Technical information: USDL 99-182
Household data: (202) 606-6378
Transmission of material in this release is
Establishment data: 606-6555 embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, July 2, 1999.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: JUNE 1999
Payroll employment rose in June, and the unemployment rate was
essentially unchanged at 4.3 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of
the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment
increased by 268,000. Employment increased in construction and
throughout the service-producing sector, but job losses continued in
manufacturing and mining.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The number of unemployed persons, 6.0 million, and the unemployment
rate, 4.3 percent, were essentially unchanged in June. The jobless rate
has been below 4.5 percent since November 1998. Unemployment rates for
the major demographic groups--adult men (3.6 percent), adult women (3.9
percent), teenagers (13.5 percent), whites (3.8 percent), blacks (7.3
percent), and Hispanics (6.8 percent)--remained the same or were
virtually unchanged in June. (See tables A-1 and A-2.)
The number of unemployed persons who were new entrants to the labor
force--that is, they were looking for their first jobs--declined in June
to 349,000. (See table A-7.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
The civilian labor force rose over the month to 139.4 million,
seasonally adjusted, while the civilian labor force participation rate
was essentially unchanged at 67.1 percent. Both total employment, at
133.4 million, and the employment-population ratio, at 64.3 percent,
were little changed in June. (See table A-1.)
About 7.5 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than
one job in June. These multiple jobholders represented 5.6 percent of
the total employed, compared to 5.8 percent a year earlier. (See table
A-10.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in June. These were people who wanted and
were available to work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12
months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched
for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged
workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently
looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were
available for them--was 220,000 in June, down from 311,000 a year
earlier. (See table A-10.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 268,000 in June, to 128.4
million, seasonally adjusted. In comparison, monthly job gains averaged
189,000 during the first 5 months of this year and 244,000 in 1998.
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________| May-
Category | | | June
| 1999 | 1999 |change
|_________________|__________________________|
| I | II | Apr. | May | June |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 139,144| 139,173| 139,091| 139,019| 139,408| 389
Employment..........| 133,191| 133,242| 133,069| 133,224| 133,432| 208
Unemployment........| 5,953| 5,931| 6,022| 5,795| 5,975| 180
Not in labor force....| 67,732| 68,259| 68,145| 68,408| 68,225| -183
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 4.3| 4.3| 4.3| 4.2| 4.3| 0.1
Adult men...........| 3.4| 3.5| 3.4| 3.6| 3.6| .0
Adult women.........| 3.8| 3.9| 4.1| 3.6| 3.9| .3
Teenagers...........| 14.6| 13.4| 14.1| 12.6| 13.5| .9
White...............| 3.7| 3.8| 3.8| 3.7| 3.8| .1
Black...............| 8.0| 7.5| 7.7| 7.5| 7.3| -.2
Hispanic origin.....| 6.4| 6.8| 6.9| 6.7| 6.8| .1
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 127,640|p128,220| 128,134|p128,129|p128,397| p268
Goods-producing 1/..| 25,310| p25,223| 25,288| p25,196| p25,184| p-12
Construction......| 6,213| p6,260| 6,277| p6,238| p6,264| p26
Manufacturing.....| 18,542| p18,431| 18,473| p18,427| p18,392| p-35
Service-producing 1/| 102,331|p102,997| 102,846|p102,933|p103,213| p280
Retail trade......| 22,605| p22,751| 22,724| p22,740| p22,789| p49
Services..........| 38,442| p38,793| 38,697| p38,766| p38,917| p151
Government........| 20,044| p20,091| 20,099| p20,078| p20,096| p18
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 2/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.6| p34.4| 34.4| p34.4| p34.5| p0.1
Manufacturing.......| 41.6| p41.7| 41.6| p41.7| p41.7| p.0
Overtime..........| 4.5| p4.5| 4.3| p4.6| p4.7| p.1
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100)2/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 147.0| p147.2| 147.0| p147.1| p147.6| p0.5
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 2/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $13.07| p$13.18| $13.14| p$13.18| p$13.23|p$0.05
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 451.79| p453.95| 452.02| p453.39| p456.44| p3.05
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
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In June, job gains occurred in all major industry groups except mining
and manufacturing, where employment continued to decline. (See table B-1.)
Employment in the services industry grew by 151,000 in June, well
above the average monthly gain for the previous 12 months (119,000). In
June, growth was widespread among the component industries. Business
services added 43,000 jobs. Within that industry, computer services
continued on a strong growth trend, adding 15,000 jobs, and employment
in help supply services rose by 19,000. Notable employment increases
also occurred in amusement and recreation services (20,000), engineering
and management services (18,000), motion pictures (11,000), hotels
(9,000), and membership organizations (5,000). Employment in health
services continued its recent trend of slow growth, adding 8,000 jobs.
Retail trade added 49,000 jobs in June, bringing the total growth
for the first half of 1999 to 264,000. Eating and drinking places
accounted for the largest part of June's gain, with an increase of
32,000 jobs. Employment in building materials and garden supplies also
rose in June, following a decline in the previous month. Job growth
continued in furniture stores and car dealers. In contrast, employment
declined in food stores for the second consecutive month. In wholesale
trade, employment growth continued in durable goods distribution.
Employment in transportation and public utilities rose by 29,000 in
June. Much of this rise was in transportation, particularly in local
and interurban passenger transit and in trucking and warehousing.
Finance added 13,000 jobs in June. An increase in commercial bank
employment (4,000) followed 3 months of small declines. Employment also
rose in security brokerages and in holding and other investment offices.
For the first time in over 2 years, however, mortgage banks and
brokerages did not add workers. Real estate employment increased by
7,000 in June. The insurance industry added 4,000 jobs, about its
average for the first 5 months of this year.
In the goods-producing sector, construction added 26,000 jobs in
June, following a loss of slightly larger magnitude in May. June's job
gain was in line with the average monthly increase for the prior 12
months. Over the month, special trades contracting added 16,000 jobs,
with gains concentrated in plumbing, electrical work, and roofing.
Job losses continued in manufacturing (-35,000) and now total nearly
a half million since employment in this industry last peaked in March
1998. Declines were widespread in June. Large job losses continued in
aircraft and parts; employment in this industry has fallen by 26,000 so
far this year. After 3 months with little change, electrical equipment
lost 4,000 jobs in June. Job losses continued in apparel, textiles,
food products, fabricated metals, instruments, and paper products.
Mining employment continued to decline in June; however, the loss
(-3,000) was much less than the average monthly decline (-8,000) for the
first 5 months of this year. Job losses in oil and gas extraction
moderated in June; this industry has accounted for most of the recent
decline in mining employment. Over the month, employment declines
continued in coal mining, which has lost 5,000 jobs thus far in 1999,
6 percent of its employment.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls edged up 0.1 hour in June to 34.5 hours,
seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek was unchanged at 41.7
hours; factory overtime was up 0.1 hour to 4.7 hours. (See table B-2.)
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The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.3 percent to 147.6
(1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index declined by
0.5 percent to 106.1 in June. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls increased by 5 cents in June to $13.23,
seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earnings rose by 0.7 percent in
June, to $456.44, seasonally adjusted. Over the year, average hourly
earnings rose by 3.7 percent and average weekly earnings increased by
3.4 percent. (See table B-3.)
________________________________________
The Employment Situation for July 1999 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, August 6, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).
- 5 -
Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1999,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
- 6 -
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
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period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
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monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.7 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or
$35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 205,085 207,427 207,632 205,085 206,873 207,036 207,236 207,427 207,632
Civilian labor force............................ 138,798 138,919 140,666 137,498 139,271 138,816 139,091 139,019 139,408
Participation rate........................ 67.7 67.0 67.7 67.0 67.3 67.0 67.1 67.0 67.1
Employed...................................... 132,265 133,411 134,395 131,253 133,144 133,033 133,069 133,224 133,432
Employment-population ratio............... 64.5 64.3 64.7 64.0 64.4 64.3 64.2 64.2 64.3
Agriculture................................. 3,718 3,489 3,691 3,363 3,328 3,281 3,384 3,295 3,354
Nonagricultural industries.................. 128,546 129,923 130,704 127,890 129,817 129,752 129,685 129,929 130,078
Unemployed.................................... 6,534 5,507 6,271 6,245 6,127 5,783 6,022 5,795 5,975
Unemployment rate......................... 4.7 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3
Not in labor force.............................. 66,287 68,508 66,966 67,587 67,602 68,220 68,145 68,408 68,225
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 98,691 99,563 99,668 98,691 99,279 99,362 99,465 99,563 99,668
Civilian labor force............................ 74,945 74,376 75,472 73,866 74,504 74,234 74,234 74,316 74,420
Participation rate........................ 75.9 74.7 75.7 74.8 75.0 74.7 74.6 74.6 74.7
Employed...................................... 71,618 71,470 72,312 70,592 71,276 71,352 71,225 71,198 71,321
Employment-population ratio............... 72.6 71.8 72.6 71.5 71.8 71.8 71.6 71.5 71.6
Unemployed.................................... 3,326 2,906 3,159 3,274 3,228 2,881 3,010 3,118 3,099
Unemployment rate......................... 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.3 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.2
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 90,700 91,368 91,487 90,700 91,189 91,215 91,302 91,368 91,487
Civilian labor force............................ 69,968 70,069 70,486 69,590 70,174 69,951 69,991 69,932 70,127
Participation rate........................ 77.1 76.7 77.0 76.7 77.0 76.7 76.7 76.5 76.7
Employed...................................... 67,531 67,738 68,144 66,994 67,577 67,713 67,608 67,399 67,633
Employment-population ratio............... 74.5 74.1 74.5 73.9 74.1 74.2 74.0 73.8 73.9
Agriculture................................. 2,527 2,356 2,432 2,337 2,212 2,222 2,353 2,212 2,248
Nonagricultural industries.................. 65,004 65,382 65,712 64,657 65,365 65,492 65,255 65,186 65,385
Unemployed.................................... 2,437 2,331 2,342 2,596 2,598 2,238 2,383 2,534 2,494
Unemployment rate......................... 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.6
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 106,394 107,864 107,964 106,394 107,593 107,674 107,771 107,864 107,964
Civilian labor force............................ 63,854 64,543 65,195 63,632 64,767 64,582 64,857 64,704 64,988
Participation rate........................ 60.0 59.8 60.4 59.8 60.2 60.0 60.2 60.0 60.2
Employed...................................... 60,646 61,941 62,083 60,661 61,869 61,680 61,845 62,026 62,112
Employment-population ratio............... 57.0 57.4 57.5 57.0 57.5 57.3 57.4 57.5 57.5
Unemployed.................................... 3,207 2,602 3,112 2,971 2,899 2,902 3,012 2,677 2,876
Unemployment rate......................... 5.0 4.0 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 98,735 100,008 100,131 98,735 99,746 99,833 99,923 100,008 100,131
Civilian labor force............................ 59,277 60,609 60,748 59,613 60,622 60,533 60,788 60,729 61,092
Participation rate........................ 60.0 60.6 60.7 60.4 60.8 60.6 60.8 60.7 61.0
Employed...................................... 56,828 58,524 58,351 57,190 58,291 58,183 58,320 58,520 58,719
Employment-population ratio............... 57.6 58.5 58.3 57.9 58.4 58.3 58.4 58.5 58.6
Agriculture................................. 799 835 907 763 839 834 801 831 869
Nonagricultural industries.................. 56,030 57,689 57,445 56,427 57,452 57,349 57,519 57,689 57,849
Unemployed.................................... 2,449 2,086 2,397 2,423 2,330 2,350 2,468 2,209 2,373
Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 3.4 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population............. 15,651 16,051 16,014 15,651 15,939 15,988 16,011 16,051 16,014
Civilian labor force............................ 9,553 8,240 9,432 8,295 8,475 8,331 8,312 8,358 8,189
Participation rate........................ 61.0 51.3 58.9 53.0 53.2 52.1 51.9 52.1 51.1
Employed...................................... 7,905 7,150 7,900 7,069 7,276 7,136 7,141 7,306 7,081
Employment-population ratio............... 50.5 44.5 49.3 45.2 45.7 44.6 44.6 45.5 44.2
Agriculture................................. 392 297 353 263 277 224 230 252 237
Nonagricultural industries.................. 7,513 6,852 7,547 6,806 6,999 6,912 6,911 7,054 6,843
Unemployed.................................... 1,648 1,091 1,532 1,226 1,199 1,195 1,171 1,052 1,108
Unemployment rate......................... 17.2 13.2 16.2 14.8 14.1 14.3 14.1 12.6 13.5
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 171,387 172,859 172,999 171,387 172,491 172,597 172,730 172,859 172,999
Civilian labor force............................ 116,297 116,198 117,655 115,208 116,610 116,284 116,370 116,254 116,578
Participation rate.......................... 67.9 67.2 68.0 67.2 67.6 67.4 67.4 67.3 67.4
Employed...................................... 111,576 112,160 113,011 110,638 112,189 112,144 111,917 111,985 112,092
Employment-population ratio................. 65.1 64.9 65.3 64.6 65.0 65.0 64.8 64.8 64.8
Unemployed.................................... 4,721 4,038 4,644 4,570 4,420 4,140 4,454 4,269 4,486
Unemployment rate........................... 4.1 3.5 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.8
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 59,618 59,635 60,025 59,298 59,799 59,698 59,664 59,500 59,711
Participation rate.......................... 77.5 77.1 77.6 77.1 77.5 77.3 77.2 77.0 77.2
Employed...................................... 57,817 57,904 58,246 57,348 57,830 58,010 57,874 57,615 57,784
Employment-population ratio................. 75.2 74.9 75.3 74.6 75.0 75.1 74.9 74.5 74.7
Unemployed.................................... 1,801 1,732 1,779 1,950 1,969 1,688 1,790 1,884 1,927
Unemployment rate........................... 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.2
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 48,665 49,549 49,661 48,930 49,721 49,602 49,672 49,669 49,933
Participation rate.......................... 59.3 59.8 59.9 59.6 60.1 59.9 60.0 60.0 60.2
Employed...................................... 46,961 48,067 47,926 47,244 48,109 47,983 47,862 48,067 48,215
Employment-population ratio................. 57.2 58.0 57.8 57.6 58.2 58.0 57.8 58.0 58.2
Unemployed.................................... 1,704 1,482 1,735 1,686 1,612 1,620 1,811 1,602 1,718
Unemployment rate........................... 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 8,014 7,014 7,969 6,980 7,090 6,984 7,034 7,085 6,934
Participation rate.......................... 64.4 55.3 62.7 56.1 56.1 55.2 55.5 55.8 54.6
Employed...................................... 6,797 6,189 6,839 6,046 6,250 6,151 6,181 6,302 6,093
Employment-population ratio................. 54.6 48.8 53.8 48.6 49.5 48.6 48.8 49.7 48.0
Unemployed.................................... 1,217 825 1,129 934 840 833 853 783 840
Unemployment rate........................... 15.2 11.8 14.2 13.4 11.8 11.9 12.1 11.0 12.1
Men....................................... 16.0 12.1 13.8 14.4 12.2 12.7 12.6 11.9 11.8
Women..................................... 14.3 11.4 14.6 12.3 11.4 11.1 11.6 10.1 12.5
BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 24,349 24,798 24,833 24,349 24,697 24,729 24,765 24,798 24,833
Civilian labor force............................ 16,182 16,248 16,462 16,025 16,242 16,212 16,286 16,303 16,300
Participation rate.......................... 66.5 65.5 66.3 65.8 65.8 65.6 65.8 65.7 65.6
Employed...................................... 14,709 15,058 15,156 14,662 14,900 14,904 15,029 15,079 15,103
Employment-population ratio................. 60.4 60.7 61.0 60.2 60.3 60.3 60.7 60.8 60.8
Unemployed.................................... 1,473 1,190 1,306 1,363 1,342 1,308 1,257 1,224 1,197
Unemployment rate........................... 9.1 7.3 7.9 8.5 8.3 8.1 7.7 7.5 7.3
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 7,105 7,209 7,188 7,080 7,160 7,065 7,118 7,206 7,152
Participation rate.......................... 73.1 72.8 72.5 72.9 72.7 71.6 72.0 72.8 72.1
Employed...................................... 6,619 6,754 6,766 6,574 6,682 6,656 6,681 6,727 6,712
Employment-population ratio................. 68.1 68.2 68.2 67.7 67.8 67.4 67.6 68.0 67.7
Unemployed.................................... 486 455 422 506 477 409 437 479 440
Unemployment rate........................... 6.8 6.3 5.9 7.1 6.7 5.8 6.1 6.6 6.1
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 7,841 8,144 8,183 7,870 8,082 8,129 8,241 8,177 8,214
Participation rate.......................... 64.3 65.6 65.8 64.6 65.3 65.6 66.4 65.8 66.0
Employed...................................... 7,220 7,631 7,632 7,255 7,509 7,545 7,681 7,653 7,671
Employment-population ratio................. 59.2 61.4 61.4 59.5 60.7 60.9 61.9 61.6 61.7
Unemployed.................................... 621 513 550 615 573 584 560 524 544
Unemployment rate........................... 7.9 6.3 6.7 7.8 7.1 7.2 6.8 6.4 6.6
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 1,236 895 1,091 1,075 1,000 1,018 927 920 934
Participation rate.......................... 50.5 36.1 44.0 44.0 40.5 41.2 37.5 37.1 37.7
Employed...................................... 871 674 758 833 708 702 667 699 721
Employment-population ratio................. 35.6 27.2 30.5 34.1 28.6 28.4 26.9 28.2 29.0
Unemployed.................................... 365 222 334 242 293 316 260 222 214
Unemployment rate........................... 29.6 24.8 30.6 22.5 29.2 31.0 28.1 24.1 22.9
Men....................................... 30.2 25.1 34.7 22.4 31.6 32.9 33.0 26.2 26.7
Women..................................... 29.0 24.5 26.7 22.6 27.0 29.1 23.5 22.0 19.6
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 21,036 21,548 21,618 21,036 21,355 21,414 21,483 21,548 21,618
Civilian labor force............................ 14,436 14,498 14,710 14,375 14,591 14,570 14,543 14,535 14,643
Participation rate.......................... 68.6 67.3 68.0 68.3 68.3 68.0 67.7 67.5 67.7
Employed...................................... 13,394 13,613 13,750 13,301 13,610 13,732 13,541 13,558 13,654
Employment-population ratio................. 63.7 63.2 63.6 63.2 63.7 64.1 63.0 62.9 63.2
Unemployed.................................... 1,042 885 960 1,074 980 838 1,002 977 989
Unemployment rate........................... 7.2 6.1 6.5 7.5 6.7 5.8 6.9 6.7 6.8
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Educational attainment
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 30,064 28,298 28,515 30,064 28,112 28,442 27,991 28,298 28,515
Civilian labor force.................... 12,988 12,052 12,261 12,784 12,164 12,094 11,753 11,743 12,047
Percent of population............... 43.2 42.6 43.0 42.5 43.3 42.5 42.0 41.5 42.2
Employed.............................. 12,130 11,332 11,496 11,873 11,257 11,356 10,972 10,959 11,238
Employment-population ratio......... 40.3 40.0 40.3 39.5 40.0 39.9 39.2 38.7 39.4
Unemployed............................ 858 720 765 911 907 739 781 784 810
Unemployment rate................... 6.6 6.0 6.2 7.1 7.5 6.1 6.6 6.7 6.7
High school graduates, no college(2)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 57,446 57,931 57,963 57,446 57,062 57,805 57,945 57,931 57,963
Civilian labor force.................... 37,174 37,548 37,384 37,171 37,261 37,740 37,577 37,416 37,403
Percent of population............... 64.7 64.8 64.5 64.7 65.3 65.3 64.8 64.6 64.5
Employed.............................. 35,780 36,346 36,033 35,681 35,979 36,448 36,253 36,058 35,961
Employment-population ratio......... 62.3 62.7 62.2 62.1 63.1 63.1 62.6 62.2 62.0
Unemployed............................ 1,394 1,202 1,351 1,490 1,282 1,292 1,324 1,359 1,442
Unemployment rate................... 3.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.9
Less than a bachelor's degree(3)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 41,880 42,742 42,780 41,880 43,911 43,028 43,059 42,742 42,780
Civilian labor force.................... 31,008 31,640 31,669 31,283 32,465 31,892 32,160 31,930 31,937
Percent of population............... 74.0 74.0 74.0 74.7 73.9 74.1 74.7 74.7 74.7
Employed.............................. 30,151 30,795 30,913 30,371 31,462 30,989 31,202 31,043 31,130
Employment-population ratio......... 72.0 72.0 72.3 72.5 71.6 72.0 72.5 72.6 72.8
Unemployed............................ 857 845 756 912 1,003 903 958 886 806
Unemployment rate................... 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.9 3.1 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.5
College graduates
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 42,464 44,442 44,464 42,464 43,949 43,859 44,289 44,442 44,464
Civilian labor force.................... 33,957 35,650 35,527 34,281 35,040 34,997 35,493 35,771 35,856
Percent of population............... 80.0 80.2 79.9 80.7 79.7 79.8 80.1 80.5 80.6
Employed.............................. 33,337 35,037 34,777 33,681 34,368 34,345 34,742 35,107 35,128
Employment-population ratio......... 78.5 78.8 78.2 79.3 78.2 78.3 78.4 79.0 79.0
Unemployed............................ 620 613 750 600 673 652 752 664 727
Unemployment rate................... 1.8 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.9 2.0
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over................. 132,265 133,411 134,395 131,253 133,144 133,033 133,069 133,224 133,432
Married men, spouse present..................... 42,582 42,839 43,205 42,648 43,016 43,114 43,190 42,882 43,291
Married women, spouse present................... 32,412 33,487 33,396 32,820 33,092 33,134 33,285 33,487 33,802
Women who maintain families..................... 7,938 8,127 8,023 7,909 8,113 8,148 8,050 8,039 7,991
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty........... 38,449 40,477 40,602 38,786 39,531 39,900 40,504 40,500 40,946
Technical, sales, and administrative support.... 38,605 38,868 38,767 38,573 39,254 38,893 38,866 39,103 38,729
Service occupations............................. 18,123 18,075 18,290 17,856 18,163 18,074 17,868 18,111 18,020
Precision production, craft, and repair......... 14,799 14,519 14,422 14,466 14,742 14,661 14,518 14,432 14,084
Operators, fabricators, and laborers............ 18,344 17,794 18,383 18,152 18,021 18,177 17,656 17,813 18,190
Farming, forestry, and fishing.................. 3,944 3,678 3,931 3,513 3,490 3,417 3,539 3,441 3,504
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers....................... 2,145 2,067 2,207 1,857 1,895 1,893 1,908 1,919 1,911
Self-employed workers......................... 1,524 1,387 1,443 1,445 1,381 1,376 1,439 1,348 1,369
Unpaid family workers......................... 49 35 41 44 44 39 31 33 37
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers....................... 119,370 121,110 121,653 118,733 121,066 121,005 120,785 121,168 121,005
Government.................................. 18,220 18,766 18,862 18,467 18,782 18,699 18,709 18,672 19,110
Private industries.......................... 101,151 102,344 102,791 100,266 102,283 102,306 102,076 102,496 101,895
Private households........................ 968 899 1,006 962 849 917 941 910 1,001
Other industries.......................... 100,183 101,445 101,786 99,304 101,434 101,389 101,135 101,586 100,894
Self-employed workers......................... 9,068 8,748 8,955 8,971 8,658 8,650 8,813 8,687 8,857
Unpaid family workers......................... 108 65 96 97 114 125 63 60 87
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 4,033 3,281 3,641 3,792 3,426 3,564 3,408 3,422 3,418
Slack work or business conditions........... 2,159 1,835 2,082 2,183 1,984 2,045 1,920 1,946 2,092
Could only find part-time work.............. 1,431 1,122 1,158 1,248 1,141 1,208 1,124 1,137 1,014
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 17,191 19,136 17,266 18,619 18,642 18,545 18,882 18,632 18,666
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 3,871 3,127 3,462 3,618 3,298 3,374 3,224 3,247 3,232
Slack work or business conditions........... 2,086 1,748 1,940 2,102 1,906 1,955 1,831 1,838 1,944
Could only find part-time work.............. 1,373 1,092 1,141 1,210 1,108 1,159 1,092 1,111 1,010
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 16,595 18,568 16,629 17,992 18,061 17,944 18,320 18,098 18,016
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Category
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over......................... 6,245 5,795 5,975 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3
Men, 20 years and over......................... 2,596 2,534 2,494 3.7 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.6
Women, 20 years and over....................... 2,423 2,209 2,373 4.1 3.8 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... 1,226 1,052 1,108 14.8 14.1 14.3 14.1 12.6 13.5
Married men, spouse present.................... 973 1,033 977 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.2
Married women, spouse present.................. 980 870 926 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.7
Women who maintain families.................... 601 514 561 7.1 6.5 6.7 7.2 6.0 6.6
Full-time workers.............................. 4,915 4,592 4,628 4.4 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.0
Part-time workers.............................. 1,288 1,247 1,317 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.4
OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty.......... 685 827 852 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0
Technical, sales, and administrative support... 1,554 1,331 1,431 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.3 3.6
Precision production, craft, and repair........ 657 623 725 4.3 4.4 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.9
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........... 1,340 1,233 1,166 6.9 6.0 5.9 6.5 6.5 6.0
Farming, forestry, and fishing................. 241 300 284 6.4 7.8 6.9 7.3 8.0 7.5
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 4,868 4,521 4,699 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.4
Goods-producing industries................... 1,325 1,256 1,322 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.7
Mining..................................... 26 33 26 4.0 7.7 5.3 9.3 5.9 4.7
Construction............................... 546 515 531 7.9 7.5 6.7 7.4 7.2 7.5
Manufacturing.............................. 753 708 764 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.8
Durable goods............................ 373 410 448 3.0 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.6
Nondurable goods......................... 380 298 317 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.7 3.6 4.0
Service-producing industries................. 3,543 3,264 3,377 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.3
Transportation and public utilities........ 258 248 214 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.3 2.8
Wholesale and retail trade................. 1,503 1,435 1,441 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.4
Finance, insurance, and real estate........ 169 170 189 2.2 2.4 1.9 3.2 2.1 2.3
Services................................... 1,613 1,410 1,533 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.1 3.9 4.2
Government workers............................. 406 504 470 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.4
Agricultural wage and salary workers........... 171 230 203 8.4 11.3 9.5 9.7 10.7 9.6
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks................................ 3,174 2,494 3,136 2,553 2,601 2,478 2,788 2,467 2,529
5 to 14 weeks.................................... 1,801 1,469 1,552 2,022 1,944 1,891 1,867 1,816 1,736
15 weeks and over................................ 1,559 1,544 1,583 1,641 1,550 1,434 1,446 1,523 1,668
15 to 26 weeks................................ 808 845 802 833 766 736 773 794 824
27 weeks and over............................. 751 699 782 808 784 697 673 729 844
Average (mean) duration, in weeks................ 12.8 13.6 13.1 14.1 13.8 13.5 13.1 13.4 14.5
Median duration, in weeks........................ 4.9 6.4 4.5 6.7 7.0 6.9 6.1 6.7 6.2
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks.............................. 48.6 45.3 50.0 41.1 42.7 42.7 45.7 42.5 42.6
5 to 14 weeks.................................. 27.6 26.7 24.7 32.5 31.9 32.6 30.6 31.3 29.3
15 weeks and over.............................. 23.9 28.0 25.2 26.4 25.4 24.7 23.7 26.2 28.1
15 to 26 weeks............................... 12.4 15.3 12.8 13.4 12.6 12.7 12.7 13.7 13.9
27 weeks and over............................ 11.5 12.7 12.5 13.0 12.9 12.0 11.0 12.6 14.2
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 2,628 2,362 2,495 2,832 2,738 2,563 2,700 2,663 2,683
On temporary layoff............................. 713 609 746 851 849 812 838 821 892
Not on temporary layoff......................... 1,915 1,753 1,750 1,981 1,889 1,751 1,862 1,842 1,791
Permanent job losers.......................... 1,289 1,295 1,253 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs.......... 626 458 497 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers....................................... 714 699 820 754 751 780 841 789 864
Reentrants........................................ 2,360 2,052 2,293 2,112 2,110 1,988 2,044 2,040 2,057
New entrants...................................... 832 394 663 517 509 431 469 415 349
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed.................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 40.2 42.9 39.8 45.6 44.8 44.5 44.6 45.1 45.1
On temporary layoff............................ 10.9 11.1 11.9 13.7 13.9 14.1 13.9 13.9 15.0
Not on temporary layoff........................ 29.3 31.8 27.9 31.9 30.9 30.4 30.8 31.2 30.1
Job leavers...................................... 10.9 12.7 13.1 12.1 12.3 13.5 13.9 13.4 14.5
Reentrants....................................... 36.1 37.3 36.6 34.0 34.5 34.5 33.8 34.5 34.6
New entrants..................................... 12.7 7.2 10.6 8.3 8.3 7.5 7.7 7.0 5.9
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9
Job leavers...................................... .5 .5 .6 .5 .5 .6 .6 .6 .6
Reentrants....................................... 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5
New entrants..................................... .6 .3 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3
1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Measure
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of
the civilian labor force................................ 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as
a percent of the civilian labor force................... 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor
force (official unemployment rate)...................... 4.7 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent
of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.... 4.9 4.1 4.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all
other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the
civilian labor force plus all marginally
attached workers........................................ 5.5 4.8 5.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers,
plus total employed part time for economic reasons,
as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers............................. 8.4 7.1 7.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of
this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work
but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job.
Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to
settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment
measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised
population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Age and sex
June May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 6,245 5,795 5,975 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3
16 to 24 years.................................. 2,329 2,092 2,181 10.6 10.2 10.0 10.0 9.4 9.9
16 to 19 years................................ 1,226 1,052 1,108 14.8 14.1 14.3 14.1 12.6 13.5
16 to 17 years.............................. 593 531 524 18.0 15.5 16.6 16.9 15.9 16.1
18 to 19 years.............................. 634 531 586 12.6 13.1 12.8 12.3 10.6 11.8
20 to 24 years................................ 1,103 1,040 1,073 8.1 7.7 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.7
25 years and over............................... 3,901 3,718 3,788 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2
25 to 54 years................................ 3,455 3,218 3,242 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.3
55 years and over............................. 432 462 537 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.6 3.0
Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,274 3,118 3,099 4.4 4.3 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.2
16 to 24 years................................ 1,276 1,180 1,231 11.1 10.1 9.9 10.5 10.2 10.7
16 to 19 years.............................. 678 584 605 15.9 14.6 15.0 14.8 13.3 14.1
16 to 17 years............................ 356 313 282 20.5 15.3 16.9 19.2 17.7 16.5
18 to 19 years............................ 332 277 333 12.9 14.1 13.6 12.2 10.6 12.8
20 to 24 years.............................. 598 597 626 8.3 7.5 7.0 8.0 8.3 8.7
25 years and over............................. 1,991 1,958 1,861 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.0
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,748 1,662 1,601 3.3 3.3 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.0
55 years and over........................... 238 261 258 2.5 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6
Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,971 2,677 2,876 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.4
16 to 24 years................................ 1,053 912 950 10.1 10.2 10.0 9.5 8.6 9.0
16 to 19 years.............................. 548 468 503 13.6 13.7 13.6 13.4 11.8 12.9
16 to 17 years............................ 237 217 241 15.1 15.7 16.2 14.5 13.8 15.7
18 to 19 years............................ 302 255 253 12.3 12.1 11.9 12.5 10.6 10.7
20 to 24 years.............................. 505 444 447 7.9 8.0 7.8 7.1 6.7 6.7
25 years and over............................. 1,910 1,760 1,927 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.5
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,707 1,556 1,641 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.5
55 years and over........................... 194 201 279 2.6 2.7 3.2 3.3 2.6 3.5
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
June June June June June June
1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force...................................... 66,287 66,966 23,747 24,197 42,540 42,769
Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,187 5,204 2,225 2,262 2,962 2,942
Searched for work and available to work now(1)............... 1,213 1,228 617 594 595 634
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2).................... 311 220 168 133 143 87
Reasons other than discouragement(3).................... 902 1,008 449 461 453 547
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)...................................... 7,712 7,492 4,133 4,071 3,579 3,421
Percent of total employed..................................... 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.9 5.5
Primary job full time, secondary job part time................ 4,333 3,992 2,594 2,361 1,739 1,631
Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,641 1,463 546 484 1,095 979
Primary and secondary jobs both full time..................... 247 248 176 170 70 78
Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................ 1,450 1,728 799 1,019 652 709
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the
reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and
other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation
problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
June Apr. May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p
Total......................... 126,804 127,990 128,822 129,542 125,689 127,730 127,813 128,134 128,129 128,397
Total private.................... 106,956 107,522 108,333 109,374 105,913 107,676 107,726 108,035 108,051 108,301
Goods-producing......................... 25,723 25,043 25,241 25,532 25,381 25,329 25,285 25,288 25,196 25,184
Mining................................ 600 532 531 535 593 553 550 538 531 528
Metal mining........................ 51.3 48.7 48.8 49.5 50 50 50 49 49 48
Coal mining......................... 91.6 85.9 85.7 85.1 91 88 87 86 86 85
Oil and gas extraction.............. 344.7 289.1 285.2 288.0 343 306 305 294 288 287
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 112.8 108.4 110.9 112.2 109 109 108 109 108 108
Construction.......................... 6,193 6,104 6,304 6,504 5,962 6,238 6,232 6,277 6,238 6,264
General building contractors........ 1,413.3 1,393.0 1,424.6 1,477.6 1,369 1,426 1,429 1,428 1,427 1,432
Heavy construction, except building. 894.0 845.8 888.4 919.6 835 869 864 874 854 859
Special trade contractors........... 3,886.1 3,865.0 3,990.5 4,107.2 3,758 3,943 3,939 3,975 3,957 3,973
Manufacturing......................... 18,930 18,407 18,406 18,493 18,826 18,538 18,503 18,473 18,427 18,392
Production workers................ 13,049 12,650 12,648 12,697 12,970 12,730 12,714 12,696 12,662 12,619
Durable goods........................ 11,280 10,982 10,980 11,027 11,210 11,027 11,014 10,993 10,970 10,957
Production workers................ 7,728 7,518 7,516 7,541 7,668 7,529 7,527 7,519 7,501 7,482
Lumber and wood products............ 820.8 814.1 821.9 832.5 811 827 827 824 824 823
Furniture and fixtures.............. 533.5 536.3 537.1 539.5 531 535 535 536 537 537
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 573.9 568.7 574.8 580.4 562 571 569 570 570 569
Primary metal industries............ 719.0 690.4 687.9 690.9 716 695 693 691 688 687
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 234.6 221.7 221.4 221.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Fabricated metal products........... 1,510.1 1,486.5 1,486.0 1,492.1 1,503 1,491 1,490 1,489 1,487 1,485
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,227.8 2,136.8 2,131.6 2,138.1 2,215 2,146 2,139 2,132 2,126 2,126
Computer and office equipment..... 381.4 359.3 359.5 362.0 380 362 360 361 360 361
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,720.5 1,654.6 1,654.5 1,660.2 1,715 1,659 1,659 1,658 1,658 1,654
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 667.3 633.9 635.5 638.5 664 636 636 635 636 636
Transportation equipment............ 1,903.0 1,865.1 1,859.1 1,862.4 1,891 1,871 1,873 1,864 1,853 1,851
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 1,003.7 997.8 1,001.6 1,007.3 994 989 992 996 996 998
Aircraft and parts................ 524.6 502.1 495.9 491.3 526 510 511 503 497 492
Instruments and related products.... 875.2 842.1 840.1 842.8 872 847 844 842 841 839
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 396.2 387.6 386.6 388.4 394 385 385 387 386 386
Nondurable goods..................... 7,650 7,425 7,426 7,466 7,616 7,511 7,489 7,480 7,457 7,435
Production workers................ 5,321 5,132 5,132 5,156 5,302 5,201 5,187 5,177 5,161 5,137
Food and kindred products........... 1,684.7 1,649.0 1,658.3 1,679.6 1,686 1,695 1,693 1,689 1,687 1,681
Tobacco products.................... 37.1 36.4 35.2 35.8 40 40 39 38 38 39
Textile mill products............... 604.8 566.8 563.9 563.0 601 575 571 567 563 559
Apparel and other textile products.. 775.8 696.1 692.8 690.5 768 707 702 698 690 684
Paper and allied products........... 680.3 658.6 659.2 662.5 676 664 662 662 661 658
Printing and publishing............. 1,570.9 1,552.7 1,549.0 1,554.8 1,568 1,559 1,557 1,555 1,551 1,552
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,050.8 1,034.2 1,036.0 1,041.6 1,044 1,041 1,037 1,038 1,036 1,035
Petroleum and coal products......... 144.1 137.9 138.6 140.5 141 139 139 139 138 138
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 1,017.1 1,018.5 1,018.5 1,023.2 1,009 1,015 1,014 1,019 1,019 1,015
Leather and leather products........ 84.2 75.1 74.8 74.8 83 76 75 75 74 74
Service-producing....................... 101,081 102,947 103,581 104,010 100,308 102,401 102,528 102,846 102,933 103,213
Transportation and public utilities... 6,623 6,719 6,772 6,821 6,589 6,723 6,732 6,750 6,758 6,787
Transportation...................... 4,286 4,371 4,414 4,446 4,265 4,367 4,378 4,397 4,403 4,424
Railroad transportation........... 231.9 234.1 235.5 237.3 231 233 235 234 235 236
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 465.0 493.6 499.6 487.1 466 475 476 483 481 488
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,760.0 1,775.6 1,795.5 1,825.6 1,744 1,789 1,796 1,800 1,800 1,809
Water transportation.............. 184.7 177.5 181.7 187.2 178 181 177 180 180 180
Transportation by air............. 1,175.7 1,211.4 1,219.0 1,223.3 1,179 1,213 1,218 1,220 1,225 1,227
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.1 13.4 13.7 13.9 14 14 14 14 14 14
Transportation services........... 454.2 465.6 468.7 471.3 453 462 462 466 468 470
Communications and public utilities. 2,337 2,348 2,358 2,375 2,324 2,356 2,354 2,353 2,355 2,363
Communications.................... 1,476.1 1,505.9 1,513.6 1,521.6 1,470 1,507 1,506 1,508 1,512 1,516
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 860.6 841.8 844.2 852.9 854 849 848 845 843 847
Wholesale trade....................... 6,869 6,948 6,982 7,025 6,826 6,937 6,947 6,965 6,973 6,982
Durable goods....................... 4,065 4,111 4,127 4,155 4,039 4,100 4,103 4,113 4,120 4,129
Nondurable goods.................... 2,804 2,837 2,855 2,870 2,787 2,837 2,844 2,852 2,853 2,853
Retail trade.......................... 22,451 22,476 22,772 22,986 22,257 22,648 22,611 22,724 22,740 22,789
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 993.6 992.8 1,024.4 1,035.8 945 979 982 982 979 985
General merchandise stores.......... 2,663.2 2,702.0 2,704.7 2,722.3 2,725 2,781 2,794 2,799 2,786 2,786
Department stores................. 2,366.9 2,409.9 2,415.4 2,430.8 2,423 2,475 2,489 2,499 2,489 2,488
Food stores......................... 3,493.7 3,447.2 3,467.9 3,498.0 3,474 3,492 3,490 3,492 3,486 3,479
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,360.3 2,388.9 2,406.2 2,424.3 2,338 2,390 2,392 2,399 2,400 2,402
New and used car dealers.......... 1,049.9 1,072.5 1,076.8 1,084.2 1,046 1,065 1,069 1,074 1,077 1,080
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,134.4 1,135.0 1,144.9 1,161.6 1,145 1,167 1,167 1,163 1,171 1,173
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 1,010.8 1,069.3 1,069.5 1,077.3 1,022 1,064 1,070 1,081 1,082 1,089
Eating and drinking places.......... 7,971.5 7,852.6 8,030.8 8,146.4 7,740 7,855 7,785 7,863 7,878 7,910
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,823.8 2,887.9 2,923.5 2,920.2 2,868 2,920 2,931 2,945 2,958 2,965
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,468 7,583 7,618 7,713 7,400 7,581 7,595 7,611 7,618 7,642
Finance............................. 3,607 3,688 3,700 3,736 3,589 3,681 3,690 3,697 3,704 3,717
Depository institutions........... 2,055.4 2,043.4 2,044.8 2,063.7 2,043 2,051 2,051 2,050 2,048 2,051
Commercial banks................ 1,477.5 1,462.3 1,463.0 1,478.8 1,468 1,470 1,469 1,467 1,466 1,470
Savings institutions............ 260.3 257.2 256.6 258.4 258 258 258 257 257 256
Nondepository institutions........ 656.9 715.3 719.1 723.8 655 708 712 716 719 721
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 327.0 370.1 374.7 376.3 324 365 368 370 374 373
Security and commodity brokers.... 647.4 665.4 669.1 678.0 644 661 664 668 671 675
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 247.5 264.2 266.7 270.3 247 261 263 263 266 270
Insurance........................... 2,351 2,392 2,395 2,409 2,343 2,386 2,392 2,395 2,397 2,401
Insurance carriers................ 1,602.3 1,629.1 1,631.2 1,642.0 1,597 1,628 1,632 1,631 1,633 1,637
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 748.5 762.6 763.8 767.1 746 758 760 764 764 764
Real estate......................... 1,510 1,503 1,523 1,568 1,468 1,514 1,513 1,519 1,517 1,524
Services2............................. 37,822 38,753 38,948 39,297 37,460 38,458 38,556 38,697 38,766 38,917
Agricultural services............... 776.2 760.2 808.2 841.2 698 751 747 755 750 757
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,878.1 1,744.0 1,805.8 1,898.8 1,777 1,786 1,789 1,791 1,788 1,797
Personal services................... 1,169.1 1,266.8 1,181.9 1,167.7 1,196 1,201 1,200 1,204 1,190 1,195
Business services................... 8,617.3 8,923.1 9,014.2 9,130.0 8,573 8,922 8,963 9,010 9,038 9,081
Services to buildings............. 958.8 977.3 984.4 995.7 948 971 973 978 977 985
Personnel supply services......... 3,261.8 3,289.2 3,343.0 3,400.4 3,248 3,331 3,343 3,350 3,361 3,384
Help supply services............ 2,900.3 2,912.5 2,962.7 3,015.2 2,886 2,954 2,967 2,975 2,979 2,998
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,592.5 1,750.8 1,761.0 1,778.7 1,593 1,724 1,734 1,749 1,764 1,779
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,150.1 1,177.5 1,184.0 1,187.7 1,142 1,175 1,176 1,178 1,182 1,180
Miscellaneous repair services....... 385.2 396.0 398.3 400.7 381 392 393 396 398 397
Motion pictures..................... 566.4 584.9 595.2 607.9 564 582 580 587 595 606
Amusement and recreation services... 1,827.1 1,648.8 1,766.6 1,950.8 1,587 1,656 1,660 1,668 1,677 1,697
Health services..................... 9,866.5 9,937.7 9,945.2 9,984.4 9,842 9,919 9,932 9,951 9,952 9,960
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,803.2 1,852.4 1,857.2 1,871.5 1,798 1,844 1,850 1,856 1,860 1,867
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,766.9 1,748.5 1,749.9 1,754.2 1,765 1,755 1,754 1,753 1,754 1,752
Hospitals......................... 3,932.5 3,959.8 3,959.6 3,975.7 3,925 3,959 3,963 3,966 3,966 3,968
Home health care services......... 675.9 655.9 654.7 653.5 674 651 653 656 652 652
Legal services...................... 985.2 992.4 993.7 1,016.6 971 992 995 998 999 1,002
Educational services................ 1,977.3 2,398.1 2,298.9 2,071.3 2,171 2,237 2,243 2,254 2,265 2,274
Social services..................... 2,636.5 2,771.2 2,785.7 2,772.4 2,638 2,734 2,744 2,755 2,759 2,774
Child day care services........... 590.2 646.4 651.5 621.0 604 625 627 628 630 635
Residential care.................. 749.2 772.1 774.2 780.6 743 768 769 772 774 774
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 99.0 92.8 96.8 100.8 92 94 95 94 93 94
Membership organizations............ 2,397.9 2,380.3 2,393.4 2,437.7 2,360 2,389 2,392 2,392 2,394 2,399
Engineering and management services. 3,200.4 3,386.1 3,386.3 3,434.0 3,178 3,335 3,354 3,370 3,391 3,409
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 918.9 929.8 937.0 955.4 906 930 933 939 939 942
Management and public relations... 1,034.3 1,132.5 1,144.7 1,162.4 1,025 1,111 1,123 1,133 1,142 1,153
Services, nec....................... 52.2 55.7 56.3 57.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Government............................ 19,848 20,468 20,489 20,168 19,776 20,054 20,087 20,099 20,078 20,096
Federal............................. 2,695 2,681 2,667 2,682 2,677 2,713 2,710 2,688 2,667 2,664
Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,839.6 1,810.0 1,798.1 1,812.3 1,813 1,834 1,831 1,809 1,789 1,786
State............................... 4,458 4,809 4,742 4,538 4,598 4,670 4,680 4,688 4,679 4,680
Education......................... 1,738.1 2,085.5 2,005.7 1,771.2 1,911 1,941 1,948 1,955 1,944 1,947
Other State government............ 2,720.0 2,723.5 2,736.0 2,767.0 2,687 2,729 2,732 2,733 2,735 2,733
Local............................... 12,695 12,978 13,080 12,948 12,501 12,671 12,697 12,723 12,732 12,752
Education......................... 7,088.1 7,555.8 7,596.3 7,262.7 7,060 7,181 7,200 7,206 7,225 7,236
Other local government............ 5,607.1 5,421.9 5,483.7 5,685.7 5,441 5,490 5,497 5,517 5,507 5,516
1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
June Apr. May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p
Total private.................... 34.7 34.3 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.5 34.4 34.4 34.5
Goods-producing......................... 41.2 40.9 41.1 41.2 41.1 41.0 40.8 40.9 41.0 41.1
Mining................................ 44.0 43.3 44.2 43.9 43.7 43.0 42.9 43.8 44.1 43.7
Construction.......................... 39.2 38.6 39.3 39.8 38.8 39.2 38.5 38.6 38.9 39.4
Manufacturing......................... 41.8 41.6 41.7 41.7 41.8 41.6 41.5 41.6 41.7 41.7
Overtime hours.................... 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.7
Durable goods........................ 42.4 42.2 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.2 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.2
Overtime hours.................... 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.8
Lumber and wood products............ 41.6 41.2 41.4 41.6 41.1 41.1 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.1
Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.8 40.2 39.7 40.1 40.9 40.3 40.3 40.4 40.3 40.2
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.9 43.2 43.8 44.0 43.4 43.4 42.9 43.1 43.4 43.5
Primary metal industries............ 44.4 44.1 44.4 44.4 44.4 43.8 43.9 44.0 44.3 44.3
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 45.0 44.6 44.9 45.4 45.0 43.8 43.9 44.5 44.8 45.4
Fabricated metal products........... 42.6 42.1 42.1 42.2 42.4 42.1 42.1 41.8 42.1 42.0
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.2 42.2 42.2 42.1 43.1 42.1 41.9 41.9 42.1 42.0
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 41.4 41.1 41.3 40.9 41.4 41.2 41.0 41.1 41.6 40.9
Transportation equipment............ 42.9 44.2 44.0 44.3 42.9 44.0 43.7 44.0 43.6 44.4
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 42.7 45.6 45.3 45.7 42.7 45.0 44.7 45.1 44.5 45.7
Instruments and related products.... 41.4 41.5 41.4 41.7 41.4 41.3 41.2 41.6 41.6 41.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.0 39.9 40.1 39.8 40.1 39.7 39.8 39.6 40.2 39.9
Nondurable goods..................... 40.9 40.7 40.8 40.9 40.9 40.8 40.8 40.9 41.0 40.9
Overtime hours.................... 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.5
Food and kindred products........... 41.5 41.2 41.6 41.8 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.9 41.8 42.0
Tobacco products.................... 39.9 38.4 39.8 39.9 38.8 38.5 38.8 38.6 39.9 38.9
Textile mill products............... 41.5 40.9 40.8 40.8 41.2 40.6 40.4 41.0 40.9 40.4
Apparel and other textile products.. 37.8 37.6 37.8 38.0 37.3 37.5 37.4 37.5 37.8 37.6
Paper and allied products........... 43.5 43.6 43.3 43.6 43.5 43.5 43.7 43.6 43.5 43.6
Printing and publishing............. 38.0 38.1 37.9 37.7 38.3 38.1 37.9 38.1 38.2 38.1
Chemicals and allied products....... 43.1 42.7 42.8 42.8 43.2 42.8 42.8 43.0 43.0 42.8
Petroleum and coal products......... 43.2 42.7 42.5 42.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 42.0 41.8 41.9 41.8 41.9 41.7 41.8 41.5 41.9 41.7
Leather and leather products........ 38.1 37.9 38.1 38.2 37.6 37.7 37.7 38.1 38.2 37.7
Service-producing....................... 33.0 32.6 32.9 32.9 32.9 33.0 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.8
Transportation and public utilities... 39.6 38.6 38.8 38.9 39.5 39.2 39.1 39.0 38.8 38.8
Wholesale trade....................... 38.4 38.3 38.6 38.5 38.3 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.3 38.5
Retail trade.......................... 29.3 28.7 29.1 29.4 29.0 29.2 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.1
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.0 35.9 36.4 35.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Services.............................. 32.7 32.4 32.7 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.6
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
June Apr. May June June Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999p 1999p
Total private.................... $12.68 $13.16 $13.19 $13.14 $440.00 $451.39 $456.37 $454.64
Seasonally adjusted............. 12.76 13.14 13.18 13.23 441.50 452.02 453.39 456.44
Goods-producing......................... 14.28 14.64 14.75 14.83 588.34 598.78 606.23 611.00
Mining................................ 16.68 16.93 16.99 17.01 733.92 733.07 750.96 746.74
Construction.......................... 16.47 16.85 17.02 17.11 645.62 650.41 668.89 680.98
Manufacturing......................... 13.44 13.80 13.85 13.90 561.79 574.08 577.55 579.63
Durable goods........................ 13.93 14.27 14.33 14.37 590.63 602.19 606.16 607.85
Lumber and wood products............ 11.09 11.37 11.41 11.45 461.34 468.44 472.37 476.32
Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.82 11.14 11.14 11.18 441.46 447.83 442.26 448.32
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.58 13.75 13.87 13.91 596.16 594.00 607.51 612.04
Primary metal industries............ 15.54 15.62 15.76 15.85 689.98 688.84 699.74 703.74
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 18.54 18.59 18.84 18.97 834.30 829.11 845.92 861.24
Fabricated metal products........... 13.01 13.36 13.45 13.47 554.23 562.46 566.25 568.43
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.42 14.85 14.93 14.95 622.94 626.67 630.05 629.40
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 13.06 13.31 13.38 13.35 540.68 547.04 552.59 546.02
Transportation equipment............ 17.41 17.88 17.96 18.09 746.89 790.30 790.24 801.39
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.75 18.31 18.37 18.52 757.93 834.94 832.16 846.36
Instruments and related products.... 13.75 14.07 14.07 14.02 569.25 583.91 582.50 584.63
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.83 11.25 11.25 11.27 433.20 448.88 451.13 448.55
Nondurable goods..................... 12.70 13.09 13.11 13.18 519.43 532.76 534.89 539.06
Food and kindred products........... 11.76 12.07 12.11 12.19 488.04 497.28 503.78 509.54
Tobacco products.................... 20.78 19.99 20.68 20.67 829.12 767.62 823.06 824.73
Textile mill products............... 10.36 10.68 10.68 10.78 429.94 436.81 435.74 439.82
Apparel and other textile products.. 8.50 8.83 8.80 8.90 321.30 332.01 332.64 338.20
Paper and allied products........... 15.46 15.83 15.93 16.01 672.51 690.19 689.77 698.04
Printing and publishing............. 13.34 13.73 13.73 13.74 506.92 523.11 520.37 518.00
Chemicals and allied products....... 17.04 17.27 17.39 17.40 734.42 737.43 744.29 744.72
Petroleum and coal products......... 20.74 21.49 21.04 21.11 895.97 917.62 894.20 899.29
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.81 12.23 12.26 12.32 496.02 511.21 513.69 514.98
Leather and leather products........ 9.33 9.59 9.60 9.60 355.47 363.46 365.76 366.72
Service-producing....................... 12.14 12.69 12.69 12.60 400.62 413.69 417.50 414.54
Transportation and public utilities... $15.19 $15.57 $15.55 $15.56 $601.52 $601.00 $603.34 $605.28
Wholesale trade....................... 13.94 14.48 14.52 14.39 535.30 554.58 560.47 554.02
Retail trade.......................... 8.68 9.03 9.03 9.03 254.32 259.16 262.77 265.48
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.94 14.61 14.72 14.52 501.84 524.50 535.81 519.82
Services.............................. 12.71 13.32 13.33 13.21 415.62 431.57 435.89 430.65
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June change
Industry 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p from:
May 1999-
June 1999
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $12.76 $13.06 $13.11 $13.14 $13.18 $13.23 0.4
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.75 7.84 7.86 7.83 7.85 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 14.31 14.56 14.61 14.67 14.75 14.86 .7
Mining...................... 16.71 16.97 17.00 16.87 17.04 17.04 .0
Construction................ 16.54 16.83 16.92 16.97 17.08 17.19 .6
Manufacturing............... 13.48 13.67 13.71 13.79 13.85 13.94 .6
Excluding overtime4....... 12.77 12.97 13.00 13.09 13.13 13.19 .5
Service-producing............. 12.26 12.58 12.63 12.65 12.68 12.72 .3
Transportation and public
utilities................ 15.27 15.51 15.53 15.60 15.65 15.65 .0
Wholesale trade............. 14.05 14.36 14.42 14.44 14.47 14.51 .3
Retail trade................ 8.71 8.95 8.98 9.03 9.04 9.07 .3
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 14.05 14.49 14.51 14.58 14.60 14.64 .3
Services.................... 12.85 13.22 13.27 13.28 13.32 13.36 .3
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .3 percent from April 1999 to May 1999, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
June Apr. May June June Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p
Total private.................... 146.9 145.6 148.1 149.7 144.8 147.3 146.8 147.0 147.1 147.6
Goods-producing......................... 117.8 113.1 114.9 116.8 115.5 115.0 114.2 114.2 114.4 114.5
Mining................................ 57.3 49.1 50.1 50.3 56.2 51.0 50.5 50.4 50.1 49.4
Construction.......................... 172.1 164.8 174.3 182.8 162.7 171.9 169.1 169.2 170.0 172.9
Manufacturing......................... 110.1 106.2 106.3 106.9 109.2 106.8 106.5 106.5 106.6 106.1
Durable goods........................ 114.4 110.8 110.8 111.3 113.3 110.8 110.4 110.4 110.5 110.2
Lumber and wood products............ 148.5 145.3 147.8 150.2 144.7 147.6 147.9 147.5 147.5 146.7
Furniture and fixtures.............. 136.2 135.1 133.7 135.6 135.6 134.9 135.2 135.6 135.6 135.2
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 118.9 116.2 119.3 121.0 114.9 117.0 115.4 116.2 117.3 117.3
Primary metal industries............ 95.0 90.1 90.4 90.7 94.4 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.3 90.0
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 73.4 68.9 69.5 70.1 72.7 68.0 68.2 69.1 69.6 69.7
Fabricated metal products........... 120.5 116.9 116.7 117.6 119.1 117.2 117.0 116.2 116.9 116.3
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 112.0 105.4 104.9 104.7 111.3 105.2 104.4 104.1 104.3 103.8
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 110.4 105.3 105.6 104.8 110.3 105.2 105.1 105.6 106.5 104.6
Transportation equipment............ 127.0 126.5 125.8 126.6 125.7 125.9 125.3 125.5 123.6 125.6
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 160.4 167.5 167.6 169.6 158.1 162.7 162.7 164.8 162.8 167.2
Instruments and related products.... 77.1 75.6 74.8 75.5 76.8 75.2 74.7 75.8 75.2 75.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 104.3 101.2 101.3 100.6 103.8 99.8 100.0 100.3 101.4 100.3
Nondurable goods..................... 104.1 99.9 100.2 100.8 103.7 101.5 101.2 101.2 101.1 100.4
Food and kindred products........... 116.9 113.4 115.3 117.5 117.8 118.8 118.8 118.9 118.5 118.4
Tobacco products.................... 54.5 51.4 49.9 50.8 59.6 57.2 55.7 55.4 55.3 55.9
Textile mill products............... 88.7 81.5 81.0 80.9 87.3 82.0 81.1 81.6 80.9 79.4
Apparel and other textile products.. 69.2 61.4 61.7 61.4 67.7 62.1 61.5 61.4 61.4 60.1
Paper and allied products........... 110.0 105.9 105.4 106.9 109.2 106.7 107.0 106.7 106.3 106.3
Printing and publishing............. 124.2 121.8 120.8 120.7 125.2 122.8 121.9 121.9 121.9 121.6
Chemicals and allied products....... 104.1 101.3 101.9 102.2 103.8 102.0 101.8 102.4 102.3 101.6
Petroleum and coal products......... 78.4 74.2 73.5 74.8 76.6 77.4 76.4 74.5 73.7 73.1
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 150.2 149.6 149.9 150.3 148.6 148.5 148.8 148.5 150.1 148.5
Leather and leather products........ 37.4 32.6 32.5 32.6 36.4 33.0 32.4 32.8 32.3 31.9
Service-producing....................... 160.0 160.2 163.0 164.5 157.9 161.8 161.5 161.6 161.8 162.5
Transportation and public utilities... 132.9 131.3 133.3 134.9 131.7 134.1 133.8 133.6 133.0 133.6
Wholesale trade....................... 129.5 130.9 132.4 132.5 128.4 131.3 131.3 131.6 131.2 131.7
Retail trade.......................... 142.4 139.5 143.3 146.0 139.6 142.9 141.9 142.6 143.1 143.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 136.9 137.8 140.3 140.3 136.0 139.6 139.3 139.1 138.8 139.2
Services.............................. 196.2 198.8 201.5 202.8 193.7 198.9 198.8 198.9 199.2 200.5
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1995.............. 63.8 58.0 54.6 56.5 47.5 54.8 55.6 59.1 57.9 56.9 55.2 57.7
1996.............. 49.6 64.9 59.4 55.1 61.9 60.8 57.0 62.5 57.3 63.5 59.7 61.2
1997.............. 56.2 61.0 61.9 62.8 58.8 56.3 60.7 61.0 59.4 65.4 63.6 62.1
1998.............. 63.8 57.9 58.8 60.5 55.9 57.9 58.0 55.8 54.6 52.9 59.1 58.6
1999.............. 54.4 58.3 52.1 58.8 p50.6 p55.8
Over 3-month span:
1995.............. 63.8 62.9 58.0 53.5 53.9 52.7 59.3 61.0 59.4 58.6 57.3 55.3
1996.............. 62.6 62.5 63.3 63.1 63.1 64.3 64.3 62.2 64.6 64.2 66.2 63.2
1997.............. 63.8 63.6 67.7 67.3 62.6 61.7 61.4 66.2 67.3 69.9 70.8 71.2
1998.............. 66.7 66.2 64.5 63.9 61.4 58.7 60.0 58.4 57.6 57.6 59.0 60.4
1999.............. 60.7 55.9 59.6 p54.5 p55.2
Over 6-month span:
1995.............. 66.7 59.7 58.6 56.5 59.0 60.0 57.7 61.0 60.5 59.3 61.7 63.2
1996.............. 62.6 65.2 64.5 65.2 64.7 64.6 67.0 65.4 65.9 66.7 66.9 66.7
1997.............. 67.4 68.3 65.6 67.0 65.6 64.9 66.3 68.4 69.7 71.3 71.3 71.9
1998.............. 70.6 66.9 65.9 62.4 62.6 61.1 58.0 59.8 60.0 60.8 60.8 58.0
1999.............. 61.1 p59.0 p55.8
Over 12-month span:
1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.5 63.5 65.4
1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 68.7 66.9
1997.............. 69.0 67.3 68.3 69.7 69.5 70.1 70.1 70.4 70.5 69.7 69.8 71.3
1998.............. 70.4 68.3 67.1 64.0 62.1 61.7 61.8 63.8 59.8 59.0 p58.8 p58.6
1999..............
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1995.............. 57.2 50.4 47.1 52.9 41.4 45.3 45.0 51.1 48.6 51.1 45.3 48.2
1996.............. 42.4 55.4 46.8 41.0 55.8 51.4 47.1 56.5 48.9 55.0 50.7 54.0
1997.............. 50.0 52.9 53.6 56.1 52.2 53.2 51.1 55.4 53.6 62.2 61.2 55.4
1998.............. 58.6 51.8 50.4 50.4 40.6 46.8 40.3 45.3 42.1 36.3 39.9 45.0
1999.............. 40.3 42.4 39.6 44.6 p37.1 p45.0
Over 3-month span:
1995.............. 55.4 51.4 44.2 41.7 43.5 37.4 42.1 43.9 48.2 46.8 44.6 41.4
1996.............. 46.8 46.0 43.5 46.0 48.2 51.1 51.8 49.6 53.2 52.5 55.0 50.7
1997.............. 51.8 51.4 57.6 56.8 54.3 51.8 53.6 55.4 59.7 68.3 65.8 64.4
1998.............. 59.4 57.9 51.8 44.2 41.7 34.9 37.4 37.1 38.1 34.2 35.6 35.3
1999.............. 37.4 31.7 37.1 p30.2 p35.3
Over 6-month span:
1995.............. 55.4 45.7 43.2 38.1 41.7 42.8 41.0 42.1 43.5 43.2 44.2 45.0
1996.............. 41.4 46.0 45.7 47.1 46.0 48.6 52.9 50.4 51.8 51.4 52.5 51.8
1997.............. 54.7 54.0 51.4 54.3 52.5 52.2 55.4 61.2 61.5 64.7 66.2 65.1
1998.............. 59.7 49.3 48.2 36.7 36.7 36.7 28.4 31.3 33.5 35.3 32.7 28.1
1999.............. 33.1 p29.1 p28.8
Over 12-month span:
1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 38.5 39.9 44.6
1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.3 50.7
1997.............. 54.7 52.5 54.0 54.0 55.4 56.8 57.2 57.9 58.3 56.5 55.4 57.2
1998.............. 54.0 49.3 46.0 40.6 35.6 33.8 30.9 32.0 26.6 26.6 p26.3 p26.6
1999..............
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: August 11, 1999
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_0699.htm
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