Technical information: USDL 99-211
Household data: (202) 606-6378
Transmission of material in this release is
Establishment data: 606-6555 embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, August 6, 1999.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: JULY 1999
Payroll employment rose in July, and the unemployment rate was unchanged
at 4.3 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor
reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 310,000. Job gains
continued in construction and throughout the service-producing sector. Manu-
facturing employment also rose, after seasonal adjustment. Average hourly
earnings increased by 6 cents.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The number of unemployed persons (5.9 million) was about unchanged in
July, and the unemployment rate held at 4.3 percent. The unemployment rate
has been 4.3 or 4.2 percent each month since March. Over the month, the
jobless rate for blacks increased to 8.8 percent. Unemployment rates for
the other major demographic groups--adult men (3.5 percent), adult women
(4.0 percent), teenagers (12.7 percent), whites (3.7 percent), and Hispanics
(6.2 percent)--were essentially unchanged. (See tables A-1 and A-2.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
The civilian labor force (139.3 million) and the labor force
participation rate (67.0 percent) were about unchanged from June. Both
total employment (133.3 million) and the employment-population ratio
(64.1 percent) were little changed in July. (See table A-1.)
About 7.6 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one
job in July. These multiple jobholders represented 5.7 percent of the
total employed, about the same as in July 1998. (See table A-10.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.1 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in July, down from 1.3 million a year earlier.
These were people who wanted and were available to work and had looked for
a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed
because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.
The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who
were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no
jobs were available for them--was 290,000 in July. (See table A-10.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Data)
Total nonfarm employment rose by 310,000 in July to 128.7 million, after
seasonal adjustment. Monthly gains had averaged 208,000 during the first
half of the year. (See table B-1.)
- 2 -
Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________| June-
Category | 1999 | 1999 | July
|_________________|________ _________________|change
| I | II | May | June | July |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 139,144| 139,173| 139,019| 139,408| 139,254| -154
Employment..........| 133,191| 133,242| 133,224| 133,432| 133,307| -125
Unemployment........| 5,953| 5,931| 5,795| 5,975| 5,947| -28
Not in labor force....| 67,732| 68,259| 68,408| 68,225| 68,574| 349
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 4.3| 4.3| 4.2| 4.3| 4.3| .0
Adult men...........| 3.4| 3.5| 3.6| 3.6| 3.5| -0.1
Adult women.........| 3.8| 3.9| 3.6| 3.9| 4.0| .1
Teenagers...........| 14.6| 13.4| 12.6| 13.5| 12.7| -.8
White...............| 3.7| 3.8| 3.7| 3.8| 3.7| -.1
Black...............| 8.0| 7.5| 7.5| 7.3| 8.8| 1.5
Hispanic origin.....| 6.4| 6.8| 6.7| 6.8| 6.2| -.6
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 127,640|p128,244| 128,162|p128,435|p128,745| p310
Goods-producing 1/..| 25,310| p25,222| 25,199| p25,180| p25,230| p50
Construction......| 6,213| p6,259| 6,239| p6,260| p6,282| p22
Manufacturing.....| 18,542| p18,432| 18,429| p18,393| p18,424| p31
Service-producing 1/| 102,331|p103,021| 102,963|p103,255|p103,515| p260
Retail trade......| 22,605| p22,755| 22,748| p22,792| p22,883| p91
Services..........| 38,442| p38,808| 38,782| p38,946| p39,056| p110
Government........| 20,044| p20,096| 20,077| p20,111| p20,127| p16
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 2/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.6| p34.4| 34.4| p34.5| p34.5| p.0
Manufacturing.......| 41.6| p41.7| 41.7| p41.7| p41.9| p0.2
Overtime..........| 4.5| p4.5| 4.6| p4.7| p4.8| p.1
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 2/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 147.0| p147.3| 147.2| p147.7| p148.2| p0.5
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 2/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $13.07| p$13.18| $13.18| p$13.23| p$13.29| p$0.06
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 451.79| p453.95| 453.39| p456.44| p458.51| p2.07
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
- 3 -
Manufacturing added 31,000 jobs in July, after seasonal adjustment.
This was only the second increase in factory employment since March 1998;
the other gain occurred last August when a large number of workers returned
to their jobs from strikes and related shutdowns. The July increase was
concentrated in durable goods manufacturing, where seasonal declines in
several industries were not as large as usual, resulting in employment
gains after seasonal adjustment. Manufacturing industries with employment
increases in July included fabricated metals, electrical equipment,
instruments, industrial machinery, motor vehicles, furniture, and stone,
clay, and glass products. Despite the increase in July, overall
manufacturing employment remains 459,000 lower than its most recent peak in
March 1998.
Elsewhere in the goods-producing sector, construction added 22,000 jobs
in July, following a similar gain in June. Employment in special trades
grew by 15,000, with the largest gains in concrete work and painting.
Growth also continued in the residential component of general building
construction.
Mining lost 3,000 jobs in July, about the same number as in June.
During the first 5 months of 1999, losses in the industry had averaged
nearly 8,000 a month. July job losses were concentrated in oil and gas
extraction, where employment has declined by 71,000, or 20 percent, since
its most recent peak in February 1998.
In the service-producing sector, the services industry added 110,000
jobs in July, slightly below the average growth for the prior 12 months.
Help supply services employment grew by 31,000 in July, the largest monthly
gain in over a year and a half. Both computer services (13,000) and
engineering and management services (26,000) continued their robust growth
in July. Following 2 months of sluggish growth, health services had a
substantial job gain (19,000), with the largest increases in doctors'
offices and clinics.
Retail trade employment grew by 91,000 in July. Thus far in 1999, job
growth in this industry has averaged about 51,000 a month, approximately
twice the monthly average for the same period in 1998. Within retail
trade, employment in eating and drinking places increased by 61,000 in
July, almost double the gain in June. Employment also rose over the month
in car dealerships and in building materials and garden supply stores. In
contrast, furniture and home furnishings stores (which include computer
stores) did not add employment for the first time in over a year.
Finance, insurance, and real estate added 13,000 jobs in July. Within
finance, employment in securities brokerages increased by 7,000, the largest
job increase of the year for this industry. In contrast, employment in
mortgage banks declined for the second straight month, following 4 years of
steady growth. Employment in wholesale trade grew by 16,000, with most of
the increase occurring in durable goods. Transportation and public utilities
added 14,000 jobs, with the largest gain occurring in trucking.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in July, at 34.5 hours, seasonally adjusted.
The manufacturing workweek rose by 0.2 hour to 41.9 hours; factory overtime
was up 0.1 hour to 4.8 hours. (See table B-2.)
- 4 -
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.3 percent to 148.2
(1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index rose by 0.8 percent
to 107.0 in July. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls increased by 6 cents in July to $13.29, seasonally
adjusted. Average weekly earnings rose by 0.5 percent, to $458.51, seasonally
adjusted. Over the year, average hourly earnings rose by 3.8 percent and
average weekly earnings increased by 3.5 percent. (See table B-3.)
___________________________
The Employment Situation for August 1999 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, September 3, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).
- 5 -
Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1999,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
- 6 -
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
- 7 -
period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
- 8 -
monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.7 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or
$35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age
July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 205,270 207,632 207,828 205,270 207,036 207,236 207,427 207,632 207,828
Civilian labor force............................ 139,336 140,666 141,119 137,407 138,816 139,091 139,019 139,408 139,254
Participation rate........................ 67.9 67.7 67.9 66.9 67.0 67.1 67.0 67.1 67.0
Employed...................................... 132,769 134,395 134,800 131,176 133,033 133,069 133,224 133,432 133,307
Employment-population ratio............... 64.7 64.7 64.9 63.9 64.3 64.2 64.2 64.3 64.1
Agriculture................................. 3,866 3,691 3,718 3,423 3,281 3,384 3,295 3,354 3,292
Nonagricultural industries.................. 128,903 130,704 131,083 127,753 129,752 129,685 129,929 130,078 130,015
Unemployed.................................... 6,567 6,271 6,319 6,231 5,783 6,022 5,795 5,975 5,947
Unemployment rate......................... 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3
Not in labor force.............................. 65,934 66,966 66,709 67,863 68,220 68,145 68,408 68,225 68,574
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 98,785 99,668 99,761 98,785 99,362 99,465 99,563 99,668 99,761
Civilian labor force............................ 75,467 75,472 75,940 73,989 74,234 74,234 74,316 74,420 74,500
Participation rate........................ 76.4 75.7 76.1 74.9 74.7 74.6 74.6 74.7 74.7
Employed...................................... 72,049 72,312 72,803 70,629 71,352 71,225 71,198 71,321 71,444
Employment-population ratio............... 72.9 72.6 73.0 71.5 71.8 71.6 71.5 71.6 71.6
Unemployed.................................... 3,418 3,159 3,137 3,360 2,881 3,010 3,118 3,099 3,056
Unemployment rate......................... 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.5 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 90,802 91,487 91,561 90,802 91,215 91,302 91,368 91,487 91,561
Civilian labor force............................ 70,202 70,486 70,612 69,738 69,951 69,991 69,932 70,127 70,164
Participation rate........................ 77.3 77.0 77.1 76.8 76.7 76.7 76.5 76.7 76.6
Employed...................................... 67,619 68,144 68,212 67,056 67,713 67,608 67,399 67,633 67,687
Employment-population ratio............... 74.5 74.5 74.5 73.8 74.2 74.0 73.8 73.9 73.9
Agriculture................................. 2,586 2,432 2,468 2,382 2,222 2,353 2,212 2,248 2,271
Nonagricultural industries.................. 65,034 65,712 65,743 64,674 65,492 65,255 65,186 65,385 65,416
Unemployed.................................... 2,582 2,342 2,400 2,682 2,238 2,383 2,534 2,494 2,477
Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 106,484 107,964 108,067 106,484 107,674 107,771 107,864 107,964 108,067
Civilian labor force............................ 63,869 65,195 65,179 63,418 64,582 64,857 64,704 64,988 64,754
Participation rate........................ 60.0 60.4 60.3 59.6 60.0 60.2 60.0 60.2 59.9
Employed...................................... 60,720 62,083 61,997 60,547 61,680 61,845 62,026 62,112 61,863
Employment-population ratio............... 57.0 57.5 57.4 56.9 57.3 57.4 57.5 57.5 57.2
Unemployed.................................... 3,149 3,112 3,182 2,871 2,902 3,012 2,677 2,876 2,891
Unemployment rate......................... 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.4 4.5
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 98,778 100,131 100,203 98,778 99,833 99,923 100,008 100,131 100,203
Civilian labor force............................ 59,101 60,748 60,409 59,465 60,533 60,788 60,729 61,092 60,791
Participation rate........................ 59.8 60.7 60.3 60.2 60.6 60.8 60.7 61.0 60.7
Employed...................................... 56,569 58,351 57,837 57,078 58,183 58,320 58,520 58,719 58,373
Employment-population ratio............... 57.3 58.3 57.7 57.8 58.3 58.4 58.5 58.6 58.3
Agriculture................................. 868 907 894 781 834 801 831 869 797
Nonagricultural industries.................. 55,701 57,445 56,943 56,297 57,349 57,519 57,689 57,849 57,576
Unemployed.................................... 2,532 2,397 2,573 2,387 2,350 2,468 2,209 2,373 2,418
Unemployment rate......................... 4.3 3.9 4.3 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.9 4.0
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population............. 15,690 16,014 16,065 15,690 15,988 16,011 16,051 16,014 16,065
Civilian labor force............................ 10,033 9,432 10,098 8,204 8,331 8,312 8,358 8,189 8,300
Participation rate........................ 63.9 58.9 62.9 52.3 52.1 51.9 52.1 51.1 51.7
Employed...................................... 8,580 7,900 8,752 7,042 7,136 7,141 7,306 7,081 7,247
Employment-population ratio............... 54.7 49.3 54.5 44.9 44.6 44.6 45.5 44.2 45.1
Agriculture................................. 412 353 355 260 224 230 252 237 225
Nonagricultural industries.................. 8,168 7,547 8,397 6,782 6,912 6,911 7,054 6,843 7,023
Unemployed.................................... 1,453 1,532 1,347 1,162 1,195 1,171 1,052 1,108 1,053
Unemployment rate......................... 14.5 16.2 13.3 14.2 14.3 14.1 12.6 13.5 12.7
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 171,513 172,999 173,133 171,513 172,597 172,730 172,859 172,999 173,133
Civilian labor force............................ 116,570 117,655 117,853 115,071 116,284 116,370 116,254 116,578 116,393
Participation rate.......................... 68.0 68.0 68.1 67.1 67.4 67.4 67.3 67.4 67.2
Employed...................................... 112,047 113,011 113,425 110,676 112,144 111,917 111,985 112,092 112,117
Employment-population ratio................. 65.3 65.3 65.5 64.5 65.0 64.8 64.8 64.8 64.8
Unemployed.................................... 4,523 4,644 4,429 4,395 4,140 4,454 4,269 4,486 4,276
Unemployment rate........................... 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 59,768 60,025 60,178 59,406 59,698 59,664 59,500 59,711 59,837
Participation rate.......................... 77.7 77.6 77.7 77.2 77.3 77.2 77.0 77.2 77.3
Employed...................................... 57,953 58,246 58,442 57,447 58,010 57,874 57,615 57,784 57,978
Employment-population ratio................. 75.3 75.3 75.5 74.6 75.1 74.9 74.5 74.7 74.9
Unemployed.................................... 1,816 1,779 1,736 1,959 1,688 1,790 1,884 1,927 1,859
Unemployment rate........................... 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.3 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 48,445 49,661 49,203 48,770 49,602 49,672 49,669 49,933 49,542
Participation rate.......................... 59.0 59.9 59.3 59.4 59.9 60.0 60.0 60.2 59.7
Employed...................................... 46,711 47,926 47,447 47,129 47,983 47,862 48,067 48,215 47,878
Employment-population ratio................. 56.9 57.8 57.2 57.4 58.0 57.8 58.0 58.2 57.7
Unemployed.................................... 1,734 1,735 1,756 1,641 1,620 1,811 1,602 1,718 1,665
Unemployment rate........................... 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 8,356 7,969 8,472 6,895 6,984 7,034 7,085 6,934 7,013
Participation rate.......................... 67.0 62.7 66.5 55.3 55.2 55.5 55.8 54.6 55.1
Employed...................................... 7,384 6,839 7,536 6,100 6,151 6,181 6,302 6,093 6,261
Employment-population ratio................. 59.2 53.8 59.2 48.9 48.6 48.8 49.7 48.0 49.2
Unemployed.................................... 972 1,129 937 795 833 853 783 840 753
Unemployment rate........................... 11.6 14.2 11.1 11.5 11.9 12.1 11.0 12.1 10.7
Men....................................... 12.9 13.8 11.2 13.2 12.7 12.6 11.9 11.8 10.9
Women..................................... 10.2 14.6 10.9 9.7 11.1 11.6 10.1 12.5 10.6
BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 24,381 24,833 24,867 24,381 24,729 24,765 24,798 24,833 24,867
Civilian labor force............................ 16,413 16,462 16,747 16,045 16,212 16,286 16,303 16,300 16,384
Participation rate.......................... 67.3 66.3 67.3 65.8 65.6 65.8 65.7 65.6 65.9
Employed...................................... 14,708 15,156 15,146 14,511 14,904 15,029 15,079 15,103 14,949
Employment-population ratio................. 60.3 61.0 60.9 59.5 60.3 60.7 60.8 60.8 60.1
Unemployed.................................... 1,706 1,306 1,601 1,534 1,308 1,257 1,224 1,197 1,434
Unemployment rate........................... 10.4 7.9 9.6 9.6 8.1 7.7 7.5 7.3 8.8
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 7,173 7,188 7,194 7,111 7,065 7,118 7,206 7,152 7,132
Participation rate.......................... 73.7 72.5 72.5 73.1 71.6 72.0 72.8 72.1 71.8
Employed...................................... 6,537 6,766 6,647 6,491 6,656 6,681 6,727 6,712 6,601
Employment-population ratio................. 67.2 68.2 67.0 66.7 67.4 67.6 68.0 67.7 66.5
Unemployed.................................... 636 422 547 620 409 437 479 440 531
Unemployment rate........................... 8.9 5.9 7.6 8.7 5.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 7.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 7,910 8,183 8,315 7,916 8,129 8,241 8,177 8,214 8,318
Participation rate.......................... 64.8 65.8 66.8 64.9 65.6 66.4 65.8 66.0 66.8
Employed...................................... 7,238 7,632 7,610 7,294 7,545 7,681 7,653 7,671 7,663
Employment-population ratio................. 59.3 61.4 61.1 59.8 60.9 61.9 61.6 61.7 61.5
Unemployed.................................... 673 550 705 622 584 560 524 544 654
Unemployment rate........................... 8.5 6.7 8.5 7.9 7.2 6.8 6.4 6.6 7.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 1,330 1,091 1,238 1,018 1,018 927 920 934 934
Participation rate.......................... 54.3 44.0 49.8 41.5 41.2 37.5 37.1 37.7 37.6
Employed...................................... 933 758 889 726 702 667 699 721 685
Employment-population ratio................. 38.1 30.5 35.8 29.6 28.4 26.9 28.2 29.0 27.6
Unemployed.................................... 397 334 349 292 316 260 222 214 249
Unemployment rate........................... 29.9 30.6 28.2 28.7 31.0 28.1 24.1 22.9 26.7
Men....................................... 31.8 34.7 32.2 30.2 32.9 33.0 26.2 26.7 30.8
Women..................................... 27.7 26.7 24.0 27.0 29.1 23.5 22.0 19.6 22.9
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 21,097 21,618 21,684 21,097 21,414 21,483 21,548 21,618 21,684
Civilian labor force............................ 14,438 14,710 14,738 14,267 14,570 14,543 14,535 14,643 14,592
Participation rate.......................... 68.4 68.0 68.0 67.6 68.0 67.7 67.5 67.7 67.3
Employed...................................... 13,351 13,750 13,767 13,245 13,732 13,541 13,558 13,654 13,685
Employment-population ratio................. 63.3 63.6 63.5 62.8 64.1 63.0 62.9 63.2 63.1
Unemployed.................................... 1,087 960 970 1,022 838 1,002 977 989 907
Unemployment rate........................... 7.5 6.5 6.6 7.2 5.8 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.2
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Educational attainment
July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 29,027 28,515 28,015 29,027 28,442 27,991 28,298 28,515 28,015
Civilian labor force.................... 12,269 12,261 11,766 12,561 12,094 11,753 11,743 12,047 12,069
Percent of population............... 42.3 43.0 42.0 43.3 42.5 42.0 41.5 42.2 43.1
Employed.............................. 11,426 11,496 10,997 11,665 11,356 10,972 10,959 11,238 11,244
Employment-population ratio......... 39.4 40.3 39.3 40.2 39.9 39.2 38.7 39.4 40.1
Unemployed............................ 842 765 769 896 739 781 784 810 825
Unemployment rate................... 6.9 6.2 6.5 7.1 6.1 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.8
High school graduates, no college(2)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 57,374 57,963 57,162 57,374 57,805 57,945 57,931 57,963 57,162
Civilian labor force.................... 36,912 37,384 36,555 37,290 37,740 37,577 37,416 37,403 36,941
Percent of population............... 64.3 64.5 63.9 65.0 65.3 64.8 64.6 64.5 64.6
Employed.............................. 35,408 36,033 35,237 35,779 36,448 36,253 36,058 35,961 35,629
Employment-population ratio......... 61.7 62.2 61.6 62.4 63.1 62.6 62.2 62.0 62.3
Unemployed............................ 1,504 1,351 1,318 1,511 1,292 1,324 1,359 1,442 1,313
Unemployment rate................... 4.1 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.6
Less than a bachelor's degree(3)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 42,293 42,780 43,610 42,293 43,028 43,059 42,742 42,780 43,610
Civilian labor force.................... 31,448 31,669 32,289 31,220 31,892 32,160 31,930 31,937 32,102
Percent of population............... 74.4 74.0 74.0 73.8 74.1 74.7 74.7 74.7 73.6
Employed.............................. 30,496 30,913 31,284 30,274 30,989 31,202 31,043 31,130 31,097
Employment-population ratio......... 72.1 72.3 71.7 71.6 72.0 72.5 72.6 72.8 71.3
Unemployed............................ 952 756 1,005 946 903 958 886 806 1,005
Unemployment rate................... 3.0 2.4 3.1 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.5 3.1
College graduates
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 43,309 44,464 45,042 43,309 43,859 44,289 44,442 44,464 45,042
Civilian labor force.................... 34,481 35,527 35,837 34,637 34,997 35,493 35,771 35,856 35,981
Percent of population............... 79.6 79.9 79.6 80.0 79.8 80.1 80.5 80.6 79.9
Employed.............................. 33,839 34,777 35,105 34,051 34,345 34,742 35,107 35,128 35,317
Employment-population ratio......... 78.1 78.2 77.9 78.6 78.3 78.4 79.0 79.0 78.4
Unemployed............................ 643 750 733 586 652 752 664 727 664
Unemployment rate................... 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.9 2.1 1.9 2.0 1.8
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over................. 132,769 134,395 134,800 131,176 133,033 133,069 133,224 133,432 133,307
Married men, spouse present..................... 42,794 43,205 43,310 42,850 43,114 43,190 42,882 43,291 43,353
Married women, spouse present................... 32,266 33,396 32,869 32,719 33,134 33,285 33,487 33,802 33,302
Women who maintain families..................... 7,752 8,023 8,156 7,875 8,148 8,050 8,039 7,991 8,289
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty........... 38,620 40,602 40,536 39,020 39,900 40,504 40,500 40,946 40,901
Technical, sales, and administrative support.... 38,923 38,767 38,959 38,513 38,893 38,866 39,103 38,729 38,573
Service occupations............................. 18,111 18,290 18,450 17,683 18,074 17,868 18,111 18,020 18,035
Precision production, craft, and repair......... 14,584 14,422 14,578 14,334 14,661 14,518 14,432 14,084 14,405
Operators, fabricators, and laborers............ 18,431 18,383 18,287 18,157 18,177 17,656 17,813 18,190 17,985
Farming, forestry, and fishing.................. 4,098 3,931 3,991 3,519 3,417 3,539 3,441 3,504 3,423
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers....................... 2,285 2,207 2,201 2,010 1,893 1,908 1,919 1,911 1,938
Self-employed workers......................... 1,543 1,443 1,460 1,374 1,376 1,439 1,348 1,369 1,300
Unpaid family workers......................... 38 41 56 32 39 31 33 37 47
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers....................... 119,638 121,653 122,062 118,647 121,005 120,785 121,168 121,005 121,157
Government.................................. 17,905 18,862 18,591 18,374 18,699 18,709 18,672 19,110 19,068
Private industries.......................... 101,733 102,791 103,471 100,273 102,306 102,076 102,496 101,895 102,089
Private households........................ 1,021 1,006 1,007 966 917 941 910 1,001 943
Other industries.......................... 100,712 101,786 102,464 99,307 101,389 101,135 101,586 100,894 101,146
Self-employed workers......................... 9,167 8,955 8,943 9,060 8,650 8,813 8,687 8,857 8,837
Unpaid family workers......................... 98 96 78 91 125 63 60 87 74
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 4,025 3,641 3,537 3,757 3,564 3,408 3,422 3,418 3,299
Slack work or business conditions........... 2,344 2,082 2,031 2,299 2,045 1,920 1,946 2,092 1,983
Could only find part-time work.............. 1,383 1,158 1,185 1,213 1,208 1,124 1,137 1,014 1,044
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 16,168 17,266 16,617 18,589 18,545 18,882 18,632 18,666 19,122
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 3,882 3,462 3,368 3,606 3,374 3,224 3,247 3,232 3,130
Slack work or business conditions........... 2,256 1,940 1,905 2,193 1,955 1,831 1,838 1,944 1,846
Could only find part-time work.............. 1,339 1,141 1,159 1,182 1,159 1,092 1,111 1,010 1,028
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 15,528 16,629 16,049 17,982 17,944 18,320 18,098 18,016 18,618
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Category
July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over......................... 6,231 5,975 5,947 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3
Men, 20 years and over......................... 2,682 2,494 2,477 3.8 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5
Women, 20 years and over....................... 2,387 2,373 2,418 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.9 4.0
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... 1,162 1,108 1,053 14.2 14.3 14.1 12.6 13.5 12.7
Married men, spouse present.................... 1,005 977 1,001 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.3
Married women, spouse present.................. 955 926 990 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.9
Women who maintain families.................... 587 561 571 6.9 6.7 7.2 6.0 6.6 6.4
Full-time workers.............................. 4,943 4,628 4,732 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.1
Part-time workers.............................. 1,283 1,317 1,216 5.2 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.4 4.9
OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty.......... 690 852 808 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9
Technical, sales, and administrative support... 1,532 1,431 1,594 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.3 3.6 4.0
Precision production, craft, and repair........ 649 725 568 4.3 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.9 3.8
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........... 1,351 1,166 1,216 6.9 5.9 6.5 6.5 6.0 6.3
Farming, forestry, and fishing................. 249 284 236 6.6 6.9 7.3 8.0 7.5 6.4
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 4,868 4,699 4,710 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4
Goods-producing industries................... 1,385 1,322 1,240 4.8 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.7 4.4
Mining..................................... 25 26 40 3.9 5.3 9.3 5.9 4.7 6.4
Construction............................... 460 531 491 6.8 6.7 7.4 7.2 7.5 6.7
Manufacturing.............................. 900 764 709 4.3 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.5
Durable goods............................ 522 448 474 4.1 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.8
Nondurable goods......................... 378 317 235 4.6 4.1 3.7 3.6 4.0 3.0
Service-producing industries................. 3,483 3,377 3,470 4.6 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.4
Transportation and public utilities........ 249 214 278 3.4 2.9 2.8 3.3 2.8 3.6
Wholesale and retail trade................. 1,494 1,441 1,396 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate........ 160 189 191 2.1 1.9 3.2 2.1 2.3 2.3
Services................................... 1,580 1,533 1,605 4.6 4.2 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.5
Government workers............................. 443 470 439 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.3
Agricultural wage and salary workers........... 180 203 189 8.2 9.5 9.7 10.7 9.6 8.9
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks................................ 2,845 3,136 2,910 2,626 2,478 2,788 2,467 2,529 2,680
5 to 14 weeks.................................... 2,179 1,552 1,934 1,975 1,891 1,867 1,816 1,736 1,766
15 weeks and over................................ 1,543 1,583 1,475 1,606 1,434 1,446 1,523 1,668 1,505
15 to 26 weeks................................ 685 802 714 783 736 773 794 824 787
27 weeks and over............................. 858 782 761 823 697 673 729 844 718
Average (mean) duration, in weeks................ 13.7 13.1 13.1 14.3 13.5 13.1 13.4 14.5 13.6
Median duration, in weeks........................ 6.3 4.5 5.4 6.7 6.9 6.1 6.7 6.2 5.7
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks.............................. 43.3 50.0 46.1 42.3 42.7 45.7 42.5 42.6 45.0
5 to 14 weeks.................................. 33.2 24.7 30.6 31.8 32.6 30.6 31.3 29.3 29.7
15 weeks and over.............................. 23.5 25.2 23.3 25.9 24.7 23.7 26.2 28.1 25.3
15 to 26 weeks............................... 10.4 12.8 11.3 12.6 12.7 12.7 13.7 13.9 13.2
27 weeks and over............................ 13.1 12.5 12.0 13.3 12.0 11.0 12.6 14.2 12.1
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason
July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 2,847 2,495 2,729 2,865 2,563 2,700 2,663 2,683 2,740
On temporary layoff............................. 935 746 862 931 812 838 821 892 850
Not on temporary layoff......................... 1,912 1,750 1,867 1,934 1,751 1,862 1,842 1,791 1,890
Permanent job losers.......................... 1,316 1,253 1,267 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs.......... 596 497 600 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers....................................... 817 820 817 770 780 841 789 864 755
Reentrants........................................ 2,173 2,293 2,101 2,072 1,988 2,044 2,040 2,057 2,011
New entrants...................................... 731 663 672 474 431 469 415 349 402
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed.................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 43.3 39.8 43.2 46.4 44.5 44.6 45.1 45.1 46.4
On temporary layoff............................ 14.2 11.9 13.6 15.1 14.1 13.9 13.9 15.0 14.4
Not on temporary layoff........................ 29.1 27.9 29.5 31.3 30.4 30.8 31.2 30.1 32.0
Job leavers...................................... 12.4 13.1 12.9 12.5 13.5 13.9 13.4 14.5 12.8
Reentrants....................................... 33.1 36.6 33.2 33.5 34.5 33.8 34.5 34.6 34.0
New entrants..................................... 11.1 10.6 10.6 7.7 7.5 7.7 7.0 5.9 6.8
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0
Job leavers...................................... .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5
Reentrants....................................... 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4
New entrants..................................... .5 .5 .5 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Measure
July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of
the civilian labor force................................ 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as
a percent of the civilian labor force................... 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor
force (official unemployment rate)...................... 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent
of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.... 5.0 4.6 4.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all
other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the
civilian labor force plus all marginally
attached workers........................................ 5.6 5.3 5.2 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers,
plus total employed part time for economic reasons,
as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers............................. 8.5 7.9 7.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of
this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work
but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job.
Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to
settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment
measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised
population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Age and sex
July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 6,231 5,975 5,947 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3
16 to 24 years.................................. 2,267 2,181 2,128 10.4 10.0 10.0 9.4 9.9 9.6
16 to 19 years................................ 1,162 1,108 1,053 14.2 14.3 14.1 12.6 13.5 12.7
16 to 17 years.............................. 513 524 493 15.7 16.6 16.9 15.9 16.1 14.6
18 to 19 years.............................. 646 586 563 13.1 12.8 12.3 10.6 11.8 11.4
20 to 24 years................................ 1,105 1,073 1,075 8.2 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.7
25 years and over............................... 3,930 3,788 3,792 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2
25 to 54 years................................ 3,437 3,242 3,242 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3
55 years and over............................. 483 537 544 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.6 3.0 3.0
Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,360 3,099 3,056 4.5 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1
16 to 24 years................................ 1,289 1,231 1,180 11.3 9.9 10.5 10.2 10.7 10.2
16 to 19 years.............................. 678 605 579 15.9 15.0 14.8 13.3 14.1 13.4
16 to 17 years............................ 307 282 271 18.0 16.9 19.2 17.7 16.5 15.4
18 to 19 years............................ 365 333 303 14.3 13.6 12.2 10.6 12.8 11.8
20 to 24 years.............................. 611 626 601 8.5 7.0 8.0 8.3 8.7 8.3
25 years and over............................. 2,068 1,861 1,866 3.3 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,777 1,601 1,559 3.4 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.9
55 years and over........................... 288 258 316 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 3.2
Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,871 2,876 2,891 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.4 4.5
16 to 24 years................................ 978 950 948 9.5 10.0 9.5 8.6 9.0 8.9
16 to 19 years.............................. 484 503 473 12.2 13.6 13.4 11.8 12.9 11.9
16 to 17 years............................ 206 241 222 13.2 16.2 14.5 13.8 15.7 13.8
18 to 19 years............................ 281 253 260 11.7 11.9 12.5 10.6 10.7 11.0
20 to 24 years.............................. 494 447 475 7.7 7.8 7.1 6.7 6.7 7.1
25 years and over............................. 1,862 1,927 1,926 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.5 3.6
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,660 1,641 1,683 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.7
55 years and over........................... 195 279 228 2.6 3.2 3.3 2.6 3.5 2.9
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
July July July July July July
1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force...................................... 65,934 66,709 23,319 23,821 42,616 42,888
Persons who currently want a job................................ 4,763 4,490 1,813 1,715 2,950 2,774
Searched for work and available to work now(1)............... 1,328 1,133 635 493 692 640
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2).................... 374 290 225 159 149 131
Reasons other than discouragement(3).................... 953 843 410 334 543 509
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)...................................... 7,643 7,636 4,099 4,155 3,544 3,481
Percent of total employed..................................... 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.6
Primary job full time, secondary job part time................ 4,253 4,101 2,485 2,439 1,769 1,662
Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,563 1,735 539 604 1,024 1,131
Primary and secondary jobs both full time..................... 308 300 223 206 86 95
Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................ 1,456 1,459 821 890 636 569
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the
reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and
other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation
problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
July May June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p
Total......................... 125,762 128,850 129,585 128,740 125,808 127,813 128,134 128,162 128,435 128,745
Total private.................... 107,010 108,362 109,400 109,670 106,009 107,726 108,035 108,085 108,324 108,618
Goods-producing......................... 25,544 25,243 25,528 25,554 25,240 25,285 25,288 25,199 25,180 25,230
Mining................................ 598 531 534 534 588 550 538 531 527 524
Metal mining........................ 51.1 48.9 49.4 49.2 50 50 49 49 48 48
Coal mining......................... 90.0 85.8 85.5 83.9 90 87 86 86 85 84
Oil and gas extraction.............. 344.3 284.6 285.7 286.6 339 305 294 287 285 282
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 112.7 111.4 113.0 113.9 109 108 109 109 109 110
Construction.......................... 6,326 6,304 6,500 6,633 5,990 6,232 6,277 6,239 6,260 6,282
General building contractors........ 1,444.8 1,424.5 1,478.9 1,509.5 1,377 1,429 1,428 1,427 1,433 1,437
Heavy construction, except building. 911.9 887.6 917.0 931.7 842 864 874 854 857 860
Special trade contractors........... 3,969.1 3,991.8 4,104.3 4,191.9 3,771 3,939 3,975 3,958 3,970 3,985
Manufacturing......................... 18,620 18,408 18,494 18,387 18,662 18,503 18,473 18,429 18,393 18,424
Production workers................ 12,725 12,647 12,699 12,599 12,801 12,714 12,696 12,662 12,623 12,671
Durable goods........................ 11,017 10,980 11,029 10,951 11,066 11,014 10,993 10,971 10,959 10,998
Production workers................ 7,456 7,519 7,547 7,469 7,521 7,527 7,519 7,504 7,490 7,535
Lumber and wood products............ 824.1 821.9 832.6 834.2 812 827 824 824 823 822
Furniture and fixtures.............. 526.7 537.4 539.8 539.4 532 535 536 537 537 545
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 569.7 573.8 579.4 578.6 563 569 570 569 568 571
Primary metal industries............ 697.3 688.3 690.3 681.8 705 693 691 689 687 689
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 232.4 221.6 221.2 221.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Fabricated metal products........... 1,474.9 1,486.4 1,493.6 1,479.0 1,491 1,490 1,489 1,487 1,486 1,495
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,201.4 2,134.2 2,139.2 2,126.9 2,208 2,139 2,132 2,129 2,127 2,133
Computer and office equipment..... 381.0 362.1 364.4 363.4 379 360 361 362 363 362
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,700.9 1,654.2 1,663.1 1,658.8 1,705 1,659 1,658 1,658 1,657 1,663
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 660.8 635.3 640.6 637.7 659 636 635 635 638 636
Transportation equipment............ 1,760.1 1,858.9 1,860.7 1,824.1 1,788 1,873 1,864 1,853 1,850 1,852
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 861.0 1,001.7 1,007.0 976.0 887 992 996 996 998 1,003
Aircraft and parts................ 525.2 496.1 490.4 487.7 526 511 503 498 491 489
Instruments and related products.... 870.0 838.3 840.8 842.8 869 844 842 839 837 842
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 391.7 386.8 389.3 384.9 393 385 387 386 387 386
Nondurable goods..................... 7,603 7,428 7,465 7,436 7,596 7,489 7,480 7,458 7,434 7,426
Production workers................ 5,269 5,128 5,152 5,130 5,280 5,187 5,177 5,158 5,133 5,136
Food and kindred products........... 1,708.0 1,659.1 1,678.7 1,698.7 1,684 1,693 1,689 1,688 1,680 1,675
Tobacco products.................... 36.8 35.3 35.7 35.4 40 39 38 38 39 39
Textile mill products............... 593.7 564.0 563.6 555.8 597 571 567 563 560 559
Apparel and other textile products.. 751.5 693.7 691.6 674.2 764 702 698 691 685 681
Paper and allied products........... 675.6 658.9 663.2 660.4 674 662 662 661 659 659
Printing and publishing............. 1,568.2 1,549.5 1,553.5 1,552.5 1,567 1,557 1,555 1,551 1,551 1,552
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,050.2 1,035.9 1,039.8 1,037.4 1,044 1,037 1,038 1,036 1,033 1,032
Petroleum and coal products......... 143.4 138.5 140.1 140.6 140 139 139 138 137 137
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 995.8 1,017.8 1,024.2 1,011.2 1,004 1,014 1,019 1,018 1,016 1,020
Leather and leather products........ 79.9 74.8 75.0 70.1 82 75 75 74 74 72
Service-producing....................... 100,218 103,607 104,057 103,186 100,568 102,528 102,846 102,963 103,255 103,515
Transportation and public utilities... 6,592 6,773 6,813 6,777 6,606 6,732 6,750 6,758 6,778 6,792
Transportation...................... 4,253 4,414 4,441 4,404 4,281 4,378 4,397 4,402 4,418 4,432
Railroad transportation........... 232.9 233.5 235.3 236.7 231 235 234 233 234 235
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 407.8 498.1 482.4 421.2 469 476 483 480 483 484
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,771.2 1,797.5 1,826.3 1,839.1 1,749 1,796 1,800 1,802 1,809 1,815
Water transportation.............. 191.1 182.0 187.1 191.1 181 177 180 180 180 181
Transportation by air............. 1,181.1 1,220.6 1,226.0 1,231.1 1,183 1,218 1,220 1,226 1,230 1,233
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.3 13.3 13.5 13.6 14 14 14 13 13 13
Transportation services........... 454.5 468.6 470.2 471.2 454 462 466 468 469 471
Communications and public utilities. 2,339 2,359 2,372 2,373 2,325 2,354 2,353 2,356 2,360 2,360
Communications.................... 1,477.0 1,514.6 1,520.3 1,520.9 1,472 1,506 1,508 1,513 1,514 1,516
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 862.4 844.1 852.0 852.5 853 848 845 843 846 844
Wholesale trade....................... 6,885 6,986 7,032 7,055 6,836 6,947 6,965 6,977 6,989 7,005
Durable goods....................... 4,074 4,131 4,161 4,176 4,046 4,103 4,113 4,124 4,135 4,147
Nondurable goods.................... 2,811 2,855 2,871 2,879 2,790 2,844 2,852 2,853 2,854 2,858
Retail trade.......................... 22,457 22,779 22,990 23,024 22,321 22,611 22,724 22,748 22,792 22,883
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 983.2 1,024.1 1,032.1 1,023.5 947 982 982 979 981 986
General merchandise stores.......... 2,671.3 2,702.6 2,720.9 2,724.6 2,728 2,794 2,799 2,784 2,784 2,783
Department stores................. 2,375.3 2,412.3 2,427.9 2,429.1 2,426 2,489 2,499 2,486 2,485 2,482
Food stores......................... 3,508.1 3,468.7 3,494.7 3,500.6 3,484 3,490 3,492 3,487 3,476 3,476
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,374.1 2,406.0 2,424.6 2,443.8 2,343 2,392 2,399 2,400 2,402 2,412
New and used car dealers.......... 1,053.6 1,077.0 1,083.8 1,091.4 1,048 1,069 1,074 1,077 1,080 1,086
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,141.4 1,146.1 1,165.6 1,174.8 1,148 1,167 1,163 1,172 1,177 1,181
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 1,017.5 1,071.5 1,079.4 1,081.6 1,026 1,070 1,081 1,084 1,091 1,091
Eating and drinking places.......... 7,938.4 8,032.4 8,149.5 8,150.7 7,767 7,785 7,863 7,880 7,913 7,974
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,823.0 2,927.2 2,923.3 2,924.1 2,878 2,931 2,945 2,962 2,968 2,980
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,526 7,618 7,710 7,753 7,430 7,595 7,611 7,621 7,639 7,652
Finance............................. 3,633 3,700 3,731 3,749 3,606 3,690 3,697 3,706 3,713 3,720
Depository institutions........... 2,059.8 2,043.6 2,060.4 2,066.4 2,043 2,051 2,050 2,047 2,048 2,049
Commercial banks................ 1,480.3 1,462.1 1,475.5 1,480.4 1,468 1,469 1,467 1,465 1,466 1,468
Savings institutions............ 260.7 256.2 258.1 258.2 258 258 257 256 256 256
Nondepository institutions........ 665.5 719.5 723.3 724.1 663 712 716 720 721 721
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 333.0 374.9 375.7 373.3 331 368 370 374 373 371
Security and commodity brokers.... 656.6 669.9 679.4 690.0 650 664 668 672 676 683
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 251.0 267.3 268.3 268.8 250 263 263 267 268 267
Insurance........................... 2,362 2,396 2,411 2,418 2,349 2,392 2,395 2,399 2,402 2,404
Insurance carriers................ 1,612.7 1,632.5 1,643.7 1,646.1 1,602 1,632 1,631 1,635 1,638 1,635
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 749.2 763.8 767.1 771.7 747 760 764 764 764 769
Real estate......................... 1,531 1,522 1,568 1,586 1,475 1,513 1,519 1,516 1,524 1,528
Services2............................. 38,006 38,963 39,327 39,507 37,576 38,556 38,697 38,782 38,946 39,056
Agricultural services............... 780.2 808.4 841.6 839.5 704 747 755 751 758 758
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,926.0 1,803.8 1,900.4 1,953.5 1,782 1,789 1,791 1,786 1,799 1,807
Personal services................... 1,154.1 1,180.3 1,172.5 1,162.1 1,197 1,200 1,204 1,189 1,200 1,205
Business services................... 8,641.3 9,023.5 9,136.9 9,197.2 8,601 8,963 9,010 9,047 9,088 9,154
Services to buildings............. 959.6 985.5 998.0 1,000.1 952 973 978 979 987 992
Personnel supply services......... 3,236.6 3,348.6 3,398.6 3,426.0 3,234 3,343 3,350 3,366 3,383 3,424
Help supply services............ 2,881.1 2,968.9 3,014.6 3,037.9 2,873 2,967 2,975 2,986 2,998 3,029
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,615.0 1,761.7 1,780.2 1,796.4 1,613 1,734 1,749 1,765 1,780 1,793
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,153.9 1,183.5 1,190.4 1,191.6 1,146 1,176 1,178 1,182 1,182 1,184
Miscellaneous repair services....... 386.1 398.2 400.4 400.6 381 393 396 398 396 396
Motion pictures..................... 582.9 604.2 610.6 614.6 573 580 587 604 608 604
Amusement and recreation services... 1,893.2 1,764.8 1,941.0 2,007.7 1,599 1,660 1,668 1,675 1,688 1,695
Health services..................... 9,879.0 9,947.3 9,987.6 10013.9 9,847 9,932 9,951 9,954 9,963 9,982
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,810.5 1,857.4 1,868.7 1,879.6 1,803 1,850 1,856 1,860 1,864 1,872
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,767.6 1,750.5 1,756.6 1,760.1 1,762 1,754 1,753 1,755 1,754 1,754
Hospitals......................... 3,947.3 3,960.4 3,978.2 3,989.1 3,931 3,963 3,966 3,966 3,971 3,973
Home health care services......... 664.2 655.5 654.6 653.2 665 653 656 653 653 654
Legal services...................... 991.0 993.7 1,016.3 1,019.3 974 995 998 999 1,001 1,002
Educational services................ 1,901.2 2,298.8 2,075.2 1,983.1 2,177 2,243 2,254 2,265 2,278 2,271
Social services..................... 2,666.2 2,786.1 2,772.1 2,776.0 2,650 2,744 2,755 2,760 2,773 2,759
Child day care services........... 556.1 650.3 620.6 582.4 607 627 628 629 635 635
Residential care.................. 752.5 775.0 782.1 787.1 746 769 772 775 776 781
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 100.6 96.9 100.8 102.3 92 95 94 93 94 94
Membership organizations............ 2,433.7 2,393.5 2,448.0 2,481.9 2,362 2,392 2,392 2,394 2,409 2,409
Engineering and management services. 3,226.2 3,386.4 3,438.3 3,467.9 3,201 3,354 3,370 3,391 3,414 3,440
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 923.7 937.3 957.0 964.3 910 933 939 940 944 950
Management and public relations... 1,049.2 1,145.0 1,163.8 1,175.3 1,037 1,123 1,133 1,143 1,154 1,162
Services, nec....................... 52.7 56.2 57.4 58.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Government............................ 18,752 20,488 20,185 19,070 19,799 20,087 20,099 20,077 20,111 20,127
Federal............................. 2,689 2,666 2,682 2,675 2,675 2,710 2,688 2,666 2,663 2,663
Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,833.9 1,797.4 1,814.9 1,810.9 1,809 1,831 1,809 1,788 1,788 1,787
State............................... 4,391 4,740 4,538 4,459 4,612 4,680 4,688 4,677 4,679 4,681
Education......................... 1,638.0 2,003.0 1,761.3 1,658.3 1,915 1,948 1,955 1,941 1,936 1,938
Other State government............ 2,752.7 2,736.5 2,776.4 2,800.4 2,697 2,732 2,733 2,736 2,743 2,743
Local............................... 11,672 13,082 12,965 11,936 12,512 12,697 12,723 12,734 12,769 12,783
Education......................... 5,937.5 7,596.2 7,268.3 6,093.5 7,078 7,200 7,206 7,225 7,242 7,247
Other local government............ 5,734.9 5,486.0 5,697.0 5,842.6 5,434 5,497 5,517 5,509 5,527 5,536
1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
July May June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p
Total private.................... 34.8 34.6 34.6 34.7 34.6 34.5 34.4 34.4 34.5 34.5
Goods-producing......................... 40.9 41.1 41.3 40.9 41.2 40.8 40.9 41.0 41.1 41.1
Mining................................ 43.9 44.2 44.2 44.2 44.3 42.9 43.8 44.1 44.0 44.6
Construction.......................... 40.2 39.3 39.8 39.9 39.2 38.5 38.6 38.9 39.4 38.9
Manufacturing......................... 41.1 41.7 41.8 41.2 41.7 41.5 41.6 41.7 41.7 41.9
Overtime hours.................... 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.7 4.8
Durable goods........................ 41.5 42.3 42.4 41.6 42.3 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4
Overtime hours.................... 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.8 5.0
Lumber and wood products............ 41.2 41.4 41.6 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.1 41.2
Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.3 39.8 40.3 39.9 40.7 40.3 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.3
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.8 43.8 43.9 43.5 43.6 42.9 43.1 43.4 43.4 43.3
Primary metal industries............ 43.1 44.4 44.3 43.6 44.0 43.9 44.0 44.3 44.2 44.5
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 43.9 44.9 45.1 44.4 44.4 43.9 44.5 44.8 45.1 44.9
Fabricated metal products........... 41.6 42.1 42.3 41.6 42.4 42.1 41.8 42.1 42.1 42.4
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.3 42.2 42.1 41.7 42.9 41.9 41.9 42.1 42.0 42.4
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 40.6 41.2 41.4 40.5 41.4 41.0 41.1 41.5 41.4 41.3
Transportation equipment............ 41.0 43.9 44.1 42.3 43.0 43.7 44.0 43.5 44.2 44.5
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 39.6 45.2 45.5 43.0 42.5 44.7 45.1 44.4 45.5 46.2
Instruments and related products.... 40.7 41.4 41.5 40.9 41.4 41.2 41.6 41.6 41.5 41.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 39.2 40.1 39.9 39.0 40.0 39.8 39.6 40.2 40.0 39.8
Nondurable goods..................... 40.6 40.9 41.0 40.7 41.0 40.8 40.9 41.0 41.0 41.1
Overtime hours.................... 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.5
Food and kindred products........... 41.6 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.8 41.7 41.9 41.8 41.9 42.0
Tobacco products.................... 39.3 39.8 39.9 39.3 40.1 38.8 38.6 39.9 38.9 40.0
Textile mill products............... 40.4 40.9 41.0 40.5 41.0 40.4 41.0 41.0 40.6 41.2
Apparel and other textile products.. 36.9 37.8 38.2 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.5 37.8 37.8 37.9
Paper and allied products........... 43.1 43.3 43.5 42.9 43.6 43.7 43.6 43.5 43.5 43.4
Printing and publishing............. 38.1 38.0 37.8 37.9 38.4 37.9 38.1 38.3 38.2 38.2
Chemicals and allied products....... 42.7 42.8 42.9 42.6 43.1 42.8 43.0 43.0 42.9 43.0
Petroleum and coal products......... 44.8 42.6 42.5 43.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.1 41.9 41.9 41.2 41.9 41.8 41.5 41.9 41.8 42.0
Leather and leather products........ 36.9 38.3 38.4 37.7 37.3 37.7 38.1 38.4 37.9 38.2
Service-producing....................... 33.2 32.9 32.9 33.1 33.0 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.8
Transportation and public utilities... 39.7 38.8 39.0 38.9 39.5 39.1 39.0 38.8 38.9 38.7
Wholesale trade....................... 38.3 38.6 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.4
Retail trade.......................... 29.8 29.1 29.4 29.8 29.1 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.1
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.1 36.4 35.9 36.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Services.............................. 32.9 32.7 32.6 32.8 32.7 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.6 32.6
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
July May June July July May June July
1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999p 1999p
Total private.................... $12.68 $13.19 $13.14 $13.16 $441.26 $456.37 $454.64 $456.65
Seasonally adjusted............. 12.80 13.18 13.23 13.29 442.88 453.39 456.44 458.51
Goods-producing......................... 14.35 14.75 14.83 14.94 586.92 606.23 612.48 611.05
Mining................................ 16.76 17.00 16.95 17.13 735.76 751.40 749.19 757.15
Construction.......................... 16.66 17.02 17.07 17.26 669.73 668.89 679.39 688.67
Manufacturing......................... 13.38 13.85 13.90 13.94 549.92 577.55 581.02 574.33
Durable goods........................ 13.77 14.34 14.40 14.41 571.46 606.58 610.56 599.46
Lumber and wood products............ 11.17 11.42 11.44 11.52 460.20 472.79 475.90 474.62
Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.91 11.14 11.15 11.24 439.67 443.37 449.35 448.48
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.59 13.87 13.94 14.03 595.24 607.51 611.97 610.31
Primary metal industries............ 15.56 15.75 15.89 16.13 670.64 699.30 703.93 703.27
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 18.50 18.79 19.04 19.35 812.15 843.67 858.70 859.14
Fabricated metal products........... 12.88 13.45 13.46 13.53 535.81 566.25 569.36 562.85
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.43 14.95 14.98 15.07 610.39 630.89 630.66 628.42
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 13.13 13.38 13.41 13.45 533.08 551.26 555.17 544.73
Transportation equipment............ 16.86 17.98 18.19 18.01 691.26 789.32 802.18 761.82
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 16.79 18.40 18.65 18.33 664.88 831.68 848.58 788.19
Instruments and related products.... 13.78 14.10 14.12 14.23 560.85 583.74 585.98 582.01
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.85 11.25 11.29 11.32 425.32 451.13 450.47 441.48
Nondurable goods..................... 12.81 13.11 13.15 13.22 520.09 536.20 539.15 538.05
Food and kindred products........... 11.80 12.11 12.18 12.18 490.88 503.78 507.91 509.12
Tobacco products.................... 20.59 20.63 20.82 20.68 809.19 821.07 830.72 812.72
Textile mill products............... 10.36 10.69 10.77 10.73 418.54 437.22 441.57 434.57
Apparel and other textile products.. 8.48 8.81 8.88 8.82 312.91 333.02 339.22 329.87
Paper and allied products........... 15.64 15.91 15.98 16.07 674.08 688.90 695.13 689.40
Printing and publishing............. 13.44 13.74 13.73 13.84 512.06 522.12 518.99 524.54
Chemicals and allied products....... 17.19 17.39 17.33 17.48 734.01 744.29 743.46 744.65
Petroleum and coal products......... 20.83 21.05 21.09 21.20 933.18 896.73 896.33 915.84
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.91 12.21 12.26 12.38 489.50 511.60 513.69 510.06
Leather and leather products........ 9.14 9.59 9.57 9.63 337.27 367.30 367.49 363.05
Service-producing....................... 12.14 12.70 12.60 12.61 403.05 417.83 414.54 417.39
Transportation and public utilities... 15.27 15.55 15.53 15.68 606.22 603.34 605.67 609.95
Wholesale trade....................... 14.04 14.53 14.43 14.54 537.73 560.86 554.11 558.34
Retail trade.......................... 8.69 9.03 9.02 9.02 258.96 262.77 265.19 268.80
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.94 14.72 14.51 14.54 503.23 535.81 520.91 523.44
Services.............................. 12.68 13.34 13.22 13.21 417.17 436.22 430.97 433.29
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
July Mar. Apr. May June July change
Industry 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p from:
June 1999-
July 1999
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $12.80 $13.11 $13.14 $13.18 $13.23 $13.29 0.5
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.76 7.86 7.83 7.85 7.88 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 14.33 14.61 14.67 14.75 14.84 14.93 .6
Mining...................... 16.87 17.00 16.87 17.05 16.98 17.24 1.5
Construction................ 16.63 16.92 16.97 17.08 17.15 17.22 .4
Manufacturing............... 13.46 13.71 13.79 13.85 13.94 14.04 .7
Excluding overtime4....... 12.75 13.00 13.09 13.13 13.20 13.27 .5
Service-producing............. 12.30 12.63 12.65 12.68 12.72 12.77 .4
Transportation and public
utilities................ 15.31 15.53 15.60 15.65 15.62 15.72 .6
Wholesale trade............. 14.09 14.42 14.44 14.48 14.55 14.60 .3
Retail trade................ 8.76 8.98 9.03 9.04 9.06 9.10 .4
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 14.08 14.51 14.58 14.60 14.63 14.69 .4
Services.................... 12.89 13.27 13.28 13.33 13.37 13.43 .4
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .4 percent from May 1999 to June 1999, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
July May June July July Mar. Apr. May June July
1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p
Total private.................... 147.6 148.2 149.9 150.6 145.2 146.8 147.0 147.2 147.7 148.2
Goods-producing......................... 115.8 114.9 116.9 116.0 114.8 114.2 114.2 114.4 114.6 114.9
Mining................................ 57.1 50.1 50.4 50.7 56.5 50.5 50.4 50.1 49.6 50.3
Construction.......................... 180.8 174.3 182.7 187.6 165.1 169.1 169.2 170.0 172.8 171.1
Manufacturing......................... 105.5 106.3 107.0 104.7 107.8 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.2 107.0
Durable goods........................ 107.9 110.9 111.6 108.3 110.9 110.4 110.4 110.5 110.4 111.5
Lumber and wood products............ 147.7 147.6 150.5 148.9 145.5 147.9 147.5 147.3 146.7 146.4
Furniture and fixtures.............. 132.6 134.1 136.3 134.4 135.3 135.2 135.6 135.9 136.2 137.5
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 117.6 119.2 120.7 119.4 115.7 115.4 116.2 117.0 116.8 117.3
Primary metal industries............ 88.8 90.4 90.3 87.6 91.7 90.0 89.9 90.3 89.6 90.6
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 71.0 69.5 69.5 68.4 71.7 68.2 69.1 69.2 68.8 69.3
Fabricated metal products........... 114.2 116.9 117.9 114.6 118.4 117.0 116.2 116.9 116.8 118.7
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 107.6 105.3 105.0 102.6 110.1 104.4 104.1 104.5 104.1 105.3
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 106.3 105.5 106.1 103.5 109.4 105.1 105.6 106.2 105.8 106.8
Transportation equipment............ 106.7 125.5 126.3 118.2 114.5 125.3 125.5 123.4 125.0 127.2
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 119.5 167.2 169.1 154.7 132.9 162.7 164.8 162.4 166.5 172.4
Instruments and related products.... 75.2 75.2 75.4 73.9 76.6 74.7 75.8 75.6 75.2 75.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 100.6 101.3 101.3 97.7 103.5 100.0 100.3 101.4 100.9 100.4
Nondurable goods..................... 102.2 100.1 100.8 99.7 103.4 101.2 101.2 101.1 100.5 100.9
Food and kindred products........... 118.9 115.2 117.1 119.3 117.9 118.8 118.9 118.5 118.1 118.4
Tobacco products.................... 53.2 50.0 50.6 48.7 61.6 55.7 55.4 55.3 55.9 55.5
Textile mill products............... 84.1 81.0 81.1 79.1 86.0 81.1 81.6 81.1 79.6 81.1
Apparel and other textile products.. 65.2 61.5 61.7 58.8 67.4 61.5 61.4 61.4 60.5 60.4
Paper and allied products........... 108.0 105.3 106.6 105.0 109.0 107.0 106.7 106.3 105.8 105.8
Printing and publishing............. 124.3 120.9 120.9 120.9 125.4 121.9 121.9 122.3 121.9 121.8
Chemicals and allied products....... 102.6 101.8 102.3 101.0 103.4 101.8 102.4 102.3 101.7 101.9
Petroleum and coal products......... 81.1 73.8 74.6 76.3 77.7 76.4 74.5 73.9 72.9 73.4
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 143.1 149.6 150.2 145.5 147.6 148.8 148.5 149.5 148.6 150.5
Leather and leather products........ 33.8 32.7 32.8 29.5 35.5 32.4 32.8 32.4 32.0 31.1
Service-producing....................... 161.8 163.2 164.7 166.1 158.9 161.5 161.6 161.9 162.6 163.1
Transportation and public utilities... 132.6 133.3 134.7 133.9 132.3 133.8 133.6 133.0 133.7 133.3
Wholesale trade....................... 129.9 132.7 132.9 133.1 129.0 131.3 131.6 131.5 131.8 131.9
Retail trade.......................... 144.9 143.4 146.4 148.5 140.5 141.9 142.6 143.3 143.6 144.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 138.5 140.4 140.4 141.8 136.9 139.3 139.1 138.8 139.4 140.3
Services.............................. 198.6 201.6 202.9 204.9 195.0 198.8 198.9 199.3 200.6 201.1
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1995.............. 63.8 58.0 54.6 56.5 47.5 54.8 55.6 59.1 57.9 56.9 55.2 57.7
1996.............. 49.6 64.9 59.4 55.1 61.9 60.8 57.0 62.5 57.3 63.5 59.7 61.2
1997.............. 56.2 61.0 61.9 62.8 58.8 56.3 60.7 61.0 59.4 65.4 63.6 62.1
1998.............. 63.8 57.9 58.8 60.5 55.9 57.9 58.0 55.8 54.6 52.9 59.1 58.6
1999.............. 54.4 58.3 52.1 58.8 51.5 p55.8 p59.0
Over 3-month span:
1995.............. 63.8 62.9 58.0 53.5 53.9 52.7 59.3 61.0 59.4 58.6 57.3 55.3
1996.............. 62.6 62.5 63.3 63.1 63.1 64.3 64.3 62.2 64.6 64.2 66.2 63.2
1997.............. 63.8 63.6 67.7 67.3 62.6 61.7 61.4 66.2 67.3 69.9 70.8 71.2
1998.............. 66.7 66.2 64.5 63.9 61.4 58.7 60.0 58.4 57.6 57.6 59.0 60.4
1999.............. 60.7 55.9 59.6 54.6 p55.5 p57.0
Over 6-month span:
1995.............. 66.7 59.7 58.6 56.5 59.0 60.0 57.7 61.0 60.5 59.3 61.7 63.2
1996.............. 62.6 65.2 64.5 65.2 64.7 64.6 67.0 65.4 65.9 66.7 66.9 66.7
1997.............. 67.4 68.3 65.6 67.0 65.6 64.9 66.3 68.4 69.7 71.3 71.3 71.9
1998.............. 70.6 66.9 65.9 62.4 62.6 61.1 58.0 59.8 60.0 60.8 60.8 58.0
1999.............. 61.1 58.8 p56.3 p57.7
Over 12-month span:
1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.5 63.5 65.4
1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 68.7 66.9
1997.............. 69.0 67.3 68.3 69.7 69.5 70.1 70.1 70.4 70.5 69.7 69.8 71.3
1998.............. 70.4 68.3 67.1 64.0 62.1 61.7 61.8 63.8 59.8 59.0 59.3 p58.4
1999.............. p59.8
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1995.............. 57.2 50.4 47.1 52.9 41.4 45.3 45.0 51.1 48.6 51.1 45.3 48.2
1996.............. 42.4 55.4 46.8 41.0 55.8 51.4 47.1 56.5 48.9 55.0 50.7 54.0
1997.............. 50.0 52.9 53.6 56.1 52.2 53.2 51.1 55.4 53.6 62.2 61.2 55.4
1998.............. 58.6 51.8 50.4 50.4 40.6 46.8 40.3 45.3 42.1 36.3 39.9 45.0
1999.............. 40.3 42.4 39.6 44.6 36.3 p42.8 p55.4
Over 3-month span:
1995.............. 55.4 51.4 44.2 41.7 43.5 37.4 42.1 43.9 48.2 46.8 44.6 41.4
1996.............. 46.8 46.0 43.5 46.0 48.2 51.1 51.8 49.6 53.2 52.5 55.0 50.7
1997.............. 51.8 51.4 57.6 56.8 54.3 51.8 53.6 55.4 59.7 68.3 65.8 64.4
1998.............. 59.4 57.9 51.8 44.2 41.7 34.9 37.4 37.1 38.1 34.2 35.6 35.3
1999.............. 37.4 31.7 37.1 30.2 p32.7 p41.7
Over 6-month span:
1995.............. 55.4 45.7 43.2 38.1 41.7 42.8 41.0 42.1 43.5 43.2 44.2 45.0
1996.............. 41.4 46.0 45.7 47.1 46.0 48.6 52.9 50.4 51.8 51.4 52.5 51.8
1997.............. 54.7 54.0 51.4 54.3 52.5 52.2 55.4 61.2 61.5 64.7 66.2 65.1
1998.............. 59.7 49.3 48.2 36.7 36.7 36.7 28.4 31.3 33.5 35.3 32.7 28.1
1999.............. 33.1 29.1 p27.3 p33.5
Over 12-month span:
1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 38.5 39.9 44.6
1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.3 50.7
1997.............. 54.7 52.5 54.0 54.0 55.4 56.8 57.2 57.9 58.3 56.5 55.4 57.2
1998.............. 54.0 49.3 46.0 40.6 35.6 33.8 30.9 32.0 26.6 26.6 25.5 p26.3
1999.............. p30.9
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: September 07, 2001
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_0799.htm
CPS Publications - Historical Monthly Employment Reports: 1999 Page
CPS Main Page