Technical information: USDL 98-441
Household data: (202) 606-6378
Establishment data: 606-6555 For release: 1:30 P.M. (EST)
Media contact: 606-5902 Thursday, November 5, 1998
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: OCTOBER 1998
Payroll employment grew modestly, and the unemployment rate was
unchanged at 4.6 percent in October, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The number of payroll jobs was up
by 116,000, following a rise of 157,000 in September (as revised). Growth
in services and most other industries in October was partly offset by a
large decline in manufacturing. The increase in average hourly earnings
was small for the second month in a row.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The number of unemployed persons, 6.3 million in October, was unchanged
over the month. The unemployment rate remained at 4.6 percent; it has been
at or below 5.0 percent since April 1997. Among the major worker groups,
the jobless rates for adult men (3.7 percent), adult women (4.0 percent),
teenagers (16.0 percent), whites (4.0 percent), blacks (8.6 percent), and
Hispanics (7.2 percent) showed little or no change in October. (See
tables A-1 and A-2.)
Among the major educational attainment categories, the unemployment rate
for college graduates 25 years and older rose to 2.0 percent, about the
same as earlier this year. Jobless rates for persons with less than a high
school diploma (6.8 percent), high school graduates with no college
(4.0 percent), and persons with some college experience but no bachelor's
degree (3.0 percent) showed little or no change over the month. (See
table A-3.)
The number of persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks increased by
218,000 to 2.9 million in October. The number of unemployed who were new
entrants--persons who were looking for their first jobs--increased by
102,000. (See tables A-6 and A-7.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Total employment was essentially unchanged over the month at 131.7
million, after seasonal adjustment. The employment-population ratio--the
proportion of the population age 16 and older with jobs--was 63.9 percent,
little changed from the previous month. (See table A-1.)
About 8.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one
job in October. These multiple jobholders comprised 6.2 percent of total
employment, the same proportion as a year earlier. (See table A-10.)
The civilian labor force also was about unchanged in October, at 138.0
million, seasonally adjusted. Over the year, the labor force has grown by
1.9 million, after adjusting for the changes in the composite estimation
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________|Sept.-
Category | 1998 1/ | 1998 1/ | Oct.
|_________________|__________________________|change
| II | III | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 137,351| 137,596| 137,415| 138,075| 137,976| -99
Employment..........| 131,349| 131,333| 131,168| 131,765| 131,677| -88
Unemployment........| 6,002| 6,262| 6,247| 6,310| 6,299| -11
Not in labor force....| 67,554| 67,887| 68,064| 67,624| 67,943| 319
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 4.4| 4.6| 4.5| 4.6| 4.6| .0
Adult men...........| 3.6| 3.8| 3.7| 3.8| 3.7| -0.1
Adult women.........| 4.0| 4.0| 4.1| 4.0| 4.0| .0
Teenagers...........| 14.0| 14.7| 15.0| 15.4| 16.0| .6
White...............| 3.8| 3.9| 4.0| 3.9| 4.0| .1
Black...............| 8.7| 9.3| 9.0| 9.2| 8.6| -.6
Hispanic origin.....| 6.9| 7.4| 7.5| 7.4| 7.2| -.2
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA 2/| Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 125,516|p126,136| 126,191|p126,348|p126,464| p116
Goods-producing 2/..| 25,315| p25,203| 25,253| p25,221| p25,183| p-38
Construction......| 5,931| p5,976| 5,989| p5,968| p5,987| p19
Manufacturing.....| 18,804| p18,657| 18,693| p18,683| p18,631| p-52
Service-producing 2/| 100,201|p100,933| 100,938|p101,127|p101,281| p154
Retail trade......| 22,402| p22,567| 22,545| p22,608| p22,598| p-10
Services..........| 37,347| p37,687| 37,691| p37,756| p37,851| p95
Government........| 19,802| p19,897| 19,922| p19,942| p19,966| p24
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.6| p34.5| 34.6| p34.4| p34.6| p0.2
Manufacturing.......| 41.7| p41.7| 41.7| p41.6| p41.8| p.2
Overtime..........| 4.6| p4.6| 4.6| p4.5| p4.5| p.0
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 144.6| p145.1| 145.3| p144.7| p145.6| p0.9
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 3/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $12.73| p$12.84| $12.85| p$12.87| p$12.88| p$0.01
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 440.46| p443.29| 444.61| p442.73| p445.65| p2.92
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Beginning in January 1998, household data reflect new composite
estimation procedures and revised population controls.
2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
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procedure introduced with the January 1998 data. In October, the labor
force participation rate was 67.0 percent, about unchanged from
the prior year. (See table A-1.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in October. These were people who wanted and
were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12
months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for
work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.
The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached
who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed
no jobs were available for them--was 333,000 in October, about the same as
a year earlier. (See table A-10.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 116,000 in October to 126.5 million,
seasonally adjusted. Employment in manufacturing fell sharply, while the
number of jobs in construction and in several service-producing industries
grew. Employment growth has slowed in recent months, with gains averaging
about 148,000 a month since July, compared with 247,000 during the first 7
months of the year (after adjustment for the effects of the strikes in
automobile-related manufacturing).
Manufacturing employment decreased by 52,000 in October; since March it
has fallen by 198,000. Over-the-month losses were widespread throughout
the industry. The largest declines were in apparel (-14,000) and in
electronic equipment (-12,000). Each of these industries has lost nearly
50,000 jobs since March. Employment declines also occurred in October in
primary metals, industrial machinery, instruments, and miscellaneous
manufacturing. Motor vehicles added 7,000 jobs; auto inventories were
still low, following the recent strikes and related plant shutdowns.
Construction employment increased by 19,000 in October, following a loss
of similar magnitude in September. Gains occurred in general building and
special trade contractors. Mining continued its long-term downward trend,
shedding 5,000 jobs in October. Since September 1997, employment in the
industry has declined by 29,000.
In the service-producing sector, the services industry added 95,000 jobs
in October, more than in either of the prior 2 months, but still less than
the average for the first 7 months of 1998 (117,000). Employment in
business services rose by 58,000, following a decline in September. Within
business services, employment in personnel supply was up by 21,000 over the
month but remained below its June peak. Gains in computer services and in
engineering and management services continued in October, with each
industry adding 13,000 jobs. Since July, however, the pace of growth has
slackened in both industries. Health services employment rose by 12,000 in
October, as continued losses in home health care services partially offset
increases in hospitals and offices and clinics of medical doctors. Over-
the-month employment declines occurred in amusement and recreation services
(-17,000) and hotels and other lodging places (-12,000); however, these
industries had experienced strong hiring during much of the year.
Employment in finance rose by 18,000 in October, following no growth in
the prior month. Employment in commercial banks increased by 3,000, the
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first gain since March. Mortgage brokerages had an especially large job
gain (7,000), and security brokerages continued their growth trend, adding
4,000 jobs. Employment in real estate was little changed in October and
has shown no net growth since July.
Transportation employment grew by 13,000 in October, with much of the
increase occurring in trucking (8,000). Returning strikers accounted for
most of the 8,000 increase in employment in the communications industry.
Employment in retail trade edged down in October, following a large
increase in September. In general merchandise stores, employment declined
by 28,000 in October, following a similar increase in the prior month.
Apparel and accessory stores had an employment loss of 13,000 in October.
Other retail industries showed employment gains, with the largest occurring
in auto dealers and service stations (11,000). Employment in wholesale
trade was little changed in October, following a substantial increase in
September.
Government employment increased by 24,000 over the month, with most of
the gain taking place in federal government. The large increase in federal
government (18,000) resulted from the hiring of workers in preparation for
the decennial census.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.2 hour in October to 34.6 hours, seasonally
adjusted, returning to its August level. The manufacturing workweek also
increased by 0.2 hour to 41.8 hours, while factory overtime was unchanged
at 4.5 hours. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.6 percent to 145.6
(1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index increased by 0.2
percent in October to 108.0, reflecting the increase in the factory
workweek. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls edged up 1 cent in October to $12.88, seasonally
adjusted. Average weekly earnings increased by 0.7 percent in October to
$445.65. Over the year, both average hourly and weekly earnings have risen
by 3.6 percent. (See table B-3.)
________________________________________
The Employment Situation for November 1998 is scheduled to be released
on Friday, December 4, at 8:30 A.M. (EST).
---------------------------------------------------------------
| Changes in Establishment-based Data Series |
| |
| Following usual practice, the 6-month updates to seasonal |
|adjustment factors for the establishment survey data will be |
|introduced with next month's release of November data. These |
|factors will be used for the September 1998 through April 1999 |
|estimates and will be published in the December 1998 issue of |
|Employment and Earnings. As a service to users, these factors |
|will be available about 1 week prior to the release of November|
|estimates on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm) or|
|by calling (202) 606-6521. |
---------------------------------------------------------------
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Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1998,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
- 6 -
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
- 7 -
period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
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monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.6 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or
$35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
|Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted(1)
| |
Employment status, sex, and age | |
_______________________________________________________________________
| |
| | | | | | | | |
| Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
TOTAL | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............|203,767|205,699|205,919|203,767|205,085|205,270|205,479|205,699|205,919
Civilian labor force............................|136,665|137,903|138,255|136,406|137,447|137,296|137,415|138,075|137,976
Participation rate........................| 67.1| 67.0| 67.1| 66.9| 67.0| 66.9| 66.9| 67.1| 67.0
Employed......................................|130,671|131,864|132,424|129,910|131,209|131,067|131,168|131,765|131,677
Employment-population ratio...............| 64.1| 64.1| 64.3| 63.8| 64.0| 63.9| 63.8| 64.1| 63.9
Agriculture.................................| 3,372| 3,671| 3,630| 3,327| 3,343| 3,441| 3,529| 3,518| 3,603
Nonagricultural industries..................|127,299|128,193|128,794|126,583|127,867|127,626|127,640|128,247|128,075
Unemployed....................................| 5,995| 6,039| 5,831| 6,496| 6,237| 6,230| 6,247| 6,310| 6,299
Unemployment rate.........................| 4.4| 4.4| 4.2| 4.8| 4.5| 4.5| 4.5| 4.6| 4.6
Not in labor force..............................| 67,102| 67,796| 67,664| 67,361| 67,639| 67,973| 68,064| 67,624| 67,943
| | | | | | | | |
Men, 16 years and over | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 98,050| 99,006| 99,121| 98,050| 98,691| 98,785| 98,892| 99,006| 99,121
Civilian labor force............................| 73,345| 73,954| 74,165| 73,311| 73,818| 74,027| 73,695| 74,165| 74,091
Participation rate........................| 74.8| 74.7| 74.8| 74.8| 74.8| 74.9| 74.5| 74.9| 74.7
Employed......................................| 70,215| 70,866| 71,219| 69,785| 70,570| 70,605| 70,441| 70,751| 70,797
Employment-population ratio...............| 71.6| 71.6| 71.9| 71.2| 71.5| 71.5| 71.2| 71.5| 71.4
Unemployed....................................| 3,130| 3,088| 2,946| 3,526| 3,249| 3,422| 3,253| 3,414| 3,294
Unemployment rate.........................| 4.3| 4.2| 4.0| 4.8| 4.4| 4.6| 4.4| 4.6| 4.4
| | | | | | | | |
Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 90,140| 91,003| 91,101| 90,140| 90,700| 90,802| 90,889| 91,003| 91,101
Civilian labor force............................| 69,361| 69,817| 70,051| 69,193| 69,545| 69,790| 69,490| 69,829| 69,815
Participation rate........................| 76.9| 76.7| 76.9| 76.8| 76.7| 76.9| 76.5| 76.7| 76.6
Employed......................................| 66,855| 67,416| 67,773| 66,337| 66,950| 67,040| 66,901| 67,185| 67,241
Employment-population ratio...............| 74.2| 74.1| 74.4| 73.6| 73.8| 73.8| 73.6| 73.8| 73.8
Agriculture.................................| 2,363| 2,526| 2,542| 2,298| 2,333| 2,394| 2,443| 2,424| 2,463
Nonagricultural industries..................| 64,491| 64,890| 65,231| 64,039| 64,617| 64,646| 64,457| 64,761| 64,778
Unemployed....................................| 2,506| 2,401| 2,278| 2,856| 2,595| 2,750| 2,589| 2,645| 2,575
Unemployment rate.........................| 3.6| 3.4| 3.3| 4.1| 3.7| 3.9| 3.7| 3.8| 3.7
| | | | | | | | |
Women, 16 years and over | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............|105,718|106,693|106,798|105,718|106,394|106,484|106,587|106,693|106,798
Civilian labor force............................| 63,321| 63,949| 64,090| 63,095| 63,628| 63,270| 63,721| 63,910| 63,885
Participation rate........................| 59.9| 59.9| 60.0| 59.7| 59.8| 59.4| 59.8| 59.9| 59.8
Employed......................................| 60,456| 60,998| 61,205| 60,125| 60,640| 60,462| 60,727| 61,014| 60,881
Employment-population ratio...............| 57.2| 57.2| 57.3| 56.9| 57.0| 56.8| 57.0| 57.2| 57.0
Unemployed....................................| 2,865| 2,951| 2,884| 2,970| 2,989| 2,808| 2,994| 2,896| 3,004
Unemployment rate.........................| 4.5| 4.6| 4.5| 4.7| 4.7| 4.4| 4.7| 4.5| 4.7
| | | | | | | | |
Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 98,144| 98,994| 99,037| 98,144| 98,735| 98,778| 98,901| 98,994| 99,037
Civilian labor force............................| 59,777| 60,059| 60,224| 59,338| 59,599| 59,359| 59,712| 59,804| 59,810
Participation rate........................| 60.9| 60.7| 60.8| 60.5| 60.4| 60.1| 60.4| 60.4| 60.4
Employed......................................| 57,397| 57,610| 57,898| 56,919| 57,172| 57,000| 57,286| 57,435| 57,422
Employment-population ratio...............| 58.5| 58.2| 58.5| 58.0| 57.9| 57.7| 57.9| 58.0| 58.0
Agriculture.................................| 834| 834| 802| 814| 747| 793| 819| 773| 778
Nonagricultural industries..................| 56,562| 56,776| 57,097| 56,105| 56,424| 56,207| 56,468| 56,663| 56,643
Unemployed....................................| 2,380| 2,449| 2,326| 2,419| 2,427| 2,359| 2,426| 2,368| 2,388
Unemployment rate.........................| 4.0| 4.1| 3.9| 4.1| 4.1| 4.0| 4.1| 4.0| 4.0
| | | | | | | | |
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 15,483| 15,702| 15,781| 15,483| 15,651| 15,690| 15,689| 15,702| 15,781
Civilian labor force............................| 7,528| 8,027| 7,980| 7,875| 8,302| 8,147| 8,213| 8,442| 8,351
Participation rate........................| 48.6| 51.1| 50.6| 50.9| 53.0| 51.9| 52.4| 53.8| 52.9
Employed......................................| 6,419| 6,838| 6,753| 6,654| 7,088| 7,027| 6,981| 7,145| 7,015
Employment-population ratio...............| 41.5| 43.5| 42.8| 43.0| 45.3| 44.8| 44.5| 45.5| 44.5
Agriculture.................................| 174| 311| 287| 215| 262| 254| 267| 322| 361
Nonagricultural industries..................| 6,245| 6,527| 6,466| 6,439| 6,826| 6,773| 6,715| 6,823| 6,653
Unemployed....................................| 1,108| 1,189| 1,226| 1,221| 1,215| 1,120| 1,232| 1,297| 1,336
Unemployment rate.........................| 14.7| 14.8| 15.4| 15.5| 14.6| 13.8| 15.0| 15.4| 16.0
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
|Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted(1)
| |
Employment status, race, sex, age, and | |
_______________________________________________________________________
Hispanic origin | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
WHITE | | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............|170,427|171,804|171,956|170,427|171,387|171,513|171,655|171,804|171,956
Civilian labor force............................|114,963|115,599|115,804|114,784|115,137|114,975|115,275|115,776|115,602
Participation rate..........................| 67.5| 67.3| 67.3| 67.4| 67.2| 67.0| 67.2| 67.4| 67.2
Employed......................................|110,653|111,316|111,599|110,063|110,535|110,630|110,708|111,233|111,013
Employment-population ratio.................| 64.9| 64.8| 64.9| 64.6| 64.5| 64.5| 64.5| 64.7| 64.6
Unemployed....................................| 4,309| 4,284| 4,206| 4,721| 4,602| 4,346| 4,567| 4,543| 4,589
Unemployment rate...........................| 3.7| 3.7| 3.6| 4.1| 4.0| 3.8| 4.0| 3.9| 4.0
| | | | | | | | |
Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 59,214| 59,542| 59,620| 59,098| 59,257| 59,403| 59,314| 59,592| 59,469
Participation rate..........................| 77.4| 77.2| 77.2| 77.2| 77.0| 77.2| 77.0| 77.3| 77.1
Employed......................................| 57,374| 57,756| 57,911| 56,966| 57,302| 57,436| 57,385| 57,584| 57,509
Employment-population ratio.................| 75.0| 74.9| 75.0| 74.4| 74.5| 74.6| 74.5| 74.7| 74.5
Unemployed....................................| 1,840| 1,785| 1,709| 2,132| 1,955| 1,967| 1,929| 2,008| 1,960
Unemployment rate...........................| 3.1| 3.0| 2.9| 3.6| 3.3| 3.3| 3.3| 3.4| 3.3
| | | | | | | | |
Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 49,356| 49,348| 49,433| 48,976| 48,886| 48,705| 49,013| 49,110| 49,058
Participation rate..........................| 60.4| 60.0| 60.1| 60.0| 59.6| 59.3| 59.7| 59.8| 59.7
Employed......................................| 47,701| 47,682| 47,825| 47,284| 47,197| 47,087| 47,287| 47,492| 47,398
Employment-population ratio.................| 58.4| 58.0| 58.2| 57.9| 57.5| 57.4| 57.6| 57.8| 57.6
Unemployed....................................| 1,655| 1,667| 1,608| 1,692| 1,688| 1,618| 1,726| 1,618| 1,660
Unemployment rate...........................| 3.4| 3.4| 3.3| 3.5| 3.5| 3.3| 3.5| 3.3| 3.4
| | | | | | | | |
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 6,393| 6,709| 6,751| 6,710| 6,994| 6,867| 6,949| 7,074| 7,075
Participation rate..........................| 52.3| 53.6| 53.9| 54.9| 56.2| 55.1| 55.6| 56.5| 56.4
Employed......................................| 5,579| 5,878| 5,863| 5,813| 6,036| 6,107| 6,036| 6,158| 6,106
Employment-population ratio.................| 45.6| 46.9| 46.8| 47.5| 48.5| 49.0| 48.3| 49.2| 48.7
Unemployed....................................| 814| 832| 888| 897| 958| 760| 913| 917| 969
Unemployment rate...........................| 12.7| 12.4| 13.2| 13.4| 13.7| 11.1| 13.1| 13.0| 13.7
Men.......................................| 14.2| 14.1| 13.8| 14.3| 14.7| 13.1| 14.3| 15.0| 14.0
Women.....................................| 11.0| 10.5| 12.4| 12.3| 12.6| 8.9| 11.9| 10.7| 13.4
| | | | | | | | |
BLACK | | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 24,117| 24,458| 24,496| 24,117| 24,349| 24,381| 24,418| 24,458| 24,496
Civilian labor force............................| 15,624| 15,996| 16,220| 15,555| 16,013| 16,059| 15,907| 15,982| 16,172
Participation rate..........................| 64.8| 65.4| 66.2| 64.5| 65.8| 65.9| 65.1| 65.3| 66.0
Employed......................................| 14,208| 14,552| 14,896| 14,067| 14,700| 14,508| 14,476| 14,510| 14,781
Employment-population ratio.................| 58.9| 59.5| 60.8| 58.3| 60.4| 59.5| 59.3| 59.3| 60.3
Unemployed....................................| 1,416| 1,444| 1,325| 1,488| 1,313| 1,551| 1,431| 1,472| 1,391
Unemployment rate...........................| 9.1| 9.0| 8.2| 9.6| 8.2| 9.7| 9.0| 9.2| 8.6
| | | | | | | | |
Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 7,004| 7,024| 7,212| 6,945| 7,088| 7,120| 7,017| 6,975| 7,152
Participation rate..........................| 72.9| 72.0| 73.7| 72.3| 73.0| 73.2| 72.0| 71.5| 73.1
Employed......................................| 6,469| 6,534| 6,754| 6,367| 6,599| 6,485| 6,470| 6,475| 6,661
Employment-population ratio.................| 67.3| 66.9| 69.1| 66.3| 67.9| 66.7| 66.4| 66.3| 68.1
Unemployed....................................| 535| 490| 458| 578| 489| 635| 547| 499| 492
Unemployment rate...........................| 7.6| 7.0| 6.4| 8.3| 6.9| 8.9| 7.8| 7.2| 6.9
| | | | | | | | |
Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 7,742| 7,932| 8,030| 7,680| 7,866| 7,921| 7,894| 7,918| 7,983
Participation rate..........................| 64.1| 64.8| 65.5| 63.6| 64.5| 64.9| 64.6| 64.7| 65.1
Employed......................................| 7,105| 7,277| 7,437| 7,044| 7,256| 7,296| 7,296| 7,277| 7,385
Employment-population ratio.................| 58.8| 59.4| 60.7| 58.3| 59.5| 59.8| 59.7| 59.4| 60.2
Unemployed....................................| 637| 655| 594| 636| 609| 625| 597| 641| 598
Unemployment rate...........................| 8.2| 8.3| 7.4| 8.3| 7.7| 7.9| 7.6| 8.1| 7.5
| | | | | | | | |
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 878| 1,040| 978| 930| 1,060| 1,018| 996| 1,089| 1,037
Participation rate..........................| 36.1| 42.3| 39.8| 38.2| 43.4| 41.6| 40.6| 44.3| 42.2
Employed......................................| 634| 742| 705| 656| 846| 727| 709| 758| 735
Employment-population ratio.................| 26.0| 30.2| 28.7| 26.9| 34.6| 29.7| 28.9| 30.8| 29.9
Unemployed....................................| 244| 299| 273| 274| 214| 291| 287| 332| 302
Unemployment rate...........................| 27.8| 28.7| 27.9| 29.5| 20.2| 28.6| 28.8| 30.4| 29.1
Men.......................................| 25.1| 30.5| 31.2| 30.1| 20.4| 30.6| 29.7| 34.1| 35.1
Women.....................................| 30.3| 26.9| 25.0| 28.8| 20.1| 26.4| 28.1| 26.8| 23.8
HISPANIC ORIGIN | | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 20,519| 21,224| 21,286| 20,519| 21,036| 21,097| 21,159| 21,224| 21,286
Civilian labor force............................| 14,002| 14,487| 14,509| 13,896| 14,420| 14,240| 14,277| 14,484| 14,418
Participation rate..........................| 68.2| 68.3| 68.2| 67.7| 68.5| 67.5| 67.5| 68.2| 67.7
Employed......................................| 12,953| 13,481| 13,502| 12,806| 13,328| 13,219| 13,203| 13,413| 13,381
Employment-population ratio.................| 63.1| 63.5| 63.4| 62.4| 63.4| 62.7| 62.4| 63.2| 62.9
Unemployed....................................| 1,049| 1,007| 1,007| 1,090| 1,092| 1,022| 1,074| 1,071| 1,036
Unemployment rate...........................| 7.5| 6.9| 6.9| 7.8| 7.6| 7.2| 7.5| 7.4| 7.2
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
| Not seasonally adjusted | Seasonally adjusted(1)
| |
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Educational attainment | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Less than a high school diploma | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population......| 29,046 | 29,290 | 28,713 | 29,046 | 30,064 | 29,027 | 29,204 | 29,290 | 28,713
Civilian labor force....................| 12,299 | 12,642 | 12,143 | 12,468 | 12,888 | 12,548 | 12,450 | 12,597 | 12,321
Percent of population...............| 42.3 | 43.2 | 42.3 | 42.9 | 42.9 | 43.2 | 42.6 | 43.0 | 42.9
Employed..............................| 11,408 | 11,845 | 11,368 | 11,502 | 11,963 | 11,648 | 11,567 | 11,728 | 11,483
Employment-population ratio.........| 39.3 | 40.4 | 39.6 | 39.6 | 39.8 | 40.1 | 39.6 | 40.0 | 40.0
Unemployed............................| 891 | 797 | 774 | 966 | 925 | 901 | 883 | 869 | 838
Unemployment rate...................| 7.2 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.8
| | | | | | | | |
High school graduates, no college (2) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population......| 57,459 | 57,589 | 57,666 | 57,459 | 57,446 | 57,374 | 57,729 | 57,589 | 57,666
Civilian labor force....................| 37,805 | 37,468 | 37,669 | 37,759 | 37,096 | 37,219 | 37,381 | 37,218 | 37,606
Percent of population...............| 65.8 | 65.1 | 65.3 | 65.7 | 64.6 | 64.9 | 64.8 | 64.6 | 65.2
Employed..............................| 36,359 | 36,050 | 36,287 | 36,179 | 35,602 | 35,694 | 35,898 | 35,693 | 36,106
Employment-population ratio.........| 63.3 | 62.6 | 62.9 | 63.0 | 62.0 | 62.2 | 62.2 | 62.0 | 62.6
Unemployed............................| 1,447 | 1,418 | 1,383 | 1,580 | 1,494 | 1,525 | 1,483 | 1,525 | 1,500
Unemployment rate...................| 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0
| | | | | | | | |
Less than a bachelor's degree(3) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population......| 42,613 | 41,769 | 42,573 | 42,613 | 41,880 | 42,293 | 41,842 | 41,769 | 42,573
Civilian labor force....................| 31,917 | 31,184 | 31,827 | 31,328 | 31,227 | 31,174 | 30,863 | 31,152 | 31,221
Percent of population...............| 74.9 | 74.7 | 74.8 | 73.5 | 74.6 | 73.7 | 73.8 | 74.6 | 73.3
Employed..............................| 31,020 | 30,276 | 30,916 | 30,410 | 30,333 | 30,224 | 29,987 | 30,216 | 30,280
Employment-population ratio.........| 72.8 | 72.5 | 72.6 | 71.4 | 72.4 | 71.5 | 71.7 | 72.3 | 71.1
Unemployed............................| 897 | 907 | 911 | 918 | 894 | 950 | 876 | 937 | 940
Unemployment rate...................| 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.0
| | | | | | | | |
College graduates | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population......| 41,696 | 43,669 | 43,520 | 41,696 | 42,464 | 43,309 | 43,431 | 43,669 | 43,520
Civilian labor force....................| 33,716 | 35,059 | 35,034 | 33,510 | 34,274 | 34,721 | 34,847 | 35,015 | 34,813
Percent of population...............| 80.9 | 80.3 | 80.5 | 80.4 | 80.7 | 80.2 | 80.2 | 80.2 | 80.0
Employed..............................| 33,120 | 34,453 | 34,405 | 32,868 | 33,674 | 34,146 | 34,236 | 34,453 | 34,132
Employment-population ratio.........| 79.4 | 78.9 | 79.1 | 78.8 | 79.3 | 78.8 | 78.8 | 78.9 | 78.4
Unemployed............................| 596 | 606 | 629 | 642 | 600 | 575 | 611 | 562 | 681
Unemployment rate...................| 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.0
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
|Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted
| |
Category | |
_______________________________________________________________________
| |
| | | | | | | | |
| Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
CHARACTERISTIC | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total employed, 16 years and over.................|130,671|131,864|132,424|129,910|131,209|131,067|131,168|131,765|131,677
Married men, spouse present.....................| 43,159| 43,385| 43,512| 42,771| 42,539| 42,837| 42,833| 43,255| 43,081
Married women, spouse present...................| 33,318| 33,067| 33,451| 32,978| 32,805| 32,658| 32,597| 32,870| 33,087
Women who maintain families.....................| 7,866| 8,042| 7,928| 7,865| 7,922| 7,846| 7,932| 8,002| 7,928
| | | | | | | | |
OCCUPATION | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Managerial and professional specialty...........| 38,080| 39,572| 39,960| 37,844| 38,732| 39,011| 38,916| 39,607| 39,732
Technical, sales, and administrative support....| 38,630| 38,485| 38,556| 38,537| 38,567| 38,500| 38,889| 38,485| 38,441
Service occupations.............................| 17,657| 17,835| 17,577| 17,723| 17,873| 17,584| 17,727| 17,961| 17,630
Precision production, craft, and repair.........| 14,110| 14,060| 14,129| 14,051| 14,509| 14,312| 14,079| 13,963| 14,115
Operators, fabricators, and laborers............| 18,696| 18,073| 18,446| 18,385| 18,120| 18,145| 17,866| 18,047| 18,154
Farming, forestry, and fishing..................| 3,499| 3,838| 3,756| 3,438| 3,503| 3,503| 3,618| 3,621| 3,683
| | | | | | | | |
CLASS OF WORKER | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Agriculture: | | | | | | | | |
Wage and salary workers.......................| 1,805| 2,260| 2,284| 1,815| 1,841| 2,018| 2,165| 2,213| 2,309
Self-employed workers.........................| 1,506| 1,368| 1,310| 1,475| 1,470| 1,383| 1,345| 1,280| 1,265
Unpaid family workers.........................| 61| 43| 37| 55| 48| 30| 28| 43| 32
Nonagricultural industries: | | | | | | | | |
Wage and salary workers.......................|118,260|118,974|119,616|117,635|118,654|118,543|118,676|118,978|118,990
Government..................................| 18,137| 18,268| 18,586| 18,075| 18,497| 18,364| 18,257| 18,415| 18,549
Private industries..........................|100,123|100,706|101,030| 99,560|100,157|100,179|100,419|100,563|100,441
Private households........................| 893| 887| 950| 877| 961| 974| 853| 900| 940
Other industries..........................| 99,230| 99,818|100,080| 98,683| 99,195| 99,205| 99,566| 99,663| 99,502
Self-employed workers.........................| 8,948| 9,131| 9,091| 8,930| 8,969| 9,094| 8,947| 9,159| 9,064
Unpaid family workers.........................| 90| 88| 87| 92| 100| 91| 83| 85| 91
| | | | | | | | |
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
All industries: | | | | | | | | |
Part time for economic reasons................| 3,602| 3,112| 3,086| 3,913| 3,837| 3,783| 3,463| 3,365| 3,362
Slack work or business conditions...........| 1,983| 1,721| 1,821| 2,211| 2,230| 2,372| 1,989| 1,897| 2,042
Could only find part-time work..............| 1,343| 1,113| 1,047| 1,406| 1,246| 1,192| 1,175| 1,152| 1,099
Part time for noneconomic reasons.............| 19,001| 18,989| 19,479| 18,113| 18,665| 18,584| 18,648| 18,857| 18,641
| | | | | | | | |
Nonagricultural industries: | | | | | | | | |
Part time for economic reasons................| 3,439| 2,928| 2,956| 3,732| 3,676| 3,632| 3,307| 3,152| 3,216
Slack work or business conditions...........| 1,885| 1,619| 1,724| 2,103| 2,151| 2,261| 1,900| 1,779| 1,933
Could only find part-time work..............| 1,312| 1,072| 1,030| 1,378| 1,199| 1,162| 1,143| 1,113| 1,081
Part time for noneconomic reasons.............| 18,392| 18,378| 18,896| 17,537| 18,019| 17,972| 18,001| 18,305| 18,082
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| Number of |
| unemployed persons | Unemployment rates(1)
| (in thousands) |
_______________________________________________________________________
Category | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
CHARACTERISTIC | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total, 16 years and over.........................| 6,496| 6,310| 6,299| 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6
Men, 20 years and over.........................| 2,856| 2,645| 2,575| 4.1 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.7
Women, 20 years and over.......................| 2,419| 2,368| 2,388| 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.....................| 1,221| 1,297| 1,336| 15.5 | 14.6 | 13.8 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 16.0
| | | | | | | | |
Married men, spouse present....................| 1,124| 1,004| 1,006| 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3
Married women, spouse present..................| 962| 884| 939| 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 2.8
Women who maintain families....................| 663| 660| 585| 7.8 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 6.9
| | | | | | | | |
Full-time workers..............................| 5,215| 4,963| 4,903| 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3
Part-time workers..............................| 1,288| 1,305| 1,399| 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.7
| | | | | | | | |
OCCUPATION(2) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Managerial and professional specialty..........| 711| 710| 801| 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.0
Technical, sales, and administrative support...| 1,569| 1,557| 1,567| 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.9
Precision production, craft, and repair........| 786| 626| 584| 5.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.0
Operators, fabricators, and laborers...........| 1,407| 1,401| 1,319| 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 6.8
Farming, forestry, and fishing.................| 271| 295| 197| 7.3 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 7.5 | 5.1
| | | | | | | | |
INDUSTRY | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers| 5,009| 5,052| 4,934| 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.7
Goods-producing industries...................| 1,420| 1,516| 1,311| 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 4.6
Mining.....................................| 30| 18| 14| 4.5 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 2.2
Construction...............................| 599| 625| 458| 8.7 | 8.0 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 9.0 | 6.5
Manufacturing..............................| 791| 873| 839| 3.8 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.0
Durable goods............................| 379| 492| 400| 3.1 | 2.9 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.1
Nondurable goods.........................| 412| 381| 438| 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 5.3
Service-producing industries.................| 3,589| 3,537| 3,623| 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7
Transportation and public utilities........| 248| 266| 257| 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5
Wholesale and retail trade.................| 1,634| 1,572| 1,524| 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.7
Finance, insurance, and real estate........| 223| 186| 212| 2.9 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.5
Services...................................| 1,484| 1,513| 1,630| 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.8
Government workers.............................| 443| 431| 409| 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.2
Agricultural wage and salary workers...........| 192| 189| 156| 9.6 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 6.3
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
|Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted
| |
_______________________________________________________________________
Duration | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Less than 5 weeks................................| 2,362| 2,665| 2,617| 2,558| 2,519| 2,625| 2,675| 2,639| 2,857
5 to 14 weeks....................................| 1,802| 1,793| 1,728| 1,912| 2,084| 1,983| 1,960| 1,999| 1,841
15 weeks and over................................| 1,830| 1,581| 1,486| 1,990| 1,621| 1,600| 1,647| 1,651| 1,589
15 to 26 weeks................................| 831| 686| 652| 919| 852| 793| 820| 733| 699
27 weeks and over.............................| 999| 896| 834| 1,071| 769| 807| 827| 918| 890
| | | | | | | | |
Average (mean) duration, in weeks................| 16.6| 14.5| 14.6| 16.3| 13.8| 14.3| 13.5| 14.3| 14.3
Median duration, in weeks........................| 7.5| 6.8| 5.7| 7.7| 6.6| 6.6| 6.9| 6.6| 5.8
| | | | | | | | |
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total unemployed.................................| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0
Less than 5 weeks..............................| 39.4| 44.1| 44.9| 39.6| 40.5| 42.3| 42.6| 42.0| 45.4
5 to 14 weeks..................................| 30.1| 29.7| 29.6| 29.6| 33.5| 31.9| 31.2| 31.8| 29.3
15 weeks and over..............................| 30.5| 26.2| 25.5| 30.8| 26.0| 25.8| 26.2| 26.2| 25.3
15 to 26 weeks...............................| 13.9| 11.4| 11.2| 14.2| 13.7| 12.8| 13.0| 11.7| 11.1
27 weeks and over............................| 16.7| 14.8| 14.3| 16.6| 12.4| 13.0| 13.2| 14.6| 14.2
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
|Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted
| |
_______________________________________________________________________
Reason | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | |
jobs...........................................| 2,525| 2,534| 2,426| 2,934| 2,819| 2,908| 2,852| 2,902| 2,815
On temporary layoff.............................| 668| 628| 584| 963| 841| 966| 978| 939| 831
Not on temporary layoff.........................| 1,857| 1,905| 1,842| 1,971| 1,978| 1,941| 1,874| 1,963| 1,984
Permanent job losers..........................| 1,252| 1,237| 1,218| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs..........| 606| 668| 625| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1)
Job leavers.......................................| 769| 854| 757| 732| 766| 799| 740| 724| 734
Reentrants........................................| 2,225| 2,223| 2,137| 2,247| 2,096| 2,042| 2,132| 2,195| 2,170
New entrants......................................| 475| 428| 509| 555| 532| 463| 503| 487| 589
| | | | | | | | |
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total unemployed..................................| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | |
jobs...........................................| 42.1| 42.0| 41.6| 45.4| 45.4| 46.8| 45.8| 46.0| 44.6
On temporary layoff............................| 11.1| 10.4| 10.0| 14.9| 13.5| 15.6| 15.7| 14.9| 13.2
Not on temporary layoff........................| 31.0| 31.5| 31.6| 30.5| 31.8| 31.3| 30.1| 31.1| 31.5
Job leavers......................................| 12.8| 14.1| 13.0| 11.3| 12.3| 12.9| 11.9| 11.5| 11.6
Reentrants.......................................| 37.1| 36.8| 36.7| 34.7| 33.7| 32.9| 34.2| 34.8| 34.4
New entrants.....................................| 7.9| 7.1| 8.7| 8.6| 8.6| 7.5| 8.1| 7.7| 9.3
| | | | | | | | |
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE | | | | | | | | |
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | |
jobs...........................................| 1.8| 1.8| 1.8| 2.2| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.0
Job leavers......................................| .6| .6| .5| .5| .6| .6| .5| .5| .5
Reentrants.......................................| 1.6| 1.6| 1.5| 1.6| 1.5| 1.5| 1.6| 1.6| 1.6
New entrants.....................................| .3| .3| .4| .4| .4| .3| .4| .4| .4
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
| Not seasonally | Seasonally adjusted
| adjusted |
Measure | |
______________________________________________________________
| |
| | | | | | | | |
| Oct. | Sept.| Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of | | | | | | | | |
the civilian | | | | | | | | |
labor force..............................................| 1.3| 1.1| 1.1| 1.5| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2
| | | | | | | | |
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as | | | | | | | | |
a percent of the | | | | | | | | |
civilian labor force.....................................| 1.8| 1.8| 1.8| 2.2| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.0
| | | | | | | | |
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor | | | | | | | | |
force | | | | | | | | |
(official unemployment rate).............................| 4.4| 4.4| 4.2| 4.8| 4.5| 4.5| 4.5| 4.6| 4.6
| | | | | | | | |
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent | | | | | | | | |
of the civilian | | | | | | | | |
labor force plus discouraged workers....................| 4.6| 4.6| 4.4| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1)
| | | | | | | | |
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all | | | | | | | | |
other marginally | | | | | | | | |
attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor | | | | | | | | |
force plus all marginally | | | | | | | | |
attached workers........................................| 5.3| 5.3| 5.1| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1)
| | | | | | | | |
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, | | | | | | | | |
plus total employed | | | | | | | | |
part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the | | | | | | | | |
civilian labor force plus | | | | | | | | |
all marginally attached workers.........................| 7.9| 7.6| 7.3| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of
this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work
but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job.
Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to
settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment
measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite
estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
| Number of |
| unemployed persons | Unemployment rates(1)
| (in thousands) |
Age and sex | |
_______________________________________________________________________
| |
| | | | | | | | |
| Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total, 16 years and over..........................| 6,496| 6,310| 6,299| 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6
16 to 24 years..................................| 2,375| 2,438| 2,324| 11.1 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 10.5
16 to 19 years................................| 1,221| 1,297| 1,336| 15.5 | 14.6 | 13.8 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 16.0
16 to 17 years..............................| 568| 611| 623| 17.5 | 18.2 | 15.2 | 17.1 | 17.9 | 18.8
18 to 19 years..............................| 654| 696| 710| 14.1 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 14.2
20 to 24 years................................| 1,154| 1,141| 988| 8.5 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 7.2
25 years and over...............................| 4,122| 3,888| 3,970| 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4
25 to 54 years................................| 3,636| 3,421| 3,520| 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6
55 years and over.............................| 472| 471| 456| 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.6
| | | | | | | | |
Men, 16 years and over..........................| 3,526| 3,414| 3,294| 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.4
16 to 24 years................................| 1,350| 1,403| 1,259| 12.0 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 11.0
16 to 19 years..............................| 670| 769| 720| 16.3 | 15.3 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 17.7 | 16.8
16 to 17 years............................| 311| 365| 369| 18.2 | 21.0 | 17.3 | 18.6 | 20.7 | 21.8
18 to 19 years............................| 360| 401| 347| 14.8 | 11.8 | 14.6 | 14.2 | 15.7 | 13.5
20 to 24 years..............................| 680| 634| 539| 9.5 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 7.5
25 years and over.............................| 2,176| 2,002| 2,036| 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2
25 to 54 years..............................| 1,887| 1,715| 1,764| 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.3
55 years and over...........................| 277| 296| 271| 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 2.8
| | | | | | | | |
Women, 16 years and over........................| 2,970| 2,896| 3,004| 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7
16 to 24 years................................| 1,025| 1,036| 1,066| 10.1 | 10.3 | 9.1 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 10.1
16 to 19 years..............................| 551| 528| 617| 14.7 | 13.9 | 11.5 | 14.2 | 12.9 | 15.1
16 to 17 years............................| 257| 246| 254| 16.7 | 15.1 | 12.9 | 15.5 | 14.8 | 15.6
18 to 19 years............................| 294| 295| 363| 13.4 | 12.7 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 11.9 | 14.8
20 to 24 years..............................| 474| 508| 449| 7.4 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 6.9
25 years and over.............................| 1,946| 1,886| 1,934| 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6
25 to 54 years..............................| 1,749| 1,706| 1,756| 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.8
55 years and over...........................| 195| 175| 185| 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.4
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| | |
| Total | Men | Women
| | |
_________________________________________________________________
Category | | |
| | | | | |
| Oct. | Oct. | Oct. | Oct. | Oct. | Oct.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Total not in the labor force......................................| 67,102 | 67,664 | 24,705 | 24,955 | 42,397 | 42,708
Persons who currently want a job................................| 4,485 | 4,550 | 1,738 | 1,861 | 2,747 | 2,689
Searched for work and vailable to work now(1)................| 1,284 | 1,242 | 561 | 592 | 723 | 650
Reason not currently looking: | | | | | |
Discouragement over job prospects(2)....................| 302 | 333 | 181 | 197 | 121 | 135
Reasons other than discouragement(3).................| 982 | 910 | 380 | 395 | 602 | 515
| | | | | |
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Total multiple jobholders(4)......................................| 8,139 | 8,234 | 4,357 | 4,270 | 3,781 | 3,964
Percent of total employed.....................................| 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.5
| | | | | |
Primary job full time, secondary job part time................| 4,584 | 4,755 | 2,649 | 2,739 | 1,935 | 2,016
Primary and secondary jobs both part time.....................| 1,721 | 1,675 | 514 | 483 | 1,207 | 1,192
Primary and secondary jobs both full time.....................| 260 | 278 | 208 | 208 | 51 | 70
Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................| 1,558 | 1,487 | 972 | 817 | 586 | 670
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the
reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other
types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation
problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p
Total......................... 124,568 126,006 126,774 127,487 123,568 125,751 125,869 126,191 126,348 126,464
Total private.................... 104,627 107,282 107,043 107,222 103,922 105,938 106,043 106,269 106,406 106,498
Goods-producing......................... 25,367 25,720 25,613 25,528 25,032 25,304 25,135 25,253 25,221 25,183
Mining................................ 599 582 575 572 592 578 571 571 570 565
Metal mining........................ 53.0 51.1 50.2 49.9 53 51 50 50 50 50
Coal mining......................... 95.0 90.3 89.0 88.5 95 90 89 90 89 88
Oil and gas extraction.............. 340.7 328.3 324.3 322.0 337 330 325 323 323 319
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 110.2 112.1 111.6 111.1 107 107 107 108 108 108
Construction.......................... 5,984 6,342 6,258 6,262 5,722 5,946 5,970 5,989 5,968 5,987
General building contractors........ 1,361.1 1,478.8 1,449.1 1,452.2 1,326 1,401 1,410 1,413 1,407 1,414
Heavy construction, except building. 871.1 905.3 900.6 902.4 789 821 828 829 818 817
Special trade contractors........... 3,751.4 3,958.2 3,908.6 3,907.8 3,607 3,724 3,732 3,747 3,743 3,756
Manufacturing......................... 18,784 18,796 18,780 18,694 18,718 18,780 18,594 18,693 18,683 18,631
Production workers................ 13,008 12,924 12,949 12,877 12,945 12,943 12,746 12,836 12,852 12,815
Durable goods........................ 11,077 11,115 11,105 11,069 11,060 11,144 10,989 11,106 11,085 11,053
Production workers................ 7,613 7,577 7,594 7,578 7,598 7,626 7,468 7,577 7,576 7,564
Lumber and wood products............ 803.5 817.4 815.6 815.2 794 801 802 802 804 806
Furniture and fixtures.............. 513.1 524.1 524.1 524.9 511 524 528 526 524 523
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 562.4 575.3 574.2 572.3 554 562 561 564 564 564
Primary metal industries............ 713.6 711.1 711.7 706.1 714 717 706 714 713 706
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 235.4 232.7 232.0 230.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Fabricated metal products........... 1,486.7 1,488.2 1,489.0 1,484.9 1,485 1,490 1,477 1,490 1,487 1,483
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,175.4 2,180.1 2,174.7 2,168.4 2,185 2,202 2,193 2,190 2,183 2,178
Computer and office equipment..... 380.6 374.3 370.2 371.3 380 375 375 373 371 370
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,703.6 1,692.5 1,688.1 1,676.6 1,702 1,714 1,701 1,694 1,687 1,675
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 668.8 662.3 656.8 652.5 669 672 667 661 658 653
Transportation equipment............ 1,858.1 1,881.1 1,884.1 1,885.0 1,861 1,882 1,772 1,884 1,881 1,888
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 989.6 994.5 998.2 1,000.1 990 993 878 995 994 1,001
Aircraft and parts................ 513.3 522.8 523.7 522.6 513 524 526 526 524 522
Instruments and related products.... 866.4 858.7 854.5 850.2 866 864 861 857 855 850
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 394.0 386.6 389.3 385.5 388 388 388 385 387 380
Nondurable goods..................... 7,707 7,681 7,675 7,625 7,658 7,636 7,605 7,587 7,598 7,578
Production workers................ 5,395 5,347 5,355 5,299 5,347 5,317 5,278 5,259 5,276 5,251
Food and kindred products........... 1,723.9 1,763.9 1,768.8 1,736.4 1,689 1,706 1,696 1,690 1,703 1,702
Tobacco products.................... 43.7 40.0 41.1 41.5 41 40 40 40 39 39
Textile mill products............... 611.3 592.6 596.2 589.4 612 599 594 591 594 590
Apparel and other textile products.. 821.8 767.9 767.1 754.1 814 776 772 762 761 747
Paper and allied products........... 684.9 682.3 680.5 675.9 685 682 680 680 678 677
Printing and publishing............. 1,556.1 1,567.1 1,562.4 1,566.0 1,558 1,570 1,571 1,568 1,568 1,568
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,034.8 1,042.0 1,034.0 1,037.1 1,034 1,037 1,038 1,036 1,034 1,037
Petroleum and coal products......... 140.7 137.8 136.9 136.2 139 137 135 134 135 134
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 1,001.1 1,006.8 1,008.2 1,008.6 998 1,006 998 1,006 1,007 1,005
Leather and leather products........ 89.1 80.4 79.9 79.5 88 83 81 80 79 79
Service-producing....................... 99,201 100,286 101,161 101,959 98,536 100,447 100,734 100,938 101,127 101,281
Transportation and public utilities... 6,501 6,556 6,617 6,642 6,453 6,538 6,550 6,570 6,572 6,591
Transportation...................... 4,194 4,204 4,271 4,292 4,149 4,196 4,208 4,235 4,232 4,245
Railroad transportation........... 228.8 234.2 233.6 233.0 227 232 231 232 232 231
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 468.4 404.7 475.1 483.5 452 458 466 469 463 466
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,705.0 1,745.2 1,742.5 1,747.0 1,680 1,709 1,709 1,719 1,714 1,722
Water transportation.............. 182.8 198.8 194.6 192.8 180 183 188 192 191 190
Transportation by air............. 1,151.0 1,156.6 1,160.4 1,166.7 1,154 1,154 1,154 1,161 1,168 1,170
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.2 14.5 14.3 14.2 14 14 14 14 14 14
Transportation services........... 444.2 450.1 450.3 454.5 442 446 446 448 450 452
Communications and public utilities. 2,307 2,352 2,346 2,350 2,304 2,342 2,342 2,335 2,340 2,346
Communications.................... 1,446.6 1,492.3 1,493.3 1,500.2 1,443 1,488 1,488 1,483 1,488 1,496
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 860.6 859.4 852.4 849.5 861 854 854 852 852 850
Wholesale trade....................... 6,722 6,870 6,872 6,890 6,697 6,821 6,827 6,838 6,864 6,865
Durable goods....................... 3,978 4,098 4,089 4,097 3,977 4,067 4,072 4,084 4,096 4,096
Nondurable goods.................... 2,744 2,772 2,783 2,793 2,720 2,754 2,755 2,754 2,768 2,769
Retail trade.......................... 22,169 22,699 22,655 22,661 22,105 22,448 22,547 22,545 22,608 22,598
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 941.0 1,001.3 988.5 986.7 938 975 977 979 984 984
General merchandise stores.......... 2,783.7 2,748.8 2,776.2 2,829.2 2,738 2,784 2,790 2,784 2,812 2,784
Department stores................. 2,452.3 2,423.5 2,445.2 2,496.8 2,409 2,457 2,454 2,459 2,477 2,452
Food stores......................... 3,518.7 3,566.4 3,553.1 3,569.0 3,512 3,538 3,552 3,551 3,557 3,562
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,333.6 2,383.5 2,373.8 2,377.4 2,325 2,351 2,355 2,354 2,358 2,369
New and used car dealers.......... 1,057.6 1,067.8 1,068.0 1,070.6 1,055 1,064 1,066 1,064 1,065 1,068
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,101.1 1,111.6 1,096.1 1,100.5 1,103 1,108 1,111 1,112 1,116 1,103
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 1,026.0 1,059.0 1,063.1 1,078.8 1,023 1,058 1,063 1,070 1,073 1,076
Eating and drinking places.......... 7,609.3 7,954.1 7,914.8 7,776.6 7,630 7,726 7,781 7,770 7,792 7,798
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,855.8 2,874.3 2,889.5 2,942.8 2,836 2,908 2,918 2,925 2,916 2,922
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,140 7,454 7,390 7,398 7,151 7,333 7,370 7,372 7,385 7,410
Finance............................. 3,439 3,591 3,566 3,578 3,451 3,547 3,565 3,572 3,572 3,590
Depository institutions........... 2,023.9 2,053.3 2,030.3 2,031.4 2,032 2,042 2,042 2,042 2,033 2,039
Commercial banks................ 1,456.9 1,466.5 1,449.1 1,449.0 1,462 1,459 1,459 1,457 1,451 1,454
Savings institutions............ 259.0 265.3 262.4 262.4 261 264 265 264 264 265
Nondepository institutions........ 578.0 629.9 627.7 633.1 581 616 624 628 628 636
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 257.9 296.3 295.9 300.4 260 284 289 294 296 303
Security and commodity brokers.... 610.4 662.5 661.0 664.6 611 648 655 657 662 666
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 227.0 245.5 247.0 249.0 227 241 244 245 249 249
Insurance........................... 2,273 2,348 2,342 2,350 2,275 2,328 2,337 2,339 2,346 2,352
Insurance carriers................ 1,545.7 1,601.6 1,597.4 1,602.3 1,546 1,586 1,594 1,595 1,599 1,603
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 727.3 745.9 744.6 747.4 729 742 743 744 747 749
Real estate......................... 1,428 1,515 1,482 1,470 1,425 1,458 1,468 1,461 1,467 1,468
Services2............................. 36,728 37,983 37,896 38,103 36,484 37,494 37,614 37,691 37,756 37,851
Agricultural services............... 723.5 786.5 761.4 756.2 692 706 713 718 720 723
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,753.1 1,915.4 1,833.2 1,774.3 1,754 1,773 1,781 1,786 1,786 1,774
Personal services................... 1,153.0 1,141.4 1,145.2 1,147.5 1,181 1,186 1,184 1,185 1,178 1,175
Business services................... 8,314.9 8,706.9 8,703.4 8,823.0 8,147 8,556 8,565 8,619 8,592 8,650
Services to buildings............. 949.3 988.6 985.6 989.6 948 975 980 978 983 988
Personnel supply services......... 3,179.1 3,258.5 3,253.3 3,316.5 3,030 3,189 3,151 3,178 3,141 3,162
Help supply services............ 2,846.7 2,917.4 2,914.3 2,968.8 2,694 2,853 2,815 2,850 2,806 2,811
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,460.5 1,631.4 1,636.7 1,651.9 1,462 1,601 1,622 1,632 1,641 1,654
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,136.0 1,173.5 1,170.8 1,171.5 1,134 1,159 1,162 1,167 1,169 1,169
Miscellaneous repair services....... 380.3 390.3 390.0 390.8 378 387 385 386 388 389
Motion pictures..................... 546.4 577.1 558.4 556.9 556 554 564 566 566 567
Amusement and recreation services... 1,545.1 1,980.8 1,815.4 1,658.4 1,597 1,670 1,694 1,705 1,732 1,715
Health services..................... 9,790.8 9,937.0 9,925.2 9,949.9 9,789 9,905 9,902 9,919 9,936 9,948
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,763.2 1,833.7 1,834.7 1,841.2 1,764 1,813 1,817 1,828 1,837 1,842
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,759.6 1,761.1 1,757.0 1,758.1 1,759 1,761 1,756 1,754 1,757 1,757
Hospitals......................... 3,890.3 3,971.4 3,965.9 3,976.0 3,894 3,953 3,960 3,966 3,973 3,979
Home health care services......... 720.9 668.1 666.6 664.6 715 683 673 670 665 659
Legal services...................... 950.5 992.6 982.4 989.9 956 980 984 985 990 995
Educational services................ 2,288.1 1,892.6 2,163.3 2,373.7 2,146 2,200 2,205 2,198 2,208 2,227
Social services..................... 2,555.2 2,605.2 2,641.8 2,669.8 2,546 2,627 2,657 2,632 2,654 2,661
Child day care services........... 586.6 535.9 588.4 601.1 572 581 583 586 584 586
Residential care.................. 725.4 758.4 756.0 759.9 728 747 749 752 759 763
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 92.0 98.7 94.2 94.4 91 91 91 92 93 93
Membership organizations............ 2,239.5 2,312.7 2,253.9 2,268.4 2,252 2,270 2,272 2,273 2,274 2,281
Engineering and management services. 3,065.4 3,275.7 3,261.0 3,281.1 3,070 3,234 3,259 3,264 3,273 3,286
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 884.5 939.8 928.7 928.8 881 921 925 927 925 926
Management and public relations... 972.9 1,061.0 1,064.2 1,073.3 970 1,037 1,052 1,055 1,063 1,071
Services, nec....................... 50.7 52.7 52.8 54.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Government............................ 19,941 18,724 19,731 20,265 19,646 19,813 19,826 19,922 19,942 19,966
Federal............................. 2,667 2,695 2,687 2,687 2,690 2,674 2,672 2,683 2,692 2,710
Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,818.2 1,834.1 1,819.8 1,815.3 1,829 1,813 1,810 1,816 1,817 1,826
State............................... 4,722 4,411 4,630 4,779 4,609 4,632 4,645 4,661 4,677 4,666
Education......................... 2,047.0 1,660.7 1,899.4 2,065.3 1,922 1,933 1,938 1,949 1,953 1,939
Other State government............ 2,674.5 2,750.5 2,730.2 2,713.8 2,687 2,699 2,707 2,712 2,724 2,727
Local............................... 12,552 11,618 12,414 12,799 12,347 12,507 12,509 12,578 12,573 12,590
Education......................... 7,221.5 5,938.4 6,951.6 7,387.3 6,947 7,045 7,078 7,128 7,101 7,109
Other local government............ 5,330.3 5,679.1 5,462.5 5,411.2 5,400 5,462 5,431 5,450 5,472 5,481
1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p
Total private.................... 34.7 35.1 34.3 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.4 34.6
Goods-producing......................... 41.6 41.3 40.4 41.4 41.3 41.0 41.1 41.1 40.7 41.1
Mining................................ 45.3 44.0 42.9 44.0 45.2 43.8 44.8 43.8 42.8 43.9
Construction.......................... 39.8 40.1 37.5 39.9 38.9 38.4 39.2 39.1 38.1 39.0
Manufacturing......................... 42.2 41.7 41.5 41.9 42.0 41.8 41.7 41.7 41.6 41.8
Overtime hours.................... 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5
Durable goods........................ 43.0 42.2 41.8 42.5 42.8 42.3 42.2 42.3 42.2 42.3
Overtime hours.................... 5.3 4.8 4.6 4.8 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.6
Lumber and wood products............ 41.5 41.6 40.5 41.5 41.0 41.3 41.2 41.2 40.8 41.1
Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.7 41.0 40.0 41.4 40.4 41.0 40.7 40.7 40.2 41.0
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.9 44.1 43.9 44.0 43.2 43.2 43.5 43.6 43.0 43.4
Primary metal industries............ 45.1 43.8 44.2 43.8 45.2 44.4 43.6 44.1 44.2 43.8
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 45.0 44.2 44.1 42.7 45.4 45.1 43.8 44.5 44.0 43.0
Fabricated metal products........... 42.8 42.2 41.6 42.7 42.6 42.5 42.4 42.3 42.2 42.5
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.4 42.6 41.8 42.1 43.6 43.2 43.0 43.1 42.6 42.3
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 41.9 41.5 40.9 41.6 41.9 41.4 41.3 41.7 41.2 41.6
Transportation equipment............ 44.5 42.7 43.1 44.1 44.3 42.7 42.6 42.6 43.9 43.8
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.0 42.5 43.7 44.4 44.6 42.4 41.7 42.3 44.7 44.0
Instruments and related products.... 41.9 41.1 40.7 41.2 42.0 41.3 41.3 41.4 41.0 41.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.8 39.9 39.3 40.3 40.4 40.0 40.0 40.1 39.9 39.9
Nondurable goods..................... 41.1 41.0 41.0 41.2 40.9 40.9 41.0 40.9 40.7 41.0
Overtime hours.................... 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4
Food and kindred products........... 41.8 41.9 42.5 42.3 41.3 41.7 42.0 41.5 41.6 41.8
Tobacco products.................... 39.6 39.3 37.4 39.2 39.1 39.0 40.6 39.6 37.0 38.7
Textile mill products............... 41.4 41.2 40.4 41.0 41.5 41.1 41.0 41.0 39.9 41.1
Apparel and other textile products.. 37.6 37.6 36.7 37.7 37.3 37.4 37.4 37.5 37.1 37.4
Paper and allied products........... 43.8 43.1 44.2 43.8 43.7 43.6 43.5 43.3 43.8 43.8
Printing and publishing............. 38.9 38.5 38.6 38.5 38.6 38.2 38.4 38.5 38.1 38.3
Chemicals and allied products....... 43.3 43.0 43.5 43.1 43.4 43.2 43.0 43.3 43.4 43.2
Petroleum and coal products......... 43.3 43.9 43.2 43.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.9 41.4 41.3 41.8 42.1 42.0 42.1 41.6 41.3 42.0
Leather and leather products........ 38.6 38.3 37.2 37.7 38.3 37.6 37.0 38.1 37.3 37.5
Service-producing....................... 32.8 33.5 32.7 32.8 32.9 32.9 32.9 32.9 32.8 32.9
Transportation and public utilities... 39.8 39.9 39.4 39.3 39.8 39.5 39.6 39.3 39.2 39.3
Wholesale trade....................... 38.4 38.7 38.2 38.4 38.4 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.4
Retail trade.......................... 28.8 29.9 29.1 28.9 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.0 29.1
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.9 36.9 36.0 36.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Services.............................. 32.6 33.2 32.3 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.5 32.7
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct.
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998p 1998p
Total private.................... $12.45 $12.74 $12.88 $12.91 $432.02 $447.17 $441.78 $446.69
Seasonally adjusted............. 12.43 12.85 12.87 12.88 430.08 444.61 442.73 445.65
Goods-producing......................... 14.11 14.40 14.47 14.49 586.98 594.72 584.59 599.89
Mining................................ 16.23 16.94 17.15 17.19 735.22 745.36 735.74 756.36
Construction.......................... 16.33 16.74 16.76 16.85 649.93 671.27 628.50 672.32
Manufacturing......................... 13.28 13.44 13.60 13.54 560.42 560.45 564.40 567.33
Durable goods........................ 13.88 13.93 14.07 14.02 596.84 587.85 588.13 595.85
Lumber and wood products............ 10.87 11.19 11.20 11.24 451.11 465.50 453.60 466.46
Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.67 10.95 11.04 11.01 434.27 448.95 441.60 455.81
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.32 13.63 13.83 13.72 584.75 601.08 607.14 603.68
Primary metal industries............ 15.33 15.44 15.64 15.36 691.38 676.27 691.29 672.77
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 18.26 18.46 18.81 18.18 821.70 815.93 829.52 776.29
Fabricated metal products........... 12.86 13.06 13.15 13.08 550.41 551.13 547.04 558.52
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.23 14.44 14.51 14.53 617.58 615.14 606.52 611.71
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 12.91 13.12 13.20 13.12 540.93 544.48 539.88 545.79
Transportation equipment............ 17.88 17.32 17.52 17.53 795.66 739.56 755.11 773.07
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 18.47 17.60 17.83 17.78 831.15 748.00 779.17 789.43
Instruments and related products.... 13.59 13.76 13.85 13.82 569.42 565.54 563.70 569.38
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.64 10.83 10.96 10.98 434.11 432.12 430.73 442.49
Nondurable goods..................... 12.39 12.73 12.92 12.84 509.23 521.93 529.72 529.01
Food and kindred products........... 11.45 11.75 11.96 11.82 478.61 492.33 508.30 499.99
Tobacco products.................... 18.05 19.06 18.07 17.27 714.78 749.06 675.82 676.98
Textile mill products............... 10.11 10.37 10.47 10.42 418.55 427.24 422.99 427.22
Apparel and other textile products.. 8.32 8.54 8.63 8.66 312.83 321.10 316.72 326.48
Paper and allied products........... 15.17 15.53 15.83 15.62 664.45 669.34 699.69 684.16
Printing and publishing............. 13.19 13.46 13.65 13.66 513.09 518.21 526.89 525.91
Chemicals and allied products....... 16.65 17.14 17.34 17.32 720.95 737.02 754.29 746.49
Petroleum and coal products......... 20.29 20.78 20.79 21.23 878.56 912.24 898.13 932.00
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.63 11.84 11.98 11.87 487.30 490.18 494.77 496.17
Leather and leather products........ 9.16 9.29 9.33 9.39 353.58 355.81 347.08 354.00
Service-producing....................... 11.88 12.21 12.37 12.39 389.66 409.04 404.50 406.39
Transportation and public utilities... $15.09 $15.33 $15.44 $15.42 $600.58 $611.67 $608.34 $606.01
Wholesale trade....................... 13.57 14.13 14.10 14.12 521.09 546.83 538.62 542.21
Retail trade.......................... 8.47 8.74 8.89 8.83 243.94 261.33 258.70 255.19
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.56 14.11 14.10 14.20 486.80 520.66 507.60 512.62
Services.............................. 12.41 12.75 12.97 13.00 404.57 423.30 418.93 423.80
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. change
Industry 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p from:
Sept. 1998-
Oct. 1998
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $12.43 $12.76 $12.79 $12.85 $12.87 $12.88 0.1
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.60 7.75 7.75 7.78 7.79 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 14.05 14.28 14.31 14.39 14.39 14.42 .2
Mining...................... 16.37 16.73 16.88 17.10 17.13 17.34 1.2
Construction................ 16.17 16.51 16.64 16.67 16.56 16.69 .8
Manufacturing............... 13.30 13.47 13.42 13.52 13.59 13.56 -.2
Excluding overtime4....... 12.58 12.76 12.71 12.81 12.87 12.87 .0
Service-producing............. 11.88 12.26 12.30 12.35 12.38 12.39 .1
Transportation and public
utilities................ 15.05 15.29 15.33 15.35 15.39 15.38 -.1
Wholesale trade............. 13.63 13.98 14.07 14.16 14.11 14.19 .6
Retail trade................ 8.46 8.73 8.78 8.83 8.86 8.81 -.6
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 13.60 14.07 14.10 14.16 14.16 14.24 .6
Services.................... 12.43 12.87 12.90 12.95 13.00 13.02 .2
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .1 percent from August 1998 to September 1998, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p
Total private.................... 143.8 149.3 145.2 146.8 142.6 144.8 145.2 145.3 144.7 145.6
Goods-producing......................... 117.9 118.2 115.2 117.6 114.9 114.9 114.2 114.7 113.6 114.5
Mining................................ 58.7 55.6 53.4 54.2 57.8 54.7 55.5 54.0 52.5 53.5
Construction.......................... 169.3 180.7 166.0 176.9 156.3 160.5 164.6 164.3 159.1 163.0
Manufacturing......................... 110.7 108.7 108.3 108.9 109.8 109.0 107.2 108.0 107.8 108.0
Durable goods........................ 114.1 111.6 110.7 112.3 113.5 112.7 109.9 111.8 111.6 111.7
Lumber and wood products............ 145.3 148.2 143.8 147.1 141.8 143.7 144.0 143.8 142.2 143.6
Furniture and fixtures.............. 130.7 134.3 131.1 136.0 128.9 134.4 134.3 133.7 131.7 134.0
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 117.0 120.0 119.4 119.4 113.1 114.4 115.2 116.0 114.6 115.7
Primary metal industries............ 95.6 92.3 93.3 91.5 95.8 94.4 91.1 93.3 93.5 91.6
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 73.3 71.2 70.9 67.9 73.8 73.7 71.2 71.9 70.7 68.3
Fabricated metal products........... 119.5 117.1 115.8 118.6 118.5 118.4 117.0 117.5 117.4 117.8
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 109.5 107.6 105.9 106.5 110.9 110.9 109.8 110.0 108.5 107.6
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 112.1 108.3 106.8 108.4 111.9 110.3 108.7 109.1 107.6 108.2
Transportation equipment............ 130.6 122.8 124.7 127.9 130.2 124.7 112.2 122.8 126.7 127.3
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 170.2 153.7 159.7 162.9 169.2 157.2 129.0 153.5 163.3 162.2
Instruments and related products.... 76.5 75.4 74.6 75.3 76.7 76.1 76.1 75.9 75.2 75.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 106.3 101.3 100.8 101.9 103.4 101.6 102.0 101.5 101.4 99.1
Nondurable goods..................... 106.0 104.7 105.0 104.2 104.6 104.0 103.5 102.8 102.5 102.9
Food and kindred products........... 121.4 124.7 127.2 123.5 116.8 119.3 118.9 116.8 118.5 119.1
Tobacco products.................... 68.1 60.0 60.3 63.4 62.0 59.9 60.3 58.8 55.0 57.5
Textile mill products............... 89.2 85.7 84.8 84.9 89.7 86.9 85.7 85.0 83.4 85.2
Apparel and other textile products.. 74.0 68.1 66.4 66.9 72.6 68.5 68.3 67.5 66.5 65.6
Paper and allied products........... 111.5 109.2 111.8 109.9 111.2 110.5 109.4 109.1 110.2 109.8
Printing and publishing............. 127.1 125.5 125.1 124.8 126.5 125.0 125.4 125.4 124.0 124.5
Chemicals and allied products....... 101.8 102.6 103.3 102.2 102.0 103.1 102.6 102.8 103.0 102.4
Petroleum and coal products......... 76.8 76.5 74.8 75.5 74.0 73.1 75.5 73.8 72.6 72.6
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 147.6 146.2 146.4 148.2 147.4 148.4 147.0 146.6 145.9 148.0
Leather and leather products........ 40.3 35.7 34.2 34.3 39.4 35.8 34.7 35.1 33.8 33.4
Service-producing....................... 155.4 163.2 158.7 159.9 155.0 158.2 159.1 159.0 158.7 159.6
Transportation and public utilities... 132.2 132.7 132.3 132.9 130.9 130.5 131.4 131.2 130.8 131.5
Wholesale trade....................... 127.3 130.7 128.9 129.9 126.7 127.9 128.6 129.0 129.0 129.3
Retail trade.......................... 138.3 146.9 142.4 141.5 138.9 140.7 141.9 141.3 141.5 141.9
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 129.3 139.9 134.7 135.3 130.2 134.8 136.1 136.2 135.8 136.4
Services.............................. 190.1 200.1 193.8 196.8 189.0 194.5 195.2 195.2 194.5 196.1
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1994.............. 59.3 60.5 67.0 64.5 58.6 63.3 63.8 61.7 61.5 60.4 64.0 61.7
1995.............. 62.5 60.0 54.9 55.6 47.8 55.6 54.8 59.0 58.0 55.8 54.5 58.8
1996.............. 50.8 64.6 59.6 56.6 62.8 61.0 57.3 61.5 56.0 62.5 62.2 60.7
1997.............. 58.0 61.4 59.8 63.6 60.1 54.6 61.1 59.1 60.0 64.3 62.4 64.9
1998.............. 63.8 58.7 59.6 56.9 56.6 59.0 55.1 53.9 p52.8 p51.0
Over 3-month span:
1994.............. 64.5 69.2 69.9 68.4 66.6 67.1 69.0 69.5 66.2 65.6 66.6 66.3
1995.............. 63.6 61.4 59.4 53.1 55.2 53.2 59.7 60.1 59.1 58.0 56.6 54.6
1996.............. 61.9 62.8 64.0 63.8 63.5 64.9 64.2 61.5 63.9 64.2 67.0 66.6
1997.............. 64.9 63.3 65.6 66.2 63.9 61.2 60.1 65.9 67.4 68.1 70.8 71.9
1998.............. 68.4 67.3 64.2 61.7 60.4 58.4 57.2 p56.3 p54.1
Over 6-month span:
1994.............. 70.9 69.9 69.7 71.2 70.2 69.8 69.8 70.2 68.7 67.4 66.7 65.4
1995.............. 66.4 60.1 59.1 57.3 59.0 60.1 57.6 60.4 59.7 59.3 61.1 63.2
1996.............. 62.8 65.4 64.7 65.7 66.2 65.0 66.4 66.0 66.2 67.6 66.9 66.3
1997.............. 67.6 67.0 65.3 64.9 65.6 67.3 68.0 67.3 70.6 72.3 73.3 72.6
1998.............. 72.1 70.9 69.4 63.5 64.5 p61.2 p57.6
Over 12-month span:
1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0
1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.5 63.5 65.4
1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 69.1 68.3
1997.............. 69.8 67.6 69.2 70.1 69.8 69.8 71.2 71.2 71.1 73.0 72.9 72.3
1998.............. 71.2 69.5 p69.7 p66.2
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1994.............. 56.8 56.5 60.1 59.0 53.6 58.3 59.0 55.8 53.6 56.5 58.3 56.8
1995.............. 54.7 54.3 46.4 53.2 42.4 44.2 46.4 49.6 48.6 52.2 45.3 48.2
1996.............. 42.8 54.7 48.2 42.1 55.4 50.7 47.1 55.4 47.8 52.9 54.3 55.4
1997.............. 49.3 54.3 50.0 56.8 51.4 52.2 50.4 48.9 56.5 57.2 56.1 60.8
1998.............. 55.8 51.8 52.5 48.6 45.0 47.8 39.6 47.5 p41.7 p38.1
Over 3-month span:
1994.............. 60.4 63.7 63.7 60.4 57.6 59.7 61.9 56.8 54.3 55.4 60.8 59.0
1995.............. 56.8 50.0 47.8 42.1 43.2 38.8 40.6 43.5 48.2 47.1 45.3 39.9
1996.............. 43.9 46.8 46.0 47.5 46.4 49.3 51.4 50.0 53.6 51.1 57.6 54.7
1997.............. 54.3 49.3 54.3 54.0 55.4 50.4 47.5 52.2 57.9 62.6 64.7 65.5
1998.............. 60.1 59.0 50.7 46.4 43.2 38.8 36.7 p35.6 p40.6
Over 6-month span:
1994.............. 60.4 62.9 61.2 62.6 59.4 57.2 57.6 58.6 58.6 54.7 57.2 55.0
1995.............. 55.4 46.4 42.8 40.3 41.4 42.4 41.0 41.0 43.9 43.2 43.2 45.3
1996.............. 42.1 45.3 46.4 47.1 48.2 48.6 51.1 50.4 52.9 52.9 53.2 52.2
1997.............. 54.3 54.3 51.4 52.9 51.4 55.0 56.8 57.6 60.4 64.4 67.6 65.8
1998.............. 61.5 56.8 52.2 39.2 40.6 p35.3 p30.2
Over 12-month span:
1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6
1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 38.5 39.9 44.6
1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.0 51.8
1997.............. 57.2 52.5 54.7 56.5 57.9 57.6 58.6 58.6 60.4 60.4 59.4 58.3
1998.............. 50.7 51.1 p51.4 p41.0
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: December 04, 1998
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_1098.htm
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