Technical information: USDL 96-458
Household data: (202) 606-6378
606-6373 Transmission of material in this
release is embargoed until
Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EST),
Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, November 1, 1996.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: OCTOBER 1996
Nonfarm payroll employment increased in October, and unemployment was
unchanged, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor
reported today. Payroll employment rose by 210,000, with the largest gains
occurring in services and retail trade. Manufacturing employment was about
unchanged, following a large decline in September. The unemployment rate
was 5.2 percent in October, in line with both the August and September
figures.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
About 6.9 million persons were unemployed in October, and the
unemployment rate was 5.2 percent. Both measures were unchanged from
September. Among the major worker groups, unemployment rates were
essentially unchanged for adult men (4.3 percent), adult women (4.7
percent), teenagers (16.1 percent), whites (4.4 percent), blacks (10.8
percent), and Hispanics (8.0 percent). (See tables A-1 and A-2.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Total employment was 127.6 million in October, little different from the
September level. The employment-population ratio--the proportion of the
population 16 years and over that was employed--was essentially unchanged
in October at 63.4 percent, but was half a percentage point higher than a
year earlier. (See table A-1.)
The number of persons who held more than one job was 8.4 million (not
seasonally adjusted) in October. These multiple jobholders comprised 6.5
percent of the total employed. (See table A-9.)
The civilian labor force, at 134.6 million in October, was little
different from the previous month. Since October 1995, the labor force has
grown by 2.1 million. (See table A-1.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.5 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in October--that is, they wanted and were
available for work but had stopped looking for jobs sometime in the prior
12 months. Of this total, 374,000 were discouraged workers--persons who
were not looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were
available for them. (See table A-9.)
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________|Sept.-
Category | 1996 | 1996 |Oct.
|_________________|__________________________|change
| II | III | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 133,647| 134,135| 133,885| 134,340| 134,574| 234
Employment..........| 126,389| 127,102| 127,055| 127,368| 127,627| 259
Unemployment........| 7,258| 7,033| 6,830| 6,971| 6,948| -23
Not in labor force....| 66,633| 66,715| 66,962| 66,721| 66,699| -22
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 5.4| 5.2| 5.1| 5.2| 5.2| .0
Adult men...........| 4.7| 4.5| 4.2| 4.5| 4.3| -0.2
Adult women.........| 4.8| 4.7| 4.6| 4.5| 4.7| .2
Teenagers...........| 16.3| 16.4| 17.2| 15.6| 16.1| .5
White...............| 4.7| 4.5| 4.4| 4.5| 4.4| -.1
Black...............| 10.3| 10.5| 10.5| 10.5| 10.8| .3
Hispanic origin.....| 9.2| 8.7| 8.7| 8.2| 8.0| -.2
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 119,264|p119,947| 120,052|p120,017|p120,227| p210
Goods-producing 1/..| 24,249| p24,269| 24,298| p24,245| p24,262| p17
Construction......| 5,379| p5,436| 5,437| p5,445| p5,455| p10
Manufacturing.....| 18,295| p18,263| 18,291| p18,232| p18,238| p6
Service-producing 1/| 95,015| p95,678| 95,754| p95,772| p95,965| p193
Retail trade......| 21,489| p21,681| 21,672| p21,699| p21,761| p62
Services..........| 34,260| p34,523| 34,532| p34,588| p34,707| p119
Government........| 19,433| p19,543| 19,606| p19,539| p19,499| p-40
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 2/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.4| p34.4| 34.4| p34.7| p34.3| p-0.4
Manufacturing.......| 41.7| p41.7| 41.7| p41.8| p41.6| p-.2
Overtime..........| 4.6| p4.5| 4.5| p4.5| p4.5| p.0
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 2/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $11.76| p$11.86| $11.87| p$11.91| p$11.91| p$0.00
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 404.67| p408.50| 408.33| p413.28| p408.51| p-4.77
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
- 3 -
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 210,000 in October to 120.2
million, after seasonal adjustment, following a small decline in September.
The increase was about in line with the average monthly gain so far this
year. Employment in the private sector rose by 250,000 in October,
following a very small gain in September. The October advance was well
above this year's monthly average of 194,000. The October increase was
concentrated in the services and retail trade industries. (See table B-1.)
The services industry added 119,000 jobs in October, the largest gain
since May. Amusement and recreation employment rose by 38,000; because of
weaker-than-usual summer hiring this year, October layoffs were relatively
light, resulting in a large gain, after seasonal adjustment. There was an
increase of 21,000 jobs in private educational services, offsetting a
seasonally adjusted decline in September. Health services employment was
strong in October, as it had been in September; hospitals have added 20,000
jobs since August. Business services continued to show weakness in
October; computer and data processing services added 14,000 jobs over the
month, but employment in personnel supply services fell by a like amount.
Following little growth in August and September, retail trade added
62,000 jobs in October, with gains fairly widespread. Employment rose
markedly in food stores (19,000) and department stores (17,000), following
losses in the prior month. Wholesale trade added 19,000 jobs; the increase
was heavily concentrated in the nondurable goods distribution component.
Employment in both finance and real estate rose sharply over the month.
Within finance, job growth was strong in commercial banks. Seasonal
declines in real estate were smaller than usual in October. As a result,
the industry added 8,000 jobs on a seasonally adjusted basis.
Employment in transportation increased by 10,000, reversing a similar
decline in the previous month. A job gain of 9,000 in air transportation
offset a decline in trucking and warehousing, which has shown a net decline
of 22,000 jobs in the past 4 months.
Government employment fell by 40,000 in October, and has declined by
107,000 over the past 2 months. These declines partially reversed a
combined increase in July and August of 160,000. The fluctuations in
government employment are largely due to changing seasonal hiring patterns
in state and local education. Federal employment continued its long-term
downward trend.
- 4 -
Manufacturing employment was about unchanged in October, following a
substantial decline in September. Job losses continued in motor vehicles
and equipment. Employment also continued to decline in electronic
equipment, where losses have totaled 10,000 over the past 3 months. Over
the same period, apparel lost 18,000 jobs. These declines were offset by
increases in several industries. Industrial machinery recovered half of
the jobs lost in September, but still shows no net gain for 1996. An
increase of 6,000 jobs in aircraft in October primarily reflected the
return of workers from a strike. Lumber, printing and publishing, and
chemicals also added jobs in October; all of these industries have had
fluctuating movements over the past several months.
Construction employment increased by 10,000 in October. Gains have
averaged 9,000 a month since July, compared with an average monthly gain of
about 29,000 during the first 7 months of this year.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.4 hour in October to 34.3 hours, seasonally
adjusted, nearly reversing increases of the prior 2 months. The
manufacturing workweek fell by 0.2 hour, to 41.6 hours, and factory
overtime was unchanged at 4.5 hours. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or
nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.9 percent, on a
seasonally adjusted basis, to 136.8 (1982=100) in October, as the decline
in the average workweek more than offset the employment increase. The
manufacturing index fell by 0.4 percent to 105.7. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers
on nonfarm payrolls were unchanged in October at $11.91 (seasonally
adjusted) following a gain of 10 cents over the prior 2 months. Average
weekly earnings decreased by 1.2 percent. Over the past year, average
hourly earnings rose by 3.1 percent, and average weekly earnings rose by
2.5 percent. (See table B-3.)
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| As announced last month, establishment survey data |
|from March through October 1996 have been seasonally |
|adjusted using corrected factors that differ slightly |
|from those announced last June. This correction resulted |
|in minor, mostly offsetting, changes to previously published |
|seasonally adjusted estimates. |
| Following usual practice of 6-month updates of seasonal |
|adjustment factors, new factors for the establishment survey |
|data for November 1996 through April 1997 will be developed |
|using data through October. For the first time, revised |
|seasonal adjustment factors for September and October also |
|will be included in the 6-month updates and used in the |
|estimates published in next month's release. With this |
|change, the most recent 3 months of data will be based on the |
|new seasonal factors, thus improving current trend analysis. |
|Seasonal adjustment factors for September 1996 through April |
|1997 will be published in the December 1996 issue of Employment|
|and Earnings. As a new service to users, these factors will be|
|available on November 29, 1 week prior to the release of |
|November estimates, on the Internet |
|(http://stats.bls.gov:80/ceshome.htm) or by calling FAXSTAT at |
|(202) 606-6325 and requesting document 3030. |
----------------------------------------------------------------
_________________________
The Employment Situation for November 1996 is scheduled to be released
on Friday, December 6, at 8:30 A.M. (EST).
- 5 -
Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1996,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing over 47 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
- 6 -
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
- 7 -
period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
- 8 -
monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.6 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $13.00 per issue or
$35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-
H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-
5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 199,192 201,060 201,273 199,192 200,459 200,641 200,847 201,060 201,273
Civilian labor force.......................... 132,863 134,230 135,015 132,473 133,669 134,181 133,885 134,340 134,574
Participation rate...................... 66.7 66.8 67.1 66.5 66.7 66.9 66.7 66.8 66.9
Employed.................................... 125,979 127,529 128,439 125,244 126,610 126,884 127,055 127,368 127,627
Employment-population ratio............. 63.2 63.4 63.8 62.9 63.2 63.2 63.3 63.3 63.4
Agriculture............................... 3,479 3,607 3,515 3,434 3,382 3,502 3,421 3,535 3,457
Nonagricultural industries................ 122,500 123,922 124,924 121,810 123,228 123,382 123,635 123,833 124,169
Unemployed.................................. 6,884 6,700 6,577 7,229 7,060 7,297 6,830 6,971 6,948
Unemployment rate....................... 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2
Not in labor force............................ 66,329 66,831 66,258 66,719 66,790 66,460 66,962 66,721 66,699
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 95,492 96,447 96,556 95,492 96,140 96,230 96,335 96,447 96,556
Civilian labor force.......................... 71,324 72,028 72,436 71,238 72,121 72,375 71,973 72,102 72,375
Participation rate...................... 74.7 74.7 75.0 74.6 75.0 75.2 74.7 74.8 75.0
Employed.................................... 67,850 68,614 69,099 67,416 68,283 68,400 68,442 68,319 68,669
Employment-population ratio............. 71.1 71.1 71.6 70.6 71.0 71.1 71.0 70.8 71.1
Unemployed.................................. 3,474 3,413 3,337 3,822 3,837 3,975 3,531 3,783 3,706
Unemployment rate....................... 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.4 5.3 5.5 4.9 5.2 5.1
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 88,027 88,733 88,840 88,027 88,570 88,614 88,650 88,733 88,840
Civilian labor force.......................... 67,473 68,140 68,495 67,193 68,118 68,274 68,114 68,072 68,247
Participation rate...................... 76.7 76.8 77.1 76.3 76.9 77.0 76.8 76.7 76.8
Employed.................................... 64,711 65,353 65,854 64,146 64,962 65,094 65,286 64,978 65,293
Employment-population ratio............. 73.5 73.7 74.1 72.9 73.3 73.5 73.6 73.2 73.5
Agriculture............................... 2,398 2,439 2,478 2,351 2,292 2,381 2,352 2,377 2,419
Nonagricultural industries................ 62,313 62,914 63,376 61,795 62,669 62,713 62,933 62,601 62,873
Unemployed.................................. 2,762 2,788 2,641 3,047 3,157 3,179 2,829 3,094 2,954
Unemployment rate....................... 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.2 4.5 4.3
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 103,700 104,614 104,717 103,700 104,319 104,411 104,512 104,614 104,717
Civilian labor force.......................... 61,539 62,202 62,579 61,235 61,548 61,806 61,912 62,238 62,199
Participation rate...................... 59.3 59.5 59.8 59.1 59.0 59.2 59.2 59.5 59.4
Employed.................................... 58,129 58,915 59,340 57,828 58,326 58,484 58,613 59,049 58,958
Employment-population ratio............. 56.1 56.3 56.7 55.8 55.9 56.0 56.1 56.4 56.3
Unemployed.................................. 3,410 3,287 3,240 3,407 3,222 3,322 3,299 3,189 3,242
Unemployment rate....................... 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.2
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,487 97,226 97,290 96,487 96,999 97,064 97,146 97,226 97,290
Civilian labor force.......................... 57,978 58,548 58,902 57,516 57,893 58,102 58,225 58,356 58,372
Participation rate...................... 60.1 60.2 60.5 59.6 59.7 59.9 59.9 60.0 60.0
Employed.................................... 55,113 55,776 56,179 54,661 55,211 55,266 55,522 55,711 55,657
Employment-population ratio............. 57.1 57.4 57.7 56.7 56.9 56.9 57.2 57.3 57.2
Agriculture............................... 847 890 823 816 842 863 829 881 794
Nonagricultural industries................ 54,266 54,886 55,356 53,845 54,369 54,403 54,693 54,831 54,862
Unemployed.................................. 2,864 2,772 2,723 2,855 2,682 2,837 2,704 2,645 2,715
Unemployment rate....................... 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population........... 14,678 15,101 15,143 14,678 14,890 14,963 15,051 15,101 15,143
Civilian labor force.......................... 7,412 7,541 7,618 7,764 7,658 7,805 7,545 7,911 7,956
Participation rate...................... 50.5 49.9 50.3 52.9 51.4 52.2 50.1 52.4 52.5
Employed.................................... 6,154 6,401 6,406 6,437 6,437 6,524 6,248 6,679 6,677
Employment-population ratio............. 41.9 42.4 42.3 43.9 43.2 43.6 41.5 44.2 44.1
Agriculture............................... 233 278 214 267 248 258 240 278 244
Nonagricultural industries................ 5,920 6,123 6,192 6,170 6,189 6,266 6,008 6,401 6,434
Unemployed.................................. 1,258 1,140 1,212 1,327 1,221 1,280 1,297 1,232 1,278
Unemployment rate....................... 17.0 15.1 15.9 17.1 15.9 16.4 17.2 15.6 16.1
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 167,327 168,639 168,788 167,327 168,222 168,345 168,489 168,639 168,788
Civilian labor force.......................... 112,322 113,275 113,830 112,147 112,941 113,076 112,832 113,316 113,616
Participation rate........................ 67.1 67.2 67.4 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.0 67.2 67.3
Employed.................................... 107,294 108,495 109,162 106,761 107,757 107,772 107,828 108,256 108,603
Employment-population ratio............... 64.1 64.3 64.7 63.8 64.1 64.0 64.0 64.2 64.3
Unemployed.................................. 5,027 4,780 4,668 5,386 5,184 5,304 5,004 5,060 5,013
Unemployment rate......................... 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 57,852 58,369 58,687 57,717 58,426 58,456 58,354 58,303 58,558
Participation rate........................ 77.1 77.2 77.6 76.9 77.5 77.5 77.3 77.1 77.4
Employed.................................... 55,783 56,344 56,738 55,383 56,047 56,079 56,174 56,008 56,344
Employment-population ratio............... 74.3 74.6 75.0 73.8 74.3 74.3 74.4 74.1 74.5
Unemployed.................................. 2,069 2,024 1,949 2,334 2,379 2,376 2,179 2,295 2,215
Unemployment rate......................... 3.6 3.5 3.3 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.8
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 48,254 48,536 48,734 47,909 47,956 47,981 48,124 48,286 48,337
Participation rate........................ 59.8 59.8 60.0 59.4 59.2 59.2 59.3 59.5 59.5
Employed.................................... 46,192 46,591 46,847 45,820 46,063 46,009 46,217 46,406 46,429
Employment-population ratio............... 57.2 57.4 57.7 56.8 56.9 56.8 57.0 57.2 57.2
Unemployed.................................. 2,061 1,945 1,886 2,089 1,894 1,972 1,907 1,881 1,907
Unemployment rate......................... 4.3 4.0 3.9 4.4 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force.......................... 6,216 6,370 6,409 6,521 6,558 6,639 6,354 6,726 6,721
Participation rate........................ 53.8 53.4 53.6 56.5 55.5 56.0 53.5 56.4 56.2
Employed.................................... 5,319 5,560 5,576 5,558 5,647 5,684 5,437 5,842 5,830
Employment-population ratio............... 46.1 46.6 46.7 48.1 47.8 48.0 45.7 49.0 48.8
Unemployed.................................. 897 811 833 963 911 955 917 885 891
Unemployment rate......................... 14.4 12.7 13.0 14.8 13.9 14.4 14.4 13.2 13.3
Men..................................... 16.2 13.8 14.9 16.8 14.7 16.6 15.6 14.5 15.4
Women................................... 12.4 11.5 10.9 12.5 13.0 12.0 13.2 11.8 11.0
BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,357 23,690 23,728 23,357 23,579 23,611 23,650 23,690 23,728
Civilian labor force.......................... 14,943 15,132 15,370 14,856 14,955 15,279 15,361 15,167 15,291
Participation rate........................ 64.0 63.9 64.8 63.6 63.4 64.7 65.0 64.0 64.4
Employed.................................... 13,520 13,547 13,796 13,370 13,451 13,671 13,750 13,569 13,644
Employment-population ratio............... 57.9 57.2 58.1 57.2 57.0 57.9 58.1 57.3 57.5
Unemployed.................................. 1,423 1,585 1,574 1,486 1,504 1,609 1,611 1,597 1,647
Unemployment rate......................... 9.5 10.5 10.2 10.0 10.1 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.8
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 6,746 6,840 6,888 6,676 6,728 6,867 6,890 6,849 6,843
Participation rate........................ 72.4 72.6 72.9 71.7 71.5 72.9 73.2 72.7 72.4
Employed.................................... 6,244 6,190 6,294 6,125 6,110 6,233 6,326 6,177 6,189
Employment-population ratio............... 67.0 65.7 66.6 65.7 64.9 66.2 67.2 65.6 65.5
Unemployed.................................. 502 651 594 551 617 634 564 672 654
Unemployment rate......................... 7.4 9.5 8.6 8.3 9.2 9.2 8.2 9.8 9.6
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 7,333 7,429 7,578 7,259 7,373 7,504 7,511 7,417 7,491
Participation rate........................ 62.5 62.6 63.8 61.9 62.4 63.4 63.4 62.5 63.0
Employed.................................... 6,699 6,767 6,905 6,637 6,743 6,830 6,824 6,794 6,830
Employment-population ratio............... 57.1 57.0 58.1 56.6 57.0 57.7 57.6 57.3 57.5
Unemployed.................................. 634 662 673 622 630 674 687 623 661
Unemployment rate......................... 8.6 8.9 8.9 8.6 8.5 9.0 9.1 8.4 8.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force.......................... 864 863 904 921 854 908 960 901 957
Participation rate........................ 37.4 35.9 37.6 39.9 36.4 38.5 40.2 37.5 39.9
Employed.................................... 578 591 597 608 598 607 599 598 625
Employment-population ratio............... 25.0 24.6 24.9 26.3 25.4 25.8 25.1 24.9 26.1
Unemployed.................................. 286 272 306 313 256 301 361 303 331
Unemployment rate......................... 33.1 31.5 33.9 34.0 30.0 33.1 37.6 33.6 34.6
Men..................................... 33.4 32.1 35.1 35.3 35.3 43.3 38.6 36.6 37.1
Women................................... 32.8 30.9 32.7 32.7 25.0 20.9 36.5 30.7 32.1
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 18,800 19,346 19,398 18,800 19,184 19,238 19,292 19,346 19,398
Civilian labor force.......................... 12,504 12,912 13,109 12,410 12,576 12,641 12,877 12,822 12,986
Participation rate........................ 66.5 66.7 67.6 66.0 65.6 65.7 66.7 66.3 66.9
Employed.................................... 11,378 11,895 12,097 11,251 11,472 11,500 11,750 11,766 11,942
Employment-population ratio............... 60.5 61.5 62.4 59.8 59.8 59.8 60.9 60.8 61.6
Unemployed.................................. 1,126 1,016 1,012 1,159 1,104 1,141 1,127 1,057 1,044
Unemployment rate......................... 9.0 7.9 7.7 9.3 8.8 9.0 8.7 8.2 8.0
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over............... 125,979 127,529 128,439 125,244 126,610 126,884 127,055 127,368 127,627
Married men, spouse present................... 42,647 42,603 42,964 42,281 42,587 42,478 42,622 42,265 42,623
Married women, spouse present................. 32,460 32,798 32,800 32,185 32,649 32,713 32,732 32,765 32,507
Women who maintain families................... 7,126 7,443 7,412 7,089 7,360 7,230 7,291 7,443 7,390
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty......... 36,031 36,759 37,212 35,758 36,696 36,361 36,520 36,741 36,911
Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 37,327 37,725 38,004 37,337 37,683 37,795 37,858 37,801 38,004
Service occupations........................... 16,879 17,200 17,208 16,994 17,215 17,418 17,397 17,533 17,242
Precision production, craft, and repair....... 13,665 13,881 13,779 13,459 13,572 13,439 13,701 13,717 13,602
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,336 18,199 18,552 18,034 18,137 18,392 18,075 18,047 18,250
Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,740 3,766 3,684 3,692 3,472 3,594 3,500 3,576 3,619
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers..................... 1,877 1,899 1,849 1,806 1,900 1,863 1,802 1,833 1,793
Self-employed workers....................... 1,557 1,616 1,597 1,543 1,457 1,564 1,528 1,597 1,585
Unpaid family workers....................... 44 92 69 49 35 52 65 97 75
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers..................... 113,374 114,960 115,748 112,777 114,130 114,294 114,634 114,908 115,120
Government................................ 18,394 18,052 18,270 18,244 18,329 18,294 18,286 18,088 18,107
Private industries........................ 94,980 96,908 97,478 94,533 95,801 96,000 96,348 96,820 97,012
Private households...................... 958 976 1,017 973 812 935 1,009 1,006 1,023
Other industries........................ 94,022 95,932 96,462 93,560 94,989 95,065 95,339 95,814 95,989
Self-employed workers....................... 9,023 8,825 9,035 8,913 9,073 8,998 8,876 8,763 8,928
Unpaid family workers....................... 103 138 140 102 136 130 121 127 137
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,092 4,012 3,973 4,433 4,301 4,366 4,354 4,309 4,300
Slack work or business conditions......... 2,324 2,215 2,053 2,520 2,322 2,589 2,477 2,426 2,217
Could only find part-time work............ 1,504 1,531 1,602 1,652 1,569 1,494 1,610 1,616 1,746
Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 18,673 18,223 18,636 17,678 18,211 17,814 18,229 17,710 17,631
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons.............. 3,923 3,852 3,803 4,274 4,146 4,159 4,205 4,128 4,125
Slack work or business conditions......... 2,221 2,114 1,949 2,426 2,215 2,457 2,350 2,318 2,112
Could only find part-time work............ 1,457 1,495 1,575 1,610 1,542 1,479 1,600 1,574 1,732
Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 18,016 17,530 17,995 17,054 17,623 17,157 17,613 17,036 17,008
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Category
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over....................... 7,229 6,971 6,948 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2
Men, 20 years and over....................... 3,047 3,094 2,954 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.2 4.5 4.3
Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,855 2,645 2,715 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,327 1,232 1,278 17.1 15.9 16.4 17.2 15.6 16.1
Married men, spouse present.................. 1,389 1,323 1,322 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0
Married women, spouse present................ 1,295 1,106 1,187 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.5
Women who maintain families.................. 607 674 685 7.9 7.6 9.1 8.8 8.3 8.5
Full-time workers............................ 5,846 5,611 5,664 5.4 5.2 5.3 4.9 5.1 5.1
Part-time workers............................ 1,457 1,359 1,341 5.9 5.6 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.5
OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty........ 867 883 797 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.1
Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,745 1,767 1,796 4.5 4.1 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.5
Precision production, craft, and repair...... 872 798 812 6.1 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.5 5.6
Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,580 1,422 1,527 8.1 7.9 7.7 7.8 7.3 7.7
Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 334 269 256 8.3 7.7 6.3 5.8 7.0 6.6
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary
workers...................................... 5,756 5,366 5,459 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.3
Goods-producing industries................. 1,821 1,514 1,643 6.5 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.8
Mining................................... 54 31 36 8.7 4.7 2.8 4.4 5.1 6.1
Construction............................. 752 593 626 11.7 9.5 10.1 8.8 9.1 9.6
Manufacturing............................ 1,015 890 981 4.8 5.1 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.7
Durable goods.......................... 530 497 544 4.3 4.6 4.2 3.8 4.0 4.4
Nondurable goods....................... 485 394 436 5.6 5.7 5.3 6.0 4.6 5.1
Service-producing industries............... 3,935 3,852 3,817 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.1
Transportation and public utilities...... 303 285 323 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.5
Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,638 1,579 1,643 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 236 241 210 3.3 2.6 2.8 2.4 3.2 2.8
Services................................. 1,758 1,747 1,640 5.5 5.1 5.5 5.2 5.3 4.9
Government workers........................... 536 552 540 2.9 2.7 3.2 2.7 3.0 2.9
Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 250 226 195 12.2 9.2 8.6 7.4 11.0 9.8
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,529 2,581 2,291 2,744 2,485 2,701 2,486 2,446 2,487
5 to 14 weeks.................................. 2,257 1,998 2,174 2,348 2,160 2,322 2,129 2,245 2,269
15 weeks and over.............................. 2,099 2,122 2,112 2,281 2,435 2,319 2,248 2,279 2,306
15 to 26 weeks.............................. 952 935 982 1,010 1,116 958 978 1,054 1,076
27 weeks and over........................... 1,147 1,187 1,130 1,271 1,319 1,361 1,270 1,225 1,230
Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 16.2 16.9 16.7 16.2 17.6 16.8 17.4 17.0 16.7
Median duration, in weeks...................... 7.9 8.5 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.6 8.5 8.9 8.3
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks............................ 36.7 38.5 34.8 37.2 35.1 36.8 36.2 35.1 35.2
5 to 14 weeks................................ 32.8 29.8 33.1 31.8 30.5 31.6 31.0 32.2 32.1
15 weeks and over............................ 30.5 31.7 32.1 30.9 34.4 31.6 32.8 32.7 32.6
15 to 26 weeks............................. 13.8 14.0 14.9 13.7 15.8 13.1 14.3 15.1 15.2
27 weeks and over.......................... 16.7 17.7 17.2 17.2 18.6 18.5 18.5 17.6 17.4
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Reason
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 3,104 2,812 2,757 3,457 3,431 3,343 3,054 3,225 3,098
On temporary layoff................................... 719 674 649 1,018 990 953 889 1,059 938
Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,384 2,138 2,108 2,439 2,441 2,391 2,165 2,167 2,160
Permanent job losers................................ 1,686 1,450 1,476 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 698 688 632 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers............................................. 799 892 848 762 676 749 773 807 809
Reentrants.............................................. 2,490 2,495 2,468 2,506 2,419 2,529 2,448 2,404 2,483
New entrants............................................ 492 500 504 559 528 623 548 545 575
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed........................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 45.1 42.0 41.9 47.5 48.6 46.1 44.8 46.2 44.5
On temporary layoff.................................. 10.5 10.1 9.9 14.0 14.0 13.1 13.0 15.2 13.5
Not on temporary layoff.............................. 34.6 31.9 32.1 33.5 34.6 33.0 31.7 31.0 31.0
Job leavers............................................ 11.6 13.3 12.9 10.5 9.6 10.3 11.3 11.6 11.6
Reentrants............................................. 36.2 37.2 37.5 34.4 34.3 34.9 35.9 34.4 35.6
New entrants........................................... 7.1 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.5 8.6 8.0 7.8 8.3
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3
Job leavers............................................ .6 .7 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 .6 .6
Reentrants............................................. 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8
New entrants........................................... .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .4 .4 .4
1 Not available.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Measure
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force.................................................... 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force
plus discouraged workers....................................... 5.5 5.3 5.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other
marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian
labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 6.3 6.1 5.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus
total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 9.3 9.0 8.8 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7
of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking
for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past.
Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently
looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time
work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of
alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Age and sex
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 7,229 6,971 6,948 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2
16 to 24 years.................................. 2,594 2,386 2,456 12.2 11.7 12.2 11.5 11.2 11.5
16 to 19 years................................ 1,327 1,232 1,278 17.1 15.9 16.4 17.2 15.6 16.1
16 to 17 years.............................. 657 564 600 20.4 19.0 19.4 19.1 17.2 17.8
18 to 19 years.............................. 687 675 698 15.1 13.4 14.1 16.0 14.5 15.1
20 to 24 years................................ 1,267 1,153 1,178 9.4 9.3 9.7 8.3 8.7 8.8
25 years and over............................... 4,660 4,587 4,508 4.2 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.0
25 to 54 years................................ 4,164 4,096 4,058 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2
55 years and over............................. 558 528 497 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.1 3.3 3.1
Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,822 3,783 3,706 5.4 5.3 5.5 4.9 5.2 5.1
16 to 24 years................................ 1,444 1,306 1,372 12.9 12.4 13.3 11.5 11.9 12.2
16 to 19 years.............................. 775 689 752 19.2 17.0 19.4 18.2 17.1 18.2
16 to 17 years............................ 357 307 337 21.5 20.5 24.2 22.0 18.6 19.4
18 to 19 years............................ 414 383 416 17.4 14.2 16.1 15.9 16.1 17.3
20 to 24 years.............................. 669 618 621 9.3 9.7 9.8 7.7 8.8 8.7
25 years and over............................. 2,399 2,466 2,347 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.0 3.8
25 to 54 years.............................. 2,122 2,210 2,104 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.8 4.2 4.0
55 years and over........................... 296 287 259 3.4 3.5 3.8 3.2 3.2 2.9
Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,407 3,189 3,242 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.2
16 to 24 years................................ 1,150 1,079 1,083 11.5 11.0 10.9 11.6 10.6 10.7
16 to 19 years.............................. 552 544 526 14.8 14.8 13.1 16.2 14.0 13.8
16 to 17 years............................ 300 256 263 19.2 17.5 14.4 16.3 15.7 16.2
18 to 19 years............................ 273 292 281 12.6 12.5 11.8 16.0 12.9 12.7
20 to 24 years.............................. 598 535 557 9.5 8.7 9.5 8.9 8.5 8.9
25 years and over............................. 2,261 2,121 2,161 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.1
25 to 54 years.............................. 2,042 1,886 1,954 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.3
55 years and over........................... 262 241 237 3.7 3.6 3.7 2.9 3.4 3.4
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct.
1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force.................................... 66,329 66,258 24,168 24,120 42,161 42,138
Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,370 5,080 2,126 1,976 3,244 3,104
Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,587 1,447 751 687 837 760
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 412 374 248 238 164 137
Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,175 1,073 503 449 672 624
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,970 8,369 4,328 4,376 3,641 3,993
Percent of total employed................................... 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.7
Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,505 4,532 2,709 2,603 1,796 1,929
Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,860 1,878 603 564 1,257 1,314
Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 291 277 227 193 64 84
Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,274 1,640 769 984 504 656
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during
the reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or
old, and other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and
transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown
separately.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p
Total......................... 118,664 119,781 120,508 121,168 117,749 119,537 119,772 120,052 120,017 120,227
Total private.................... 99,042 101,492 101,235 101,379 98,410 100,091 100,288 100,446 100,478 100,728
Goods-producing......................... 24,510 24,759 24,678 24,628 24,151 24,274 24,264 24,298 24,245 24,262
Mining................................ 580 580 575 576 573 575 570 570 568 569
Metal mining........................ 50.6 53.1 52.0 51.7 51 52 52 52 52 52
Coal mining......................... 104.2 99.3 98.5 98.6 104 101 100 99 98 99
Oil and gas extraction.............. 315.8 315.1 312.3 314.1 312 314 310 311 310 310
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 109.3 112.7 111.9 111.1 106 108 108 108 108 108
Construction.......................... 5,464 5,783 5,740 5,729 5,200 5,401 5,427 5,437 5,445 5,455
General building contractors........ 1,235.7 1,295.6 1,277.5 1,272.6 1,198 1,232 1,231 1,232 1,233 1,234
Heavy construction, except building. 833.8 843.0 845.8 839.5 755 768 769 770 764 761
Special trade contractors........... 3,394.2 3,644.6 3,616.3 3,616.5 3,247 3,401 3,427 3,435 3,448 3,460
Manufacturing......................... 18,466 18,396 18,363 18,323 18,378 18,298 18,267 18,291 18,232 18,238
Production workers................ 12,790 12,718 12,714 12,677 12,707 12,634 12,614 12,626 12,588 12,595
Durable goods........................ 10,662 10,712 10,712 10,702 10,631 10,696 10,680 10,711 10,676 10,674
Production workers................ 7,298 7,330 7,345 7,339 7,272 7,326 7,313 7,339 7,311 7,313
Lumber and wood products............ 769.8 782.3 778.5 777.1 762 767 764 769 766 770
Furniture and fixtures.............. 507.1 500.0 501.1 501.7 504 500 500 499 500 499
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 544.0 548.3 547.2 546.6 536 536 535 536 536 538
Primary metal industries............ 708.1 706.4 706.3 702.5 708 708 700 706 704 702
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 239.1 239.1 237.7 232.9 240 239 237 237 237 234
Fabricated metal products........... 1,443.4 1,455.6 1,460.2 1,463.1 1,439 1,450 1,454 1,456 1,458 1,460
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,067.8 2,081.2 2,075.6 2,076.0 2,075 2,088 2,088 2,089 2,078 2,084
Computer and office equipment..... 354.5 359.4 356.6 356.6 355 359 357 359 357 357
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,638.9 1,651.7 1,650.0 1,648.4 1,637 1,651 1,656 1,654 1,649 1,646
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 595.6 615.3 611.4 609.7 596 614 616 615 611 610
Transportation equipment............ 1,756.1 1,765.9 1,772.9 1,765.3 1,751 1,775 1,766 1,784 1,771 1,761
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 970.5 957.7 962.2 948.5 966 967 950 967 959 945
Aircraft and parts................ 422.0 451.1 455.2 462.5 421 446 453 454 456 462
Instruments and related products.... 832.2 834.0 832.5 831.9 832 835 832 833 831 832
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 394.7 386.4 387.2 389.1 387 386 385 385 383 382
Nondurable goods..................... 7,804 7,684 7,651 7,621 7,747 7,602 7,587 7,580 7,556 7,564
Production workers................ 5,492 5,388 5,369 5,338 5,435 5,308 5,301 5,287 5,277 5,282
Food and kindred products........... 1,720.5 1,721.4 1,708.1 1,680.1 1,676 1,647 1,640 1,641 1,633 1,637
Tobacco products.................... 44.1 39.8 42.5 42.6 42 41 40 39 40 40
Textile mill products............... 655.9 637.4 633.1 632.5 655 637 637 633 631 632
Apparel and other textile products.. 908.9 842.3 844.5 838.1 901 847 849 837 836 831
Paper and allied products........... 687.8 678.7 676.4 674.3 688 676 672 673 673 674
Printing and publishing............. 1,535.8 1,525.9 1,520.4 1,526.1 1,538 1,528 1,527 1,527 1,524 1,528
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,030.4 1,026.3 1,018.4 1,019.4 1,031 1,020 1,019 1,021 1,017 1,020
Petroleum and coal products......... 144.0 142.4 140.2 139.2 142 140 139 139 138 137
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 972.4 974.1 972.6 974.3 971 969 968 976 971 972
Leather and leather products........ 104.5 95.5 94.8 94.8 103 97 96 94 93 93
Service-producing....................... 94,154 95,022 95,830 96,540 93,598 95,263 95,508 95,754 95,772 95,965
Transportation and public utilities... 6,263 6,331 6,382 6,388 6,212 6,329 6,333 6,342 6,330 6,337
Transportation...................... 3,994 4,030 4,091 4,101 3,947 4,045 4,051 4,056 4,045 4,055
Railroad transportation........... 237.2 232.6 233.4 232.1 236 231 229 230 232 231
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 449.5 393.1 468.7 476.5 431 454 458 463 454 457
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,900.9 1,909.4 1,899.8 1,897.4 1,872 1,891 1,888 1,882 1,875 1,869
Water transportation.............. 173.2 179.6 176.0 171.7 173 171 172 173 170 172
Transportation by air............. 800.4 856.1 854.6 861.1 802 844 848 850 854 863
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.5 14.1 13.8 13.7 14 14 14 14 14 14
Transportation services........... 418.3 444.7 445.0 448.9 419 440 442 444 446 449
Communications and public utilities. 2,269 2,301 2,291 2,287 2,265 2,284 2,282 2,286 2,285 2,282
Communications.................... 1,357.0 1,403.8 1,401.2 1,401.7 1,352 1,388 1,391 1,398 1,398 1,397
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 912.2 897.4 889.5 884.8 913 896 891 888 887 885
Wholesale trade....................... 6,483 6,638 6,630 6,650 6,465 6,575 6,585 6,603 6,613 6,632
Durable goods....................... 3,775 3,886 3,871 3,875 3,778 3,857 3,862 3,871 3,874 3,878
Nondurable goods.................... 2,708 2,752 2,759 2,775 2,687 2,718 2,723 2,732 2,739 2,754
Retail trade.......................... 21,284 21,855 21,801 21,785 21,263 21,568 21,671 21,672 21,699 21,761
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 873.8 946.2 935.9 935.1 873 917 922 923 930 934
General merchandise stores.......... 2,738.0 2,699.1 2,714.2 2,786.3 2,700 2,721 2,732 2,745 2,738 2,746
Department stores................. 2,410.8 2,386.9 2,401.7 2,467.4 2,376 2,408 2,413 2,422 2,415 2,432
Food stores......................... 3,380.9 3,456.3 3,437.6 3,457.6 3,379 3,420 3,435 3,442 3,435 3,454
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,211.6 2,316.5 2,313.9 2,310.7 2,206 2,272 2,285 2,291 2,299 2,305
New and used car dealers.......... 1,005.4 1,041.5 1,043.3 1,046.1 1,002 1,030 1,034 1,037 1,037 1,043
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,101.1 1,099.0 1,082.3 1,089.3 1,109 1,101 1,103 1,098 1,099 1,097
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 947.8 978.9 984.0 996.3 948 972 981 989 993 996
Eating and drinking places.......... 7,361.8 7,700.5 7,647.9 7,482.0 7,391 7,485 7,528 7,489 7,502 7,514
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,669.3 2,658.4 2,684.8 2,727.4 2,657 2,680 2,685 2,695 2,703 2,715
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,839 7,079 7,014 7,009 6,859 6,967 6,987 6,999 7,003 7,029
Finance............................. 3,235 3,360 3,335 3,338 3,248 3,319 3,329 3,339 3,337 3,352
Depository institutions........... 2,011.2 2,045.6 2,026.9 2,027.8 2,019 2,029 2,030 2,028 2,026 2,036
Commercial banks................ 1,457.9 1,484.3 1,471.3 1,472.5 1,464 1,469 1,472 1,471 1,472 1,478
Savings institutions............ 268.4 265.4 260.2 259.2 270 268 265 265 261 260
Nondepository institutions........ 470.2 519.4 519.7 520.1 473 509 514 519 521 523
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 208.0 234.3 234.3 232.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Security and commodity brokers.... 523.3 550.8 546.6 548.6 525 541 543 548 547 550
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 230.5 244.1 242.2 241.8 231 240 242 244 243 243
Insurance........................... 2,243 2,267 2,261 2,262 2,249 2,259 2,261 2,259 2,264 2,267
Insurance carriers................ 1,541.9 1,557.1 1,551.3 1,552.8 1,546 1,551 1,553 1,551 1,553 1,556
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 701.1 709.8 709.3 709.5 703 708 708 708 711 711
Real estate......................... 1,361 1,452 1,418 1,409 1,362 1,389 1,397 1,401 1,402 1,410
Services2............................. 33,663 34,830 34,730 34,919 33,460 34,378 34,448 34,532 34,588 34,707
Agricultural services............... 606.3 676.6 650.3 641.2 584 615 619 619 616 618
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,658.3 1,829.4 1,733.9 1,686.5 1,656 1,704 1,690 1,684 1,682 1,684
Personal services................... 1,136.7 1,135.5 1,148.5 1,158.9 1,166 1,174 1,174 1,179 1,180 1,188
Business services................... 7,050.3 7,348.6 7,384.9 7,438.4 6,900 7,188 7,225 7,269 7,277 7,279
Services to buildings............. 888.2 901.5 892.0 891.8 887 895 893 893 888 891
Personnel supply services......... 2,637.9 2,756.0 2,805.7 2,832.1 2,511 2,648 2,668 2,696 2,708 2,694
Help supply services............ 2,339.6 2,449.2 2,494.5 2,520.1 2,221 2,352 2,368 2,393 2,402 2,391
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,112.7 1,219.2 1,225.4 1,237.6 1,116 1,195 1,206 1,218 1,227 1,241
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,034.1 1,111.8 1,110.1 1,116.2 1,035 1,085 1,096 1,105 1,105 1,117
Miscellaneous repair services....... 357.7 369.6 368.8 368.1 355 366 365 366 367 366
Motion pictures..................... 491.7 539.2 525.6 523.8 503 529 532 524 543 535
Amusement and recreation services... 1,420.7 1,765.1 1,589.8 1,492.4 1,472 1,504 1,514 1,515 1,506 1,544
Health services..................... 9,349.4 9,619.8 9,614.3 9,646.8 9,347 9,565 9,576 9,591 9,621 9,645
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,623.3 1,690.4 1,687.4 1,693.1 1,623 1,674 1,677 1,681 1,687 1,693
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,709.0 1,756.0 1,752.7 1,757.5 1,707 1,744 1,747 1,749 1,750 1,755
Hospitals......................... 3,799.7 3,858.2 3,857.5 3,866.4 3,802 3,847 3,849 3,849 3,863 3,869
Home health care services......... 643.9 657.9 661.6 664.5 641 658 656 658 658 663
Legal services...................... 918.8 940.5 926.4 931.6 923 929 933 935 933 936
Educational services................ 2,103.5 1,727.4 1,956.3 2,149.6 1,974 2,001 2,017 2,014 1,996 2,017
Social services..................... 2,358.7 2,368.0 2,392.1 2,421.4 2,352 2,395 2,390 2,392 2,407 2,418
Child day care services........... 580.3 523.0 574.8 590.0 567 570 568 577 569 577
Residential care.................. 643.6 677.3 667.8 670.5 646 665 669 672 671 673
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 82.2 91.7 86.2 87.1 81 85 85 85 84 86
Membership organizations............ 2,116.7 2,189.4 2,134.3 2,142.3 2,126 2,148 2,146 2,154 2,151 2,151
Engineering and management services. 2,786.2 2,922.9 2,913.9 2,922.0 2,795 2,897 2,893 2,906 2,926 2,931
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 823.1 862.7 857.3 858.4 821 848 844 848 854 856
Management and public relations... 853.1 914.7 921.5 925.9 852 900 903 907 918 924
Services, nec....................... 44.8 47.1 47.0 45.6 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Government............................ 19,622 18,289 19,273 19,789 19,339 19,446 19,484 19,606 19,539 19,499
Federal............................. 2,787 2,758 2,740 2,720 2,801 2,756 2,752 2,739 2,741 2,733
Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,942.0 1,910.6 1,891.7 1,867.3 1,953 1,906 1,897 1,888 1,885 1,878
State............................... 4,756 4,402 4,603 4,769 4,636 4,654 4,659 4,674 4,677 4,648
Education......................... 2,067.1 1,684.4 1,914.2 2,100.4 1,935 1,968 1,981 1,984 1,990 1,967
Other State government............ 2,689.0 2,717.8 2,689.1 2,668.6 2,701 2,686 2,678 2,690 2,687 2,681
Local............................... 12,079 11,129 11,930 12,300 11,902 12,036 12,073 12,193 12,121 12,118
Education......................... 6,876.9 5,597.7 6,600.7 7,027.0 6,629 6,719 6,768 6,862 6,782 6,774
Other local government............ 5,202.0 5,531.4 5,329.0 5,273.0 5,273 5,317 5,305 5,331 5,339 5,344
1 This series is not suitable for seasonal adjustment because it has very little seasonal and irregular movement.
Thus, the not seasonally adjusted series can be used for analysis of cyclical and long-term trends.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p
Total private.................... 34.7 34.8 34.9 34.5 34.5 34.7 34.2 34.4 34.7 34.3
Goods-producing......................... 41.4 41.4 41.7 41.5 41.0 41.1 41.0 41.1 41.1 41.0
Mining................................ 45.4 45.3 45.9 46.0 44.9 45.9 44.9 44.8 45.1 45.5
Construction.......................... 40.1 39.8 39.7 39.8 39.1 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.4 38.8
Manufacturing......................... 41.7 41.8 42.3 41.9 41.4 41.8 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.6
Overtime hours.................... 4.6 4.7 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5
Durable goods........................ 42.6 42.5 43.0 42.6 42.3 42.6 42.3 42.5 42.6 42.3
Overtime hours.................... 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.0 4.6 5.0 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8
Lumber and wood products............ 41.2 41.4 41.7 41.4 40.7 41.2 41.1 40.9 41.2 40.8
Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.1 40.0 40.4 40.2 39.4 39.5 39.7 39.5 39.6 39.6
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.8 44.0 44.3 43.9 43.1 43.5 43.2 43.2 43.3 43.2
Primary metal industries............ 43.7 44.1 44.8 44.4 43.8 44.2 44.0 44.5 44.5 44.5
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 44.0 44.0 44.5 44.5 44.2 44.5 44.3 44.2 44.1 44.7
Fabricated metal products........... 42.6 42.6 43.0 42.6 42.2 42.6 42.4 42.5 42.4 42.2
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.2 42.7 43.3 43.0 43.1 43.3 43.1 42.8 43.0 43.0
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 42.2 41.5 41.9 41.6 42.0 41.6 41.2 41.7 41.6 41.4
Transportation equipment............ 43.8 44.3 45.1 44.1 43.4 44.4 43.9 44.7 44.7 43.7
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 44.8 45.5 46.3 45.0 44.3 45.7 45.5 46.4 45.9 44.5
Instruments and related products.... 41.4 41.6 42.0 41.8 41.4 41.9 41.4 41.7 41.9 41.8
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.3 39.9 40.4 39.9 39.7 39.7 39.7 39.8 40.0 39.4
Nondurable goods..................... 40.6 40.9 41.3 40.9 40.3 40.7 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.6
Overtime hours.................... 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1
Food and kindred products........... 41.4 41.5 42.2 41.7 40.9 41.0 40.8 40.6 41.0 41.3
Tobacco products.................... 40.4 40.1 42.1 41.0 38.9 39.4 39.4 39.8 40.9 39.4
Textile mill products............... 40.6 41.3 41.4 41.0 40.4 40.9 40.8 40.9 40.9 40.8
Apparel and other textile products.. 36.9 37.7 37.5 37.4 36.7 37.6 37.1 37.4 37.4 37.2
Paper and allied products........... 43.1 43.4 44.0 43.8 42.8 43.5 43.4 43.3 43.6 43.5
Printing and publishing............. 38.3 38.6 38.8 38.5 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.4 38.4 38.2
Chemicals and allied products....... 43.2 42.9 43.3 43.0 43.2 43.4 43.3 43.3 43.1 43.0
Petroleum and coal products......... 44.3 43.9 44.3 44.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.5 41.6 42.0 41.5 41.4 41.5 41.5 41.7 41.7 41.3
Leather and leather products........ 38.2 39.0 39.2 39.4 37.8 38.5 38.3 38.9 38.9 38.9
Service-producing....................... 32.8 33.1 33.0 32.7 32.7 33.0 32.5 32.6 33.0 32.5
Transportation and public utilities... 39.7 40.1 40.4 40.0 39.5 40.0 39.4 39.7 40.3 39.8
Wholesale trade....................... 38.5 38.4 38.6 38.3 38.3 38.7 38.0 38.3 38.5 38.1
Retail trade.......................... 28.8 29.5 29.1 28.8 28.8 29.0 28.6 28.8 29.0 28.8
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.4 35.7 36.5 35.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Services.............................. 32.6 32.7 32.6 32.3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996p 1996p
Total private.................... $11.60 $11.77 $11.96 $11.95 $402.52 $409.60 $417.40 $412.28
Seasonally adjusted............. 11.55 11.87 11.91 11.91 398.48 408.33 413.28 408.51
Goods-producing......................... 13.20 13.55 13.67 13.63 546.48 560.97 570.04 565.65
Mining................................ 15.34 15.51 15.72 15.52 696.44 702.60 721.55 713.92
Construction.......................... 15.34 15.55 15.75 15.74 615.13 618.89 625.28 626.45
Manufacturing......................... 12.43 12.79 12.90 12.84 518.33 534.62 545.67 538.00
Durable goods........................ 12.97 13.38 13.51 13.41 552.52 568.65 580.93 571.27
Lumber and wood products............ 10.27 10.53 10.56 10.53 423.12 435.94 440.35 435.94
Furniture and fixtures.............. 9.92 10.19 10.27 10.28 397.79 407.60 414.91 413.26
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.53 12.91 13.00 12.95 548.81 568.04 575.90 568.51
Primary metal industries............ 14.64 15.03 15.20 15.11 639.77 662.82 680.96 670.88
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 17.43 17.88 18.17 17.91 766.92 786.72 808.57 797.00
Fabricated metal products........... 12.17 12.51 12.63 12.51 518.44 532.93 543.09 532.93
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.33 13.64 13.77 13.72 575.86 582.43 596.24 589.96
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 11.76 12.26 12.33 12.25 496.27 508.79 516.63 509.60
Transportation equipment............ 16.75 17.31 17.50 17.31 733.65 766.83 789.25 763.37
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.51 17.87 18.13 17.82 784.45 813.09 839.42 801.90
Instruments and related products.... 12.77 13.18 13.27 13.23 528.68 548.29 557.34 553.01
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.14 10.39 10.52 10.54 408.64 414.56 425.01 420.55
Nondurable goods..................... 11.67 11.96 12.02 12.03 473.80 489.16 496.43 492.03
Food and kindred products........... 10.92 11.18 11.21 11.21 452.09 463.97 473.06 467.46
Tobacco products.................... 18.19 20.44 18.74 18.34 734.88 819.64 788.95 751.94
Textile mill products............... 9.48 9.71 9.77 9.72 384.89 401.02 404.48 398.52
Apparel and other textile products.. 7.73 7.93 8.00 8.04 285.24 298.96 300.00 300.70
Paper and allied products........... 14.31 14.70 14.74 14.72 616.76 637.98 648.56 644.74
Printing and publishing............. 12.43 12.69 12.82 12.82 476.07 489.83 497.42 493.57
Chemicals and allied products....... 15.81 16.25 16.29 16.38 682.99 697.13 705.36 704.34
Petroleum and coal products......... 19.68 18.96 19.31 19.42 871.82 832.34 855.43 856.42
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.01 11.23 11.30 11.26 456.92 467.17 474.60 467.29
Leather and leather products........ 8.23 8.63 8.71 8.70 314.39 336.57 341.43 342.78
Service-producing....................... 11.04 11.16 11.38 11.38 362.11 369.40 375.54 372.13
Transportation and public utilities... $14.46 $14.55 $14.62 $14.60 $574.06 $583.46 $590.65 $584.00
Wholesale trade....................... 12.55 12.82 12.99 12.89 483.18 492.29 501.41 493.69
Retail trade.......................... 7.77 7.95 8.06 8.12 223.78 234.53 234.55 233.86
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.53 12.72 12.89 12.86 456.09 454.10 470.49 455.24
Services.............................. 11.54 11.64 11.90 11.92 376.20 380.63 387.94 385.02
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. change
Industry 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p from:
Sept. 1996-
Oct. 1996
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $11.55 $11.83 $11.81 $11.87 $11.91 $11.91 0.0
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.42 7.44 7.41 7.45 7.45 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 13.13 13.45 13.48 13.56 13.59 13.57 -.1
Mining...................... 15.45 15.59 15.62 15.63 15.70 15.63 -.4
Construction................ 15.18 15.40 15.46 15.49 15.58 15.57 -.1
Manufacturing............... 12.46 12.77 12.79 12.89 12.90 12.87 -.2
Excluding overtime4....... 11.83 12.12 12.15 12.22 12.21 12.21 .0
Service-producing............. 11.03 11.29 11.25 11.30 11.36 11.36 .0
Transportation and public
utilities................ 14.40 14.55 14.52 14.61 14.57 14.55 -.1
Wholesale trade............. 12.54 12.91 12.81 12.88 12.99 12.89 -.8
Retail trade................ 7.76 8.00 7.96 8.01 8.02 8.11 1.1
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 12.52 12.86 12.77 12.85 12.94 12.85 -.7
Services.................... 11.52 11.79 11.78 11.82 11.90 11.90 .0
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .0 percent from August 1996 to September 1996, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p
Total private.................... 136.0 140.2 139.9 138.8 134.3 137.7 136.1 136.9 138.1 136.8
Goods-producing......................... 113.0 114.3 114.9 113.8 109.6 110.7 110.2 110.6 110.3 110.2
Mining................................ 55.4 56.0 56.5 56.6 53.7 56.0 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.9
Construction.......................... 155.9 164.5 162.5 162.6 142.7 147.1 147.8 148.0 146.9 148.5
Manufacturing......................... 107.6 107.3 108.4 107.1 106.2 106.5 105.8 106.3 106.1 105.7
Durable goods........................ 108.4 108.8 110.3 109.1 107.3 108.9 108.0 108.9 108.7 108.0
Lumber and wood products............ 138.0 141.3 141.5 140.5 134.7 137.2 136.7 136.9 137.0 136.8
Furniture and fixtures.............. 126.1 124.4 126.2 125.5 123.2 122.6 124.2 122.9 123.6 122.9
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 112.1 114.1 114.5 113.5 108.4 109.7 108.6 109.2 109.2 109.7
Primary metal industries............ 91.1 91.9 93.5 92.2 91.1 92.5 90.9 92.9 92.6 92.4
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 71.9 72.6 73.1 71.6 72.6 73.5 72.8 72.6 72.0 72.2
Fabricated metal products........... 114.8 115.6 117.5 116.7 113.2 115.2 115.0 115.8 115.2 115.1
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 102.9 101.8 103.2 102.4 103.2 103.9 103.4 102.8 102.5 102.9
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 109.9 107.7 109.0 108.3 108.9 108.3 107.8 108.7 108.2 107.4
Transportation equipment............ 118.6 122.3 125.2 121.4 117.5 123.8 121.4 125.0 124.1 120.2
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 164.3 165.2 169.3 162.1 162.3 168.7 165.1 172.9 167.9 160.0
Instruments and related products.... 73.3 73.4 74.2 74.5 73.3 74.0 72.6 73.5 74.0 74.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 106.1 102.0 104.1 103.2 102.0 102.0 101.3 101.1 101.3 99.8
Nondurable goods..................... 106.5 105.2 105.9 104.3 104.7 103.3 102.6 102.6 102.7 102.5
Food and kindred products........... 119.1 120.2 121.4 117.4 113.9 112.3 111.3 110.6 111.2 112.6
Tobacco products.................... 68.4 60.8 69.8 69.0 61.7 62.5 60.5 57.2 62.8 60.5
Textile mill products............... 93.5 92.6 92.4 91.4 92.8 91.4 91.2 91.1 90.7 90.9
Apparel and other textile products.. 81.4 76.4 76.3 75.5 80.1 76.7 76.0 75.3 75.2 74.1
Paper and allied products........... 109.7 109.5 110.7 110.0 108.9 108.4 107.7 107.9 108.8 109.2
Printing and publishing............. 124.2 124.0 124.3 123.1 123.5 122.7 123.0 123.6 123.3 122.7
Chemicals and allied products....... 102.4 99.7 99.8 99.0 102.4 100.6 100.0 99.8 99.2 99.1
Petroleum and coal products......... 78.8 77.9 77.5 76.3 76.3 76.7 75.8 75.8 75.6 73.3
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 142.4 142.4 143.7 142.1 141.4 141.0 141.2 142.8 142.4 140.9
Leather and leather products........ 48.0 44.1 44.0 44.7 46.5 44.4 43.5 43.0 43.0 43.6
Service-producing....................... 146.4 151.8 151.1 150.0 145.5 149.8 147.7 148.7 150.5 148.7
Transportation and public utilities... 127.8 130.5 132.9 131.7 125.8 130.1 128.3 129.4 131.4 129.6
Wholesale trade....................... 124.1 126.4 126.7 126.1 122.9 126.0 123.9 125.3 126.0 125.0
Retail trade.......................... 132.4 139.5 137.2 135.8 132.5 135.5 134.1 135.0 136.1 135.6
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 125.2 127.9 129.0 125.0 124.7 128.9 125.1 126.3 129.5 124.4
Services.............................. 174.3 181.0 180.0 179.4 173.0 178.7 176.4 177.5 179.7 177.5
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1992.............. 43.7 43.7 50.0 57.3 55.5 50.1 52.2 49.0 52.1 56.3 53.2 57.4
1993.............. 60.0 60.8 51.3 58.6 61.7 55.2 57.7 57.0 61.8 59.7 61.8 59.6
1994.............. 58.8 62.1 66.0 64.2 60.3 63.5 61.5 62.1 60.8 61.5 63.1 63.9
1995.............. 63.2 59.3 54.9 54.6 51.4 55.1 54.1 57.4 51.8 54.8 56.3 59.4
1996.............. 52.4 63.2 60.0 52.4 62.2 57.4 55.8 57.3 p49.7 p60.1
Over 3-month span:
1992.............. 39.7 41.9 49.7 57.0 58.4 55.8 50.6 50.1 52.8 54.4 57.6 61.2
1993.............. 63.8 61.2 61.1 59.8 63.1 62.9 59.7 63.1 64.5 67.1 64.6 63.5
1994.............. 67.1 69.5 70.4 68.7 66.4 66.0 68.5 69.5 65.3 65.6 68.0 67.8
1995.............. 66.6 63.2 56.9 53.4 54.2 52.9 56.6 53.8 54.2 54.6 58.3 57.0
1996.............. 60.7 61.8 61.2 60.0 61.0 63.6 60.3 p55.2 p58.8
Over 6-month span:
1992.............. 43.3 46.8 47.5 52.5 54.9 56.7 53.8 52.2 55.5 57.6 63.9 61.9
1993.............. 63.3 65.2 63.8 64.2 62.4 65.9 65.7 63.9 66.3 67.3 70.6 69.5
1994.............. 70.8 71.6 69.0 69.8 69.5 69.5 69.2 69.0 69.2 68.5 69.1 66.6
1995.............. 66.3 60.8 58.7 54.4 53.5 54.1 53.1 56.3 55.9 54.1 56.2 61.8
1996.............. 60.3 62.9 63.8 63.8 62.6 p58.7 p64.5
Over 12-month span:
1992.............. 47.2 42.3 42.7 44.1 48.0 52.5 55.8 60.7 59.7 61.4 62.9 62.9
1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1
1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.4 65.7 65.0
1995.............. 62.6 60.8 60.1 61.2 58.1 57.7 54.5 58.7 58.6 57.3 59.4 59.8
1996.............. 61.0 61.7 p61.2 p60.8
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1992.............. 37.4 39.9 43.9 56.8 50.0 48.9 52.2 44.6 47.5 47.8 51.4 54.7
1993.............. 52.5 56.5 50.7 45.7 54.0 45.7 49.3 49.3 59.4 53.2 53.6 55.0
1994.............. 56.5 60.1 59.7 58.6 53.2 57.9 57.6 53.6 55.8 54.7 57.2 59.4
1995.............. 56.8 55.0 46.0 45.3 39.2 40.3 45.0 45.0 42.4 45.3 46.4 47.5
1996.............. 42.1 48.2 48.2 39.6 53.2 49.6 43.9 50.0 p42.1 p54.0
Over 3-month span:
1992.............. 29.9 33.5 43.9 49.6 55.4 53.2 46.8 47.8 45.7 47.5 51.1 54.7
1993.............. 60.8 58.3 53.2 47.8 48.9 54.0 50.4 58.3 57.6 59.7 54.7 57.6
1994.............. 63.7 64.4 66.2 60.8 56.1 56.8 60.8 58.6 54.0 56.1 60.1 60.8
1995.............. 60.4 51.8 43.5 34.9 33.1 32.0 33.1 35.6 38.8 39.6 40.6 38.8
1996.............. 38.8 39.9 37.8 43.2 45.3 47.5 45.7 p39.2 p49.3
Over 6-month span:
1992.............. 32.4 34.9 39.9 46.8 52.2 54.3 48.2 47.8 51.1 51.1 56.8 56.5
1993.............. 56.5 59.0 56.8 55.4 50.7 57.9 59.4 56.5 57.6 58.6 64.4 60.8
1994.............. 62.2 64.4 60.4 61.5 59.0 56.8 56.5 57.2 60.1 55.8 59.7 55.8
1995.............. 55.4 45.0 38.5 33.5 27.7 28.8 28.8 30.6 33.5 33.1 34.2 38.8
1996.............. 32.0 37.4 37.1 38.1 42.4 p38.1 p46.8
Over 12-month span:
1992.............. 42.4 36.7 36.3 36.0 39.6 45.7 50.0 55.8 57.9 56.8 58.3 56.5
1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6
1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 55.8 49.6 47.5
1995.............. 42.1 40.3 39.9 40.6 34.5 31.7 25.9 28.8 28.1 24.1 27.0 29.1
1996.............. 33.1 33.1 p33.8 p33.8
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: July 02, 1998
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_1096.htm
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