38,672 38,449 37,549 38,164 38,454 38,643 38,641 38,732
Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 38,218 38,247 38,605 38,188 38,491 38,693 38,585 38,401 38,567
Service occupations........................... 17,708 17,749 18,123 17,450 17,950 17,752 17,478 17,749 17,873
Precision production, craft, and repair....... 14,551 14,839 14,799 14,282 14,456 14,656 14,673 14,853 14,509
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,765 18,250 18,344 18,540 18,632 18,179 18,447 18,322 18,120
Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,950 3,719 3,944 3,502 3,436 3,269 3,495 3,479 3,503
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers..................... 2,222 2,070 2,145 1,912 1,928 1,866 1,987 1,871 1,841
Self-employed workers....................... 1,485 1,430 1,524 1,429 1,324 1,242 1,324 1,395 1,470
Unpaid family workers....................... 50 52 49 47 41 32 28 51 48
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers..................... 117,386 118,753 119,370 116,642 118,961 119,131 118,774 119,013 118,654
Government................................ 17,846 18,287 18,220 18,113 18,378 18,072 18,202 18,034 18,497
Private industries........................ 99,541 100,467 101,151 98,529 100,583 101,058 100,571 100,979 100,157
Private households...................... 900 975 968 888 1,035 1,022 1,014 1,015 961
Other industries........................ 98,641 99,491 100,183 97,641 99,547 100,037 99,557 99,964 99,195
Self-employed workers....................... 9,180 9,068 9,068 9,089 8,761 8,784 9,069 9,023 8,969
Unpaid family workers....................... 139 103 108 128 117 102 124 97 100
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,258 3,602 4,033 4,049 3,882 3,902 3,735 3,772 3,837
Slack work or business conditions......... 2,275 2,005 2,159 2,347 2,123 2,188 2,074 2,104 2,230
Could only find part-time work............ 1,580 1,299 1,431 1,373 1,455 1,445 1,300 1,344 1,246
Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 16,728 19,035 17,191 18,205 18,407 18,448 18,084 18,662 18,665
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,024 3,478 3,871 3,819 3,743 3,726 3,608 3,630 3,676
Slack work or business conditions......... 2,140 1,937 2,086 2,202 2,025 2,057 1,998 2,024 2,151
Could only find part-time work............ 1,516 1,265 1,373 1,320 1,433 1,416 1,276 1,315 1,199
Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 16,162 18,411 16,595 17,577 17,786 17,929 17,470 18,067 18,019
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Category
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over....................... 6,814 5,910 6,237 5.0 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5
Men, 20 years and over....................... 2,899 2,434 2,595 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.7
Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,620 2,320 2,427 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,295 1,156 1,215 16.5 14.7 15.0 13.1 14.2 14.6
Married men, spouse present.................. 1,163 1,023 952 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.2
Married women, spouse present................ 1,068 933 991 3.2 3.1 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.9
Women who maintain families.................. 683 651 591 8.0 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.7 6.9
Full-time workers............................ 5,480 4,784 4,905 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.4
Part-time workers............................ 1,296 1,157 1,300 5.3 5.2 5.7 4.8 4.7 5.2
OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty........ 757 653 670 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.7
Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,682 1,570 1,559 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.9
Precision production, craft, and repair...... 723 677 648 4.8 4.1 4.5 3.7 4.4 4.3
Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,484 1,279 1,339 7.4 6.5 6.9 6.1 6.5 6.9
Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 302 237 244 7.9 6.3 7.1 5.8 6.4 6.5
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary
workers...................................... 5,205 4,763 4,908 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.7
Goods-producing industries................. 1,517 1,339 1,323 5.2 4.7 5.0 4.4 4.6 4.7
Mining................................... 18 8 26 2.8 2.6 3.7 2.3 1.3 3.9
Construction............................. 609 574 549 8.8 7.8 8.6 6.3 8.0 8.0
Manufacturing............................ 890 756 748 4.2 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.6
Durable goods.......................... 446 375 370 3.6 2.9 3.6 3.5 3.0 2.9
Nondurable goods....................... 444 381 378 5.0 5.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.6
Service-producing industries............... 3,688 3,424 3,585 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.7
Transportation and public utilities...... 223 224 264 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.6
Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,717 1,382 1,522 6.4 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.7
Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 190 159 161 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.0 2.1
Services................................. 1,558 1,659 1,638 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.8 4.7
Government workers........................... 516 451 386 2.8 2.3 2.9 2.0 2.4 2.0
Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 221 160 163 10.4 8.6 9.7 8.0 7.9 8.1
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks.............................. 3,210 2,634 3,174 2,541 2,622 2,858 2,632 2,634 2,519
5 to 14 weeks.................................. 1,895 1,597 1,801 2,188 1,909 1,979 1,901 1,954 2,084
15 weeks and over.............................. 1,989 1,534 1,559 2,069 1,830 1,731 1,417 1,462 1,621
15 to 26 weeks.............................. 973 724 808 1,031 855 841 584 656 852
27 weeks and over........................... 1,016 809 751 1,038 974 891 833 806 769
Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 14.2 15.0 12.8 15.3 15.6 14.3 14.3 14.6 13.8
Median duration, in weeks...................... 5.8 5.9 4.9 7.9 7.2 6.8 6.4 5.9 6.6
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks............................ 45.3 45.7 48.6 37.4 41.2 43.5 44.2 43.5 40.5
5 to 14 weeks................................ 26.7 27.7 27.6 32.2 30.0 30.1 31.9 32.3 33.5
15 weeks and over............................ 28.0 26.6 23.9 30.4 28.8 26.4 23.8 24.2 26.0
15 to 26 weeks............................. 13.7 12.6 12.4 15.2 13.4 12.8 9.8 10.8 13.7
27 weeks and over.......................... 14.3 14.0 11.5 15.3 15.3 13.6 14.0 13.3 12.4
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs......................................... 2,878 2,517 2,628 3,094 2,795 2,980 2,631 2,772 2,819
On temporary layoff........................... 788 608 713 928 821 980 696 786 841
Not on temporary layoff....................... 2,090 1,908 1,915 2,166 1,975 2,000 1,935 1,986 1,978
Permanent job losers........................ 1,448 1,357 1,289 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs........ 642 551 626 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers..................................... 774 664 714 827 786 744 625 748 766
Reentrants...................................... 2,628 2,098 2,360 2,333 2,266 2,215 2,096 2,033 2,096
New entrants.................................... 814 486 832 510 543 549 511 493 532
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs......................................... 40.6 43.7 40.2 45.7 43.7 45.9 44.9 45.8 45.4
On temporary layoff.......................... 11.1 10.5 10.9 13.7 12.8 15.1 11.9 13.0 13.5
Not on temporary layoff...................... 29.5 33.1 29.3 32.0 30.9 30.8 33.0 32.8 31.8
Job leavers.................................... 10.9 11.5 10.9 12.2 12.3 11.5 10.7 12.4 12.3
Reentrants..................................... 37.0 36.4 36.1 34.5 35.5 34.1 35.7 33.6 33.7
New entrants................................... 11.5 8.4 12.7 7.5 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.2 8.6
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs......................................... 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.1
Job leavers.................................... .6 .5 .5 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .6
Reentrants..................................... 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5
New entrants................................... .6 .4 .6 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4
1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Measure
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of
the civilian
labor force.............................................. 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.2
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as
a percent of the
civilian labor force..................................... 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.1
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor
force
(official unemployment rate)............................. 5.2 4.2 4.7 5.0 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent
of the civilian
labor force plus discouraged workers.................... 5.4 4.4 4.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all
other marginally
attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all marginally
attached workers........................................ 6.1 5.0 5.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers,
plus total employed
part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the
civilian labor force plus
all marginally attached workers......................... 9.2 7.6 8.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of
this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work
but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job.
Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to
settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment
measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite
estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Age and sex
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 6,814 5,910 6,237 5.0 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5
16 to 24 years.................................. 2,426 2,184 2,318 11.4 10.8 10.7 9.5 10.0 10.6
16 to 19 years................................ 1,295 1,156 1,215 16.5 14.7 15.0 13.1 14.2 14.6
16 to 17 years.............................. 550 514 597 17.3 18.5 16.9 15.2 15.8 18.2
18 to 19 years.............................. 743 650 618 15.9 11.3 13.7 11.6 13.2 12.3
20 to 24 years................................ 1,131 1,028 1,103 8.4 8.5 8.0 7.4 7.6 8.1
25 years and over............................... 4,371 3,758 3,901 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.4
25 to 54 years................................ 3,867 3,372 3,480 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.5
55 years and over............................. 509 407 427 3.1 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.5
Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,639 3,098 3,249 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.4
16 to 24 years................................ 1,337 1,250 1,246 11.9 11.7 11.2 9.7 11.0 10.8
16 to 19 years.............................. 740 664 653 18.2 17.0 16.5 14.0 16.0 15.3
16 to 17 years............................ 328 300 363 19.7 21.0 18.5 14.9 17.9 21.0
18 to 19 years............................ 421 370 303 17.4 13.1 15.2 13.3 14.8 11.8
20 to 24 years.............................. 597 586 592 8.3 8.7 8.1 7.3 8.1 8.2
25 years and over............................. 2,292 1,875 1,991 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.2
25 to 54 years.............................. 2,007 1,639 1,762 3.8 3.2 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.3
55 years and over........................... 285 225 231 3.1 2.9 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.5
Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,175 2,813 2,989 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.7
16 to 24 years................................ 1,089 935 1,073 10.8 9.8 10.1 9.2 9.0 10.3
16 to 19 years.............................. 555 493 562 14.7 12.3 13.4 12.1 12.3 13.9
16 to 17 years............................ 222 214 235 14.7 16.0 15.2 15.5 13.5 15.1
18 to 19 years............................ 322 280 315 14.2 9.5 12.2 9.8 11.4 12.7
20 to 24 years.............................. 534 442 511 8.5 8.3 7.9 7.5 6.9 8.0
25 years and over............................. 2,079 1,883 1,910 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.6
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,860 1,733 1,718 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.7 3.8 3.8
55 years and over........................... 224 182 196 3.1 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.6
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
June June June June June June
1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force.................................... 65,443 66,287 23,337 23,747 42,106 42,540
Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,325 5,187 2,255 2,225 3,070 2,962
Searched for work and vailable to work now(1).............. 1,428 1,213 683 617 744 595
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 353 311 200 168 152 143
Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,075 902 483 449 592 453
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 8,214 7,712 4,513 4,133 3,700 3,579
Percent of total employed................................... 6.3 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.2 5.9
Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,573 4,333 2,795 2,594 1,779 1,739
Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,687 1,641 530 546 1,157 1,095
Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 299 247 228 176 71 70
Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,625 1,450 949 799 676 652
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the
reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other
types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation
problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
June Apr. May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p
Total......................... 123,622 125,088 126,153 126,871 122,534 124,832 124,914 125,234 125,543 125,748
Total private.................... 104,001 104,958 105,944 106,998 102,991 105,112 105,186 105,470 105,717 105,955
Goods-producing......................... 25,220 25,084 25,325 25,618 24,903 25,314 25,276 25,339 25,301 25,291
Mining................................ 599 577 580 584 593 590 587 582 579 578
Metal mining........................ 55.2 50.2 50.5 51.0 54 52 51 51 51 50
Coal mining......................... 96.9 92.1 91.9 91.5 96 93 93 92 92 91
Oil and gas extraction.............. 335.2 327.4 327.5 330.4 335 338 336 332 329 330
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 112.1 107.2 109.7 110.9 108 107 107 107 107 107
Construction.......................... 5,886 5,758 5,972 6,164 5,668 5,902 5,860 5,930 5,917 5,937
General building contractors........ 1,350.4 1,346.8 1,383.6 1,440.1 1,312 1,371 1,373 1,385 1,387 1,399
Heavy construction, except building. 845.5 791.3 847.4 874.2 791 813 805 819 817 818
Special trade contractors........... 3,690.3 3,620.2 3,740.6 3,849.8 3,565 3,718 3,682 3,726 3,713 3,720
Manufacturing......................... 18,735 18,749 18,773 18,870 18,642 18,822 18,829 18,827 18,805 18,776
Production workers................ 12,956 12,946 12,949 13,019 12,888 13,024 13,013 13,007 12,975 12,950
Durable goods........................ 11,028 11,153 11,161 11,209 10,966 11,159 11,166 11,170 11,156 11,145
Production workers................ 7,576 7,661 7,656 7,687 7,524 7,676 7,669 7,666 7,646 7,633
Lumber and wood products............ 803.1 790.9 799.7 811.7 793 800 801 802 803 801
Furniture and fixtures.............. 512.1 523.3 524.8 525.7 509 519 520 524 526 523
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 561.3 559.0 565.6 574.4 550 561 558 561 560 563
Primary metal industries............ 710.9 717.2 715.1 719.3 708 718 719 718 716 717
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 235.8 234.2 234.5 235.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Fabricated metal products........... 1,481.1 1,494.2 1,494.4 1,500.4 1,474 1,497 1,497 1,498 1,495 1,493
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,171.3 2,206.8 2,205.9 2,211.7 2,160 2,202 2,205 2,201 2,201 2,200
Computer and office equipment..... 377.0 376.4 375.9 374.5 375 381 381 377 375 373
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,686.5 1,714.5 1,710.1 1,715.8 1,684 1,720 1,722 1,720 1,716 1,713
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 652.6 676.7 674.3 674.1 651 680 681 678 676 672
Transportation equipment............ 1,844.3 1,891.6 1,892.8 1,893.4 1,835 1,886 1,887 1,890 1,886 1,883
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 987.9 1,004.9 1,005.6 1,002.2 979 1,004 1,002 1,004 999 993
Aircraft and parts................ 499.2 523.7 522.5 523.9 500 523 525 525 523 525
Instruments and related products.... 865.3 866.3 865.0 867.8 863 866 868 867 866 865
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 391.7 389.2 387.2 388.9 390 390 389 389 387 387
Nondurable goods..................... 7,707 7,596 7,612 7,661 7,676 7,663 7,663 7,657 7,649 7,631
Production workers................ 5,380 5,285 5,293 5,332 5,364 5,348 5,344 5,341 5,329 5,317
Food and kindred products........... 1,688.2 1,663.2 1,676.4 1,703.2 1,690 1,703 1,704 1,708 1,710 1,706
Tobacco products.................... 37.9 39.5 37.5 36.5 41 41 41 42 41 40
Textile mill products............... 620.0 603.9 604.1 602.9 616 606 604 605 604 599
Apparel and other textile products.. 836.4 784.7 782.5 781.2 829 796 796 787 780 774
Paper and allied products........... 689.4 682.2 682.5 685.2 684 688 688 686 685 680
Printing and publishing............. 1,558.8 1,564.0 1,564.5 1,572.0 1,557 1,564 1,564 1,565 1,565 1,570
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,040.2 1,032.1 1,037.9 1,044.4 1,034 1,036 1,036 1,035 1,039 1,038
Petroleum and coal products......... 142.3 135.6 136.8 138.8 140 136 136 137 136 136
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 1,002.1 1,006.4 1,005.9 1,013.5 994 1,007 1,009 1,008 1,006 1,005
Leather and leather products........ 91.7 84.5 83.7 83.7 91 86 85 84 83 83
Service-producing....................... 98,402 100,004 100,828 101,253 97,631 99,518 99,638 99,895 100,242 100,457
Transportation and public utilities... 6,439 6,484 6,541 6,578 6,405 6,494 6,504 6,513 6,530 6,544
Transportation...................... 4,139 4,153 4,200 4,216 4,118 4,164 4,170 4,173 4,188 4,195
Railroad transportation........... 229.3 230.9 232.1 233.3 229 231 231 231 231 233
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 451.2 467.0 480.0 464.4 450 459 460 453 461 463
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,679.4 1,674.8 1,696.9 1,727.2 1,666 1,688 1,690 1,702 1,702 1,713
Water transportation.............. 187.7 180.2 187.2 190.9 181 181 183 181 185 184
Transportation by air............. 1,136.0 1,139.8 1,142.0 1,139.9 1,139 1,145 1,146 1,147 1,148 1,143
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.5 14.0 14.2 14.2 14 14 14 14 14 14
Transportation services........... 440.6 446.2 447.5 446.4 439 446 446 445 447 445
Communications and public utilities. 2,300 2,331 2,341 2,362 2,287 2,330 2,334 2,340 2,342 2,349
Communications.................... 1,426.5 1,477.3 1,484.0 1,499.0 1,421 1,471 1,475 1,484 1,485 1,493
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 873.3 853.5 856.8 862.9 866 859 859 856 857 856
Wholesale trade....................... 6,674 6,781 6,816 6,871 6,632 6,769 6,783 6,798 6,813 6,828
Durable goods....................... 3,948 4,047 4,064 4,094 3,923 4,030 4,039 4,050 4,058 4,068
Nondurable goods.................... 2,726 2,734 2,752 2,777 2,709 2,739 2,744 2,748 2,755 2,760
Retail trade.......................... 22,184 22,085 22,424 22,662 21,987 22,283 22,259 22,335 22,414 22,467
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 985.4 979.7 1,012.9 1,025.5 938 959 966 971 972 976
General merchandise stores.......... 2,650.2 2,674.6 2,703.0 2,732.0 2,709 2,756 2,759 2,784 2,789 2,792
Department stores................. 2,325.4 2,355.9 2,383.7 2,408.6 2,379 2,427 2,428 2,447 2,464 2,464
Food stores......................... 3,510.5 3,489.0 3,519.6 3,559.9 3,490 3,533 3,536 3,533 3,540 3,540
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,330.2 2,327.9 2,349.3 2,371.0 2,309 2,331 2,333 2,337 2,344 2,350
New and used car dealers.......... 1,053.3 1,056.5 1,059.4 1,065.2 1,052 1,056 1,056 1,058 1,060 1,064
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,083.3 1,076.3 1,079.1 1,096.2 1,095 1,100 1,098 1,105 1,105 1,109
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 992.5 1,035.3 1,041.3 1,051.3 1,003 1,043 1,048 1,045 1,054 1,062
Eating and drinking places.......... 7,880.5 7,677.0 7,859.4 7,969.7 7,646 7,694 7,645 7,681 7,712 7,733
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,750.9 2,825.3 2,859.4 2,856.7 2,797 2,867 2,874 2,879 2,898 2,905
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,139 7,261 7,311 7,409 7,072 7,232 7,258 7,289 7,310 7,340
Finance............................. 3,421 3,514 3,531 3,572 3,402 3,496 3,512 3,521 3,536 3,553
Depository institutions........... 2,037.7 2,035.0 2,039.7 2,058.6 2,025 2,039 2,041 2,041 2,045 2,046
Commercial banks................ 1,468.1 1,457.2 1,460.2 1,474.3 1,458 1,464 1,465 1,463 1,464 1,465
Savings institutions............ 263.7 263.0 263.5 265.4 262 262 262 263 264 264
Nondepository institutions........ 567.2 605.4 611.9 621.0 565 593 602 605 611 618
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 252.9 278.8 283.1 288.4 250 270 276 278 281 285
Security and commodity brokers.... 594.8 634.3 640.1 651.5 592 629 633 636 641 649
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 221.4 239.2 239.4 240.7 220 235 236 239 239 240
Insurance........................... 2,262 2,309 2,319 2,335 2,255 2,297 2,302 2,312 2,319 2,327
Insurance carriers................ 1,535.9 1,572.1 1,578.4 1,591.4 1,531 1,560 1,566 1,574 1,579 1,586
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 726.4 737.1 740.2 743.8 724 737 736 738 740 741
Real estate......................... 1,456 1,438 1,461 1,502 1,415 1,439 1,444 1,456 1,455 1,460
Services2............................. 36,345 37,263 37,527 37,860 35,992 37,020 37,106 37,196 37,349 37,485
Agricultural services............... 756.5 709.6 756.1 787.8 678 696 695 706 698 706
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,837.6 1,720.5 1,788.7 1,871.2 1,738 1,756 1,755 1,767 1,770 1,770
Personal services................... 1,153.1 1,242.9 1,179.0 1,160.6 1,180 1,177 1,178 1,186 1,193 1,188
Business services................... 8,018.5 8,356.9 8,462.0 8,583.5 7,987 8,384 8,412 8,422 8,485 8,547
Services to buildings............. 949.4 966.3 981.4 986.5 938 961 966 965 976 975
Personnel supply services......... 2,982.0 3,080.6 3,127.5 3,188.1 2,975 3,152 3,149 3,140 3,149 3,180
Help supply services............ 2,654.2 2,746.7 2,794.8 2,846.3 2,652 2,820 2,819 2,806 2,811 2,843
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,407.3 1,560.6 1,572.6 1,593.9 1,409 1,522 1,538 1,561 1,575 1,596
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,127.0 1,144.1 1,155.4 1,167.0 1,120 1,144 1,145 1,146 1,154 1,160
Miscellaneous repair services....... 379.5 383.1 385.0 390.2 376 382 382 383 385 387
Motion pictures..................... 549.8 561.7 566.7 565.2 546 569 565 563 568 561
Amusement and recreation services... 1,820.4 1,637.1 1,754.8 1,938.6 1,571 1,641 1,647 1,660 1,661 1,672
Health services..................... 9,728.9 9,859.7 9,881.8 9,933.3 9,707 9,852 9,867 9,873 9,888 9,911
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,744.6 1,797.4 1,805.4 1,821.0 1,739 1,788 1,796 1,801 1,807 1,815
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,756.3 1,756.0 1,756.8 1,762.8 1,755 1,761 1,761 1,760 1,762 1,761
Hospitals......................... 3,870.1 3,932.2 3,939.0 3,962.1 3,863 3,920 3,925 3,938 3,945 3,956
Home health care services......... 715.8 687.8 685.4 683.0 714 702 698 687 683 682
Legal services...................... 959.5 968.0 971.3 995.4 945 967 970 972 977 981
Educational services................ 1,920.7 2,329.7 2,231.4 1,996.4 2,108 2,179 2,189 2,192 2,198 2,191
Social services..................... 2,506.0 2,612.7 2,630.9 2,613.2 2,510 2,577 2,587 2,595 2,605 2,618
Child day care services........... 556.6 594.1 596.4 565.3 570 574 575 577 574 579
Residential care.................. 722.0 745.2 747.6 755.1 716 741 744 746 748 748
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 97.1 90.4 95.0 98.6 90 92 92 92 91 91
Membership organizations............ 2,286.2 2,252.6 2,265.4 2,304.0 2,250 2,261 2,263 2,265 2,266 2,268
Engineering and management services. 3,010.7 3,199.1 3,208.1 3,259.0 2,993 3,148 3,164 3,178 3,214 3,239
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 876.1 901.6 911.7 934.3 866 899 904 910 913 923
Management and public relations... 948.6 1,015.2 1,033.8 1,047.9 940 1,007 1,012 1,011 1,031 1,039
Services, nec....................... 49.8 51.7 51.6 51.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Government............................ 19,621 20,130 20,209 19,873 19,543 19,720 19,728 19,764 19,826 19,793
Federal............................. 2,720 2,668 2,676 2,690 2,697 2,676 2,671 2,674 2,671 2,668
Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,870.1 1,814.4 1,821.7 1,836.6 1,843 1,819 1,815 1,814 1,810 1,810
State............................... 4,447 4,747 4,697 4,482 4,586 4,613 4,619 4,620 4,637 4,620
Education......................... 1,737.5 2,059.5 1,993.6 1,750.5 1,910 1,924 1,928 1,925 1,932 1,923
Other State government............ 2,709.8 2,687.6 2,703.5 2,731.6 2,676 2,689 2,691 2,695 2,705 2,697
Local............................... 12,454 12,715 12,836 12,701 12,260 12,431 12,438 12,470 12,518 12,505
Education......................... 6,928.0 7,364.7 7,405.1 7,068.2 6,894 6,999 7,003 7,023 7,054 7,034
Other local government............ 5,525.5 5,350.3 5,430.6 5,633.0 5,366 5,432 5,435 5,447 5,464 5,471
1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
June Apr. May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p
Total private.................... 34.9 34.2 34.6 34.7 34.5 34.7 34.6 34.5 34.7 34.6
Goods-producing......................... 41.4 40.1 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.4 41.0 40.8 41.1 41.0
Mining................................ 45.8 43.4 44.1 43.7 45.6 44.4 43.8 44.1 44.3 43.5
Construction.......................... 39.6 38.0 39.2 39.1 38.9 39.2 38.5 38.7 38.6 38.4
Manufacturing......................... 42.0 40.8 41.7 41.9 41.9 42.0 41.8 41.4 41.8 41.8
Overtime hours.................... 4.7 4.0 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.6
Durable goods........................ 42.8 41.3 42.4 42.5 42.7 42.8 42.5 41.9 42.4 42.4
Overtime hours.................... 5.0 4.1 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.0 4.6 4.8 4.8
Lumber and wood products............ 41.5 40.8 41.3 41.6 41.3 41.1 41.2 41.2 41.1 41.3
Furniture and fixtures.............. 39.9 39.7 40.1 40.7 40.0 41.0 40.7 40.7 40.7 40.9
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.6 42.9 43.9 43.9 43.0 43.6 43.2 43.3 43.5 43.3
Primary metal industries............ 44.8 43.4 44.5 44.5 44.8 44.8 44.6 43.9 44.5 44.5
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 44.6 44.8 45.4 44.9 44.7 45.4 45.3 44.9 45.6 45.0
Fabricated metal products........... 42.6 40.9 42.2 42.4 42.5 42.7 42.4 41.8 42.3 42.3
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.4 41.9 43.1 43.2 43.4 43.4 43.3 42.6 43.0 43.2
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 42.0 40.4 41.3 41.5 42.0 41.9 41.4 41.1 41.5 41.5
Transportation equipment............ 44.6 41.4 43.7 43.0 44.3 43.8 43.4 42.1 43.3 42.8
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.3 41.2 44.1 42.7 44.9 43.8 43.5 42.0 43.3 42.4
Instruments and related products.... 41.9 40.6 41.2 41.2 41.9 42.0 41.5 41.3 41.4 41.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.1 39.4 39.9 40.0 40.2 40.4 40.5 40.1 40.0 40.1
Nondurable goods..................... 40.7 40.0 40.8 41.0 40.7 40.9 40.8 40.7 41.0 41.0
Overtime hours.................... 4.1 3.8 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4
Food and kindred products........... 40.8 40.4 41.5 41.6 41.0 41.5 41.5 41.3 41.8 41.8
Tobacco products.................... 39.2 37.0 38.9 39.7 38.3 38.5 37.7 38.2 39.2 38.8
Textile mill products............... 41.7 40.1 41.1 41.5 41.3 41.5 41.2 41.0 41.3 41.1
Apparel and other textile products.. 37.7 36.5 37.4 37.7 37.3 37.4 37.2 37.7 37.4 37.3
Paper and allied products........... 43.4 42.5 43.2 43.5 43.5 43.4 43.4 43.0 43.4 43.6
Printing and publishing............. 38.0 37.8 38.1 38.1 38.3 38.5 38.4 38.2 38.4 38.4
Chemicals and allied products....... 43.1 42.9 42.9 43.2 43.1 43.4 43.4 43.1 43.0 43.2
Petroleum and coal products......... 42.9 42.8 43.0 43.3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.7 41.0 41.9 42.1 41.6 41.8 41.5 41.7 42.1 42.1
Leather and leather products........ 38.8 36.5 37.5 37.9 38.3 38.8 37.9 37.3 37.4 37.4
Service-producing....................... 33.1 32.6 32.8 33.0 32.7 33.0 32.8 32.9 33.0 32.9
Transportation and public utilities... 39.9 39.1 39.6 39.8 39.5 39.9 39.8 39.6 39.9 39.7
Wholesale trade....................... 38.7 38.1 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.3 38.3 38.5 38.2
Retail trade.......................... 29.4 28.7 29.0 29.3 28.8 29.0 28.9 29.0 29.1 29.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.7 36.1 36.1 36.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Services.............................. 32.8 32.4 32.5 32.7 32.5 32.7 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.7
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
June Apr. May June June Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998p 1998p
Total private.................... $12.18 $12.69 $12.69 $12.65 $425.08 $434.00 $439.07 $438.96
Seasonally adjusted............. 12.24 12.70 12.73 12.74 422.28 438.15 441.73 440.80
Goods-producing......................... 13.86 14.23 14.27 14.27 573.80 570.62 587.92 587.92
Mining................................ 16.14 16.84 16.77 16.78 739.21 730.86 739.56 733.29
Construction.......................... 15.91 16.34 16.43 16.45 630.04 620.92 644.06 643.20
Manufacturing......................... 13.09 13.46 13.46 13.43 549.78 549.17 561.28 562.72
Durable goods........................ 13.65 13.96 13.96 13.91 584.22 576.55 591.90 591.18
Lumber and wood products............ 10.78 10.99 11.06 11.08 447.37 448.39 456.78 460.93
Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.51 10.85 10.78 10.81 419.35 430.75 432.28 439.97
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.13 13.63 13.56 13.59 572.47 584.73 595.28 596.60
Primary metal industries............ 15.16 15.66 15.53 15.51 679.17 679.64 691.09 690.20
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 18.03 18.66 18.55 18.60 804.14 835.97 842.17 835.14
Fabricated metal products........... 12.72 12.89 12.85 12.85 541.87 527.20 542.27 544.84
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.96 14.32 14.38 14.43 605.86 600.01 619.78 623.38
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 12.59 13.09 13.03 13.09 528.78 528.84 538.14 543.24
Transportation equipment............ 17.42 17.71 17.65 17.44 776.93 733.19 771.31 749.92
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.89 18.35 18.16 17.76 810.42 756.02 800.86 758.35
Instruments and related products.... 13.51 13.75 13.76 13.70 566.07 558.25 566.91 564.44
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.49 10.76 10.79 10.81 420.65 423.94 430.52 432.40
Nondurable goods..................... 12.26 12.71 12.70 12.69 498.98 508.40 518.16 520.29
Food and kindred products........... 11.44 11.75 11.78 11.78 466.75 474.70 488.87 490.05
Tobacco products.................... 21.12 18.94 20.32 20.82 827.90 700.78 790.45 826.55
Textile mill products............... 9.98 10.39 10.37 10.37 416.17 416.64 426.21 430.36
Apparel and other textile products.. 8.25 8.47 8.46 8.49 311.03 309.16 316.40 320.07
Paper and allied products........... 14.97 15.44 15.46 15.40 649.70 656.20 667.87 669.90
Printing and publishing............. 12.89 13.32 13.32 13.31 489.82 503.50 507.49 507.11
Chemicals and allied products....... 16.54 17.15 17.11 17.04 712.87 735.74 734.02 736.13
Petroleum and coal products......... 19.92 20.99 20.84 20.78 854.57 898.37 896.12 899.77
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.52 11.84 11.84 11.87 480.38 485.44 496.10 499.73
Leather and leather products........ 8.94 9.28 9.34 9.29 346.87 338.72 350.25 352.09
Service-producing....................... 11.62 12.20 12.17 12.12 384.62 397.72 399.18 399.96
Transportation and public utilities... $14.82 $15.27 $15.21 $15.19 $591.32 $597.06 $602.32 $604.56
Wholesale trade....................... 13.37 13.90 13.94 13.84 517.42 529.59 535.30 530.07
Retail trade.......................... 8.27 8.70 8.71 8.68 243.14 249.69 252.59 254.32
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.26 13.98 13.98 13.95 486.64 504.68 504.68 503.60
Services.............................. 12.14 12.77 12.75 12.69 398.19 413.75 414.38 414.96
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June change
Industry 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p from:
May 1998-
June 1998
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $12.24 $12.59 $12.63 $12.70 $12.73 $12.74 0.1
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.54 7.69 7.72 7.74 7.73 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 13.86 14.21 14.25 14.25 14.27 14.28 .1
Mining...................... 16.14 16.76 16.82 16.72 16.81 16.78 -.2
Construction................ 15.97 16.34 16.40 16.45 16.47 16.52 .3
Manufacturing............... 13.11 13.42 13.46 13.44 13.46 13.46 .0
Excluding overtime4....... 12.42 12.69 12.73 12.76 12.76 12.75 -.1
Service-producing............. 11.70 12.06 12.10 12.19 12.22 12.24 .2
Transportation and public
utilities................ 14.89 15.25 15.27 15.32 15.31 15.26 -.3
Wholesale trade............. 13.37 13.81 13.84 13.88 13.98 13.93 -.4
Retail trade................ 8.30 8.59 8.64 8.70 8.72 8.71 -.1
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 13.31 13.83 13.85 14.00 14.02 14.09 .5
Services.................... 12.26 12.60 12.65 12.76 12.81 12.86 .4
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was -.1 percent from April 1998 to May 1998, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
June Apr. May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p
Total private.................... 144.0 141.8 144.8 146.9 140.9 144.4 143.8 144.0 144.9 144.8
Goods-producing......................... 116.4 111.6 115.7 117.3 114.0 116.4 115.1 114.9 115.2 114.9
Mining................................ 59.2 54.1 55.5 55.1 58.0 57.0 55.6 55.4 55.7 54.0
Construction.......................... 165.2 153.3 165.2 170.6 155.3 162.4 158.7 161.5 160.4 160.3
Manufacturing......................... 109.6 106.4 109.0 109.9 108.8 110.3 109.7 108.7 109.4 109.1
Durable goods........................ 113.2 110.3 113.3 113.9 112.2 114.5 113.7 112.2 113.1 112.8
Lumber and wood products............ 145.4 140.2 143.6 146.9 142.6 143.4 143.6 143.8 143.4 143.7
Furniture and fixtures.............. 127.5 130.3 132.0 133.9 127.3 133.1 132.7 133.7 134.0 133.7
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 115.6 113.3 117.4 119.3 111.3 116.2 113.9 114.1 115.2 114.9
Primary metal industries............ 94.3 92.7 94.5 95.2 93.9 95.8 95.5 93.7 94.6 94.8
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 72.7 72.9 74.0 73.6 72.6 74.6 74.4 73.4 74.5 73.5
Fabricated metal products........... 118.3 114.8 118.1 119.1 117.3 120.1 119.1 117.5 118.5 118.2
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 109.5 108.0 110.8 111.5 108.9 111.3 111.1 109.1 110.1 110.8
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 110.9 107.9 109.9 110.9 110.7 112.8 111.3 110.1 110.9 110.7
Transportation equipment............ 129.8 123.0 129.3 126.7 128.0 130.1 128.7 124.6 127.2 124.9
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 171.3 156.2 166.5 159.7 168.2 166.6 164.6 158.9 162.0 157.0
Instruments and related products.... 76.8 75.2 76.1 76.5 76.5 77.6 76.8 76.6 76.6 76.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 104.0 101.4 101.7 102.5 103.7 103.8 104.1 103.4 102.0 102.3
Nondurable goods..................... 104.6 101.1 103.1 104.4 104.2 104.6 104.3 104.0 104.4 104.2
Food and kindred products........... 114.9 111.8 115.8 118.3 116.0 118.5 118.5 118.3 119.9 119.5
Tobacco products.................... 54.5 55.8 54.7 54.1 60.7 61.0 59.7 62.5 62.1 59.6
Textile mill products............... 91.0 85.5 87.7 88.3 89.6 88.6 87.8 87.4 87.9 86.9
Apparel and other textile products.. 75.8 67.8 69.1 69.6 74.2 70.8 70.2 70.0 68.7 68.2
Paper and allied products........... 111.3 107.6 109.6 111.3 110.7 111.1 111.1 109.9 110.5 110.5
Printing and publishing............. 124.9 123.5 124.2 124.4 126.1 126.0 125.3 124.7 125.6 125.6
Chemicals and allied products....... 100.9 101.8 102.5 104.0 100.4 103.2 103.4 102.7 102.6 103.4
Petroleum and coal products......... 77.2 72.5 73.6 74.9 75.0 71.9 73.6 73.1 74.1 73.3
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 146.9 145.1 148.0 150.3 145.3 147.9 147.2 148.1 148.9 148.9
Leather and leather products........ 41.7 35.8 36.5 36.8 40.6 38.7 37.3 36.7 36.2 35.6
Service-producing....................... 156.3 155.3 157.9 160.2 153.0 157.0 156.7 157.0 158.2 158.2
Transportation and public utilities... 132.2 127.8 130.9 132.5 130.0 131.1 130.9 130.2 131.8 131.3
Wholesale trade....................... 127.8 126.6 128.3 129.2 125.8 128.2 127.6 127.9 128.6 127.8
Retail trade.......................... 141.2 136.9 140.7 143.7 137.2 139.9 139.3 139.8 141.1 140.6
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 132.4 132.8 134.2 136.1 128.8 133.4 133.6 134.2 135.1 135.3
Services.............................. 189.4 191.4 193.7 196.1 185.9 192.0 191.9 192.3 193.6 194.3
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1994.............. 59.3 60.5 67.0 64.5 58.6 63.3 63.8 61.7 61.5 60.4 64.0 61.7
1995.............. 62.5 60.0 54.9 55.6 47.8 55.6 54.8 59.0 58.0 55.8 54.5 58.8
1996.............. 50.8 64.6 59.6 56.6 62.8 61.0 57.3 61.5 56.0 62.5 62.2 60.7
1997.............. 58.0 61.4 59.8 63.6 60.1 54.6 61.1 59.1 60.0 64.3 62.4 64.9
1998.............. 63.8 58.7 59.6 56.9 p55.8 p59.0
Over 3-month span:
1994.............. 64.5 69.2 69.9 68.4 66.6 67.1 69.0 69.5 66.2 65.6 66.6 66.3
1995.............. 63.6 61.4 59.4 53.1 55.2 53.2 59.7 60.1 59.1 58.0 56.6 54.6
1996.............. 61.9 62.8 64.0 63.8 63.5 64.9 64.2 61.5 63.9 64.2 67.0 66.6
1997.............. 64.9 63.3 65.6 66.2 63.9 61.2 60.1 65.9 67.4 68.1 70.8 71.9
1998.............. 68.4 67.3 64.2 p61.2 p60.1
Over 6-month span:
1994.............. 70.9 69.9 69.7 71.2 70.2 69.8 69.8 70.2 68.7 67.4 66.7 65.4
1995.............. 66.4 60.1 59.1 57.3 59.0 60.1 57.6 60.4 59.7 59.3 61.1 63.2
1996.............. 62.8 65.4 64.7 65.7 66.2 65.0 66.4 66.0 66.2 67.6 66.9 66.3
1997.............. 67.6 67.0 65.3 64.9 65.6 67.3 68.0 67.3 70.6 72.3 73.3 72.6
1998.............. 72.1 p70.8 p67.7
Over 12-month span:
1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0
1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.5 63.5 65.4
1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 69.1 68.3
1997.............. 69.8 67.6 69.2 70.1 69.8 69.8 71.2 71.2 71.1 73.0 p72.5 p72.5
1998..............
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1994.............. 56.8 56.5 60.1 59.0 53.6 58.3 59.0 55.8 53.6 56.5 58.3 56.8
1995.............. 54.7 54.3 46.4 53.2 42.4 44.2 46.4 49.6 48.6 52.2 45.3 48.2
1996.............. 42.8 54.7 48.2 42.1 55.4 50.7 47.1 55.4 47.8 52.9 54.3 55.4
1997.............. 49.3 54.3 50.0 56.8 51.4 52.2 50.4 48.9 56.5 57.2 56.1 60.8
1998.............. 55.8 51.8 52.5 48.6 p46.0 p47.8
Over 3-month span:
1994.............. 60.4 63.7 63.7 60.4 57.6 59.7 61.9 56.8 54.3 55.4 60.8 59.0
1995.............. 56.8 50.0 47.8 42.1 43.2 38.8 40.6 43.5 48.2 47.1 45.3 39.9
1996.............. 43.9 46.8 46.0 47.5 46.4 49.3 51.4 50.0 53.6 51.1 57.6 54.7
1997.............. 54.3 49.3 54.3 54.0 55.4 50.4 47.5 52.2 57.9 62.6 64.7 65.5
1998.............. 60.1 59.0 50.7 p46.0 p42.8
Over 6-month span:
1994.............. 60.4 62.9 61.2 62.6 59.4 57.2 57.6 58.6 58.6 54.7 57.2 55.0
1995.............. 55.4 46.4 42.8 40.3 41.4 42.4 41.0 41.0 43.9 43.2 43.2 45.3
1996.............. 42.1 45.3 46.4 47.1 48.2 48.6 51.1 50.4 52.9 52.9 53.2 52.2
1997.............. 54.3 54.3 51.4 52.9 51.4 55.0 56.8 57.6 60.4 64.4 67.6 65.8
1998.............. 61.5 p57.2 p52.2
Over 12-month span:
1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6
1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 38.5 39.9 44.6
1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.0 51.8
1997.............. 57.2 52.5 54.7 56.5 57.9 57.6 58.6 58.6 60.4 60.4 p59.7 p58.3
1998..............
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: August 03, 2000
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_0698.htm
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