Technical information: USDL 96-500
Household data: (202) 606-6378
606-6373 Transmission of material in this
release is embargoed until
Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EST),
Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, December 6, 1996.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: NOVEMBER 1996
Nonfarm payroll employment increased in November, and the unemployment
rate edged up to 5.4 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.
Department of Labor reported today. Payroll employment rose by 118,000,
with modest but widespread gains occurring throughout the private sector.
Average hourly earnings rose by 9 cents over the month, following a decline
of 1 cent in October.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
About 7.2 million persons were unemployed in November, 273,000 more than
in the previous month. The increase was concentrated among those
unemployed for fewer than 5 weeks. The unemployment rate was 5.4 percent
in November, up slightly from 5.2 percent in October. The rate for whites
edged up to 4.6 percent, while rates were essentially unchanged for blacks
(10.6 percent) and Hispanics (8.3 percent), as well as for adult men (4.5
percent), adult women (4.8 percent), and teenagers (17.0 percent). (See
tables A-1, A-2, and A-5.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Total employment was 127.6 million in November, little different from
the previous month. The employment-population ratio--the proportion of the
population 16 years and over that is employed--was essentially unchanged in
November at 63.3 percent, but was 0.6 percentage point higher than a year
earlier. The civilian labor force stood at 134.8 million in November, and
has grown by 2.3 million over the past year. (See table A-1.)
In November, 3.9 million persons worked part time for economic reasons,
361,000 fewer than in October. These are workers who prefer full-time work
but are unable to find it, or whose schedules have been reduced to part
time. (See table A-3.)
About 8.5 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one
job in November. These multiple jobholders comprised 6.6 percent of the
total employed, compared with 6.1 percent a year earlier. (See table A-9.)
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________|Oct.-
Category | 1996 | 1996 |Nov.
|_________________|__________________________|change
| II | III | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 133,647| 134,135| 134,340| 134,574| 134,818| 244
Employment..........| 126,389| 127,102| 127,368| 127,627| 127,597| -30
Unemployment........| 7,258| 7,033| 6,971| 6,948| 7,221| 273
Not in labor force....| 66,633| 66,715| 66,721| 66,699| 66,645| -54
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 5.4| 5.2| 5.2| 5.2| 5.4| 0.2
Adult men...........| 4.7| 4.5| 4.5| 4.3| 4.5| .2
Adult women.........| 4.8| 4.7| 4.5| 4.7| 4.8| .1
Teenagers...........| 16.3| 16.4| 15.6| 16.1| 17.0| .9
White...............| 4.7| 4.5| 4.5| 4.4| 4.6| .2
Black...............| 10.3| 10.5| 10.5| 10.8| 10.6| -.2
Hispanic origin.....| 9.2| 8.7| 8.2| 8.0| 8.3| .3
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 119,264| 119,958| 120,050|p120,274|p120,392| p118
Goods-producing 1/..| 24,249| 24,273| 24,257| p24,277| p24,299| p22
Construction......| 5,379| 5,438| 5,449| p5,461| p5,475| p14
Manufacturing.....| 18,295| 18,266| 18,241| p18,250| p18,259| p9
Service-producing 1/| 95,015| 95,685| 95,793| p95,997| p96,093| p96
Retail trade......| 21,489| 21,682| 21,702| p21,795| p21,812| p17
Services..........| 34,260| 34,529| 34,607| p34,695| p34,765| p70
Government........| 19,433| 19,536| 19,519| p19,511| p19,489| p-22
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 2/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.4| 34.4| 34.7| p34.3| p34.5| p0.2
Manufacturing.......| 41.7| 41.7| 41.7| p41.7| p41.7| p.0
Overtime..........| 4.6| 4.5| 4.5| p4.4| p4.5| p.1
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 2/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $11.76| $11.86| $11.91| p$11.90| p$11.99| p$0.09
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 404.67| 408.50| 413.28| p408.17| p413.66| p5.49
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
- 3 -
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.5 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in November--that is, they wanted and were
available for work but had stopped looking for jobs sometime in the prior
12 months. Of this total, 346,000 were discouraged workers--persons who
were not looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were
available for them. (See table A-9.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 118,000 in November to 120.4
million, after seasonal adjustment. This gain was in line with the average
increase over the prior 2 months, but it was only about half of the average
monthly increase that had occurred this year through August. (See
table B-1.)
Employment in the services industry rose by 70,000 in November,
continuing its pattern of slower growth that began in June. Employment
declined by 32,000 in help supply services in November, following 2 months
of little change. Motion pictures lost 12,000 jobs. In contrast, health
services added 32,000 jobs, with hospitals showing strong increases in 2 of
the past 3 months. Employment in private education rose by 14,000 in
November, about the same magnitude as in the prior month. The long-term
growth pattern continued in computer and data processing services and in
engineering and management services in November.
Employment in finance, insurance, and real estate rose by 16,000 over
the month. Within finance, job growth continued in commercial banks,
security brokerages, and mortgage brokerages. The insurance industry has
added 10,000 jobs over the past 3 months, after showing some weakness
during the summer. Real estate employment continued to expand in November.
Following a substantial rise in October, retail trade employment rose
modestly in November (17,000). The November increase was held down by
declines (after seasonal adjustment) in department stores and apparel and
accessory stores; job gains in these industries had been larger than usual
in October. Employment rose in most other types of retail establishments.
Wholesale trade employment was little changed in November, following
substantial gains in the prior 3 months.
Manufacturing employment, which had been on a downward trend since March
1995, has risen by 9,000 in each of the past 2 months. In November, a gain
of 10,000 occurred in food and kindred products, after seasonal adjustment,
but this increase reflected fewer seasonal layoffs this fall, following
lighter-than-usual summer hiring. Aircraft continued to add workers. In
contrast, motor vehicles has lost 22,000 jobs over the past 3 months; the
small November decline reflected plant shutdowns for retooling and parts
shortages. Employment in the apparel industry continued to decline and has
fallen by 149,000, or 15 percent, over the past 2 years.
Construction employment rose by 14,000 in November, continuing its
recent pattern of slow but steady growth. November job growth was held
down by unseasonably cold weather across much of the country.
- 4 -
Employment in transportation increased by 8,000 over the month. Job
gains in air transportation, transportation services, and local transit
were partially offset by a decline in trucking and warehousing, in which
employment has fallen by 20,000 since June. Government employment declined
by 22,000 in November, with small losses at all levels of government.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.2 hour in November to 34.5 hours,
seasonally adjusted, recouping half of October’s decline. The
manufacturing workweek was 41.7 hours for the fourth consecutive month.
Factory overtime edged up by 0.1 hour to 4.5 hours. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or
nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.4 percent,
seasonally adjusted, to 137.6 (1982=100) in November. The manufacturing
index was about unchanged at 106.0. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers
on nonfarm payrolls rose 9 cents in November to $11.99, seasonally
adjusted, following a decline of 1 cent in the prior month. Average weekly
earnings increased by 1.3 percent in November to $413.66. Over the past
year, average hourly earnings rose by 40 cents, or 3.5 percent, and average
weekly earnings rose by $14.96, or 3.8 percent. (See table B-3.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
| In accordance with usual practice, the release of December data |
|will incorporate annual revisions in seasonally adjusted unemployment |
|and other labor force series. Seasonally adjusted data for the most |
|recent 3 years are subject to revision. |
----------------------------------------------------------------------
_________________________
The Employment Situation for December 1996 is scheduled to be released
on Friday, January 10, 1997, at 8:30 A.M. (EST). Release dates for the
balance of 1997 are as follows:
Feb. 7 May 2 Aug. 1 Nov. 7
March 7 June 6 Sept. 5 Dec. 5
April 4 July 3 Oct. 3
- 5 -
Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1996,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing over 47 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
- 6 -
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
- 7 -
period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
- 8 -
monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.6 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $13.00 per issue or
$35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-
H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-
5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 199,355 201,273 201,463 199,355 200,641 200,847 201,060 201,273 201,463
Civilian labor force.......................... 132,622 135,015 134,973 132,471 134,181 133,885 134,340 134,574 134,818
Participation rate...................... 66.5 67.1 67.0 66.4 66.9 66.7 66.8 66.9 66.9
Employed.................................... 125,599 128,439 128,157 125,062 126,884 127,055 127,368 127,627 127,597
Employment-population ratio............. 63.0 63.8 63.6 62.7 63.2 63.3 63.3 63.4 63.3
Agriculture............................... 3,242 3,515 3,253 3,323 3,502 3,421 3,535 3,457 3,355
Nonagricultural industries................ 122,357 124,924 124,904 121,739 123,382 123,635 123,833 124,169 124,242
Unemployed.................................. 7,024 6,577 6,816 7,409 7,297 6,830 6,971 6,948 7,221
Unemployment rate....................... 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.4
Not in labor force............................ 66,733 66,258 66,489 66,884 66,460 66,962 66,721 66,699 66,645
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 95,580 96,556 96,654 95,580 96,230 96,335 96,447 96,556 96,654
Civilian labor force.......................... 71,015 72,436 72,119 71,208 72,375 71,973 72,102 72,375 72,362
Participation rate...................... 74.3 75.0 74.6 74.5 75.2 74.7 74.8 75.0 74.9
Employed.................................... 67,219 69,099 68,565 67,177 68,400 68,442 68,319 68,669 68,574
Employment-population ratio............. 70.3 71.6 70.9 70.3 71.1 71.0 70.8 71.1 70.9
Unemployed.................................. 3,796 3,337 3,555 4,031 3,975 3,531 3,783 3,706 3,788
Unemployment rate....................... 5.3 4.6 4.9 5.7 5.5 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.2
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 88,046 88,840 88,971 88,046 88,614 88,650 88,733 88,840 88,971
Civilian labor force.......................... 67,203 68,495 68,375 67,171 68,274 68,114 68,072 68,247 68,397
Participation rate...................... 76.3 77.1 76.9 76.3 77.0 76.8 76.7 76.8 76.9
Employed.................................... 64,103 65,854 65,502 63,901 65,094 65,286 64,978 65,293 65,353
Employment-population ratio............. 72.8 74.1 73.6 72.6 73.5 73.6 73.2 73.5 73.5
Agriculture............................... 2,243 2,478 2,324 2,259 2,381 2,352 2,377 2,419 2,364
Nonagricultural industries................ 61,860 63,376 63,178 61,642 62,713 62,933 62,601 62,873 62,989
Unemployed.................................. 3,100 2,641 2,874 3,270 3,179 2,829 3,094 2,954 3,044
Unemployment rate....................... 4.6 3.9 4.2 4.9 4.7 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.5
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 103,775 104,717 104,809 103,775 104,411 104,512 104,614 104,717 104,809
Civilian labor force.......................... 61,608 62,579 62,854 61,263 61,806 61,912 62,238 62,199 62,456
Participation rate...................... 59.4 59.8 60.0 59.0 59.2 59.2 59.5 59.4 59.6
Employed.................................... 58,380 59,340 59,593 57,885 58,484 58,613 59,049 58,958 59,023
Employment-population ratio............. 56.3 56.7 56.9 55.8 56.0 56.1 56.4 56.3 56.3
Unemployed.................................. 3,228 3,240 3,261 3,378 3,322 3,299 3,189 3,242 3,433
Unemployment rate....................... 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.5
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,555 97,290 97,366 96,555 97,064 97,146 97,226 97,290 97,366
Civilian labor force.......................... 58,026 58,902 59,100 57,502 58,102 58,225 58,356 58,372 58,534
Participation rate...................... 60.1 60.5 60.7 59.6 59.9 59.9 60.0 60.0 60.1
Employed.................................... 55,374 56,179 56,395 54,752 55,266 55,522 55,711 55,657 55,701
Employment-population ratio............. 57.3 57.7 57.9 56.7 56.9 57.2 57.3 57.2 57.2
Agriculture............................... 790 823 760 806 863 829 881 794 781
Nonagricultural industries................ 54,584 55,356 55,635 53,946 54,403 54,693 54,831 54,862 54,921
Unemployed.................................. 2,652 2,723 2,705 2,750 2,837 2,704 2,645 2,715 2,833
Unemployment rate....................... 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population........... 14,754 15,143 15,126 14,754 14,963 15,051 15,101 15,143 15,126
Civilian labor force.......................... 7,393 7,618 7,498 7,798 7,805 7,545 7,911 7,956 7,887
Participation rate...................... 50.1 50.3 49.6 52.9 52.2 50.1 52.4 52.5 52.1
Employed.................................... 6,121 6,406 6,261 6,409 6,524 6,248 6,679 6,677 6,543
Employment-population ratio............. 41.5 42.3 41.4 43.4 43.6 41.5 44.2 44.1 43.3
Agriculture............................... 209 214 169 258 258 240 278 244 210
Nonagricultural industries................ 5,913 6,192 6,092 6,151 6,266 6,008 6,401 6,434 6,333
Unemployed.................................. 1,272 1,212 1,237 1,389 1,280 1,297 1,232 1,278 1,344
Unemployment rate....................... 17.2 15.9 16.5 17.8 16.4 17.2 15.6 16.1 17.0
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 167,441 168,788 168,924 167,441 168,345 168,489 168,639 168,788 168,924
Civilian labor force.......................... 112,089 113,830 113,881 112,023 113,076 112,832 113,316 113,616 113,867
Participation rate........................ 66.9 67.4 67.4 66.9 67.2 67.0 67.2 67.3 67.4
Employed.................................... 106,828 109,162 108,900 106,451 107,772 107,828 108,256 108,603 108,587
Employment-population ratio............... 63.8 64.7 64.5 63.6 64.0 64.0 64.2 64.3 64.3
Unemployed.................................. 5,261 4,668 4,981 5,572 5,304 5,004 5,060 5,013 5,280
Unemployment rate......................... 4.7 4.1 4.4 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.6
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 57,739 58,687 58,546 57,679 58,456 58,354 58,303 58,558 58,519
Participation rate........................ 76.9 77.6 77.3 76.8 77.5 77.3 77.1 77.4 77.3
Employed.................................... 55,361 56,738 56,410 55,150 56,079 56,174 56,008 56,344 56,241
Employment-population ratio............... 73.7 75.0 74.5 73.4 74.3 74.4 74.1 74.5 74.3
Unemployed.................................. 2,378 1,949 2,136 2,529 2,376 2,179 2,295 2,215 2,278
Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 3.3 3.6 4.4 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.9
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 48,196 48,734 48,981 47,832 47,981 48,124 48,286 48,337 48,609
Participation rate........................ 59.7 60.0 60.3 59.2 59.2 59.3 59.5 59.5 59.8
Employed.................................... 46,250 46,847 47,029 45,796 46,009 46,217 46,406 46,429 46,564
Employment-population ratio............... 57.3 57.7 57.9 56.7 56.8 57.0 57.2 57.2 57.3
Unemployed.................................. 1,946 1,886 1,952 2,036 1,972 1,907 1,881 1,907 2,046
Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force.......................... 6,154 6,409 6,354 6,512 6,639 6,354 6,726 6,721 6,739
Participation rate........................ 53.2 53.6 53.0 56.3 56.0 53.5 56.4 56.2 56.2
Employed.................................... 5,217 5,576 5,461 5,505 5,684 5,437 5,842 5,830 5,782
Employment-population ratio............... 45.1 46.7 45.6 47.6 48.0 45.7 49.0 48.8 48.3
Unemployed.................................. 937 833 893 1,007 955 917 885 891 957
Unemployment rate......................... 15.2 13.0 14.0 15.5 14.4 14.4 13.2 13.3 14.2
Men..................................... 16.3 14.9 15.6 16.4 16.6 15.6 14.5 15.4 15.6
Women................................... 14.1 10.9 12.4 14.5 12.0 13.2 11.8 11.0 12.7
BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,389 23,728 23,762 23,389 23,611 23,650 23,690 23,728 23,762
Civilian labor force.......................... 15,022 15,370 15,298 15,006 15,279 15,361 15,167 15,291 15,260
Participation rate........................ 64.2 64.8 64.4 64.2 64.7 65.0 64.0 64.4 64.2
Employed.................................... 13,660 13,796 13,772 13,558 13,671 13,750 13,569 13,644 13,644
Employment-population ratio............... 58.4 58.1 58.0 58.0 57.9 58.1 57.3 57.5 57.4
Unemployed.................................. 1,363 1,574 1,526 1,448 1,609 1,611 1,597 1,647 1,617
Unemployment rate......................... 9.1 10.2 10.0 9.6 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.8 10.6
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 6,656 6,888 6,916 6,664 6,867 6,890 6,849 6,843 6,931
Participation rate........................ 71.7 72.9 72.9 71.8 72.9 73.2 72.7 72.4 73.1
Employed.................................... 6,118 6,294 6,294 6,108 6,233 6,326 6,177 6,189 6,281
Employment-population ratio............... 66.0 66.6 66.3 65.8 66.2 67.2 65.6 65.5 66.2
Unemployed.................................. 537 594 622 556 634 564 672 654 650
Unemployment rate......................... 8.1 8.6 9.0 8.3 9.2 8.2 9.8 9.6 9.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force.......................... 7,423 7,578 7,537 7,366 7,504 7,511 7,417 7,491 7,459
Participation rate........................ 63.2 63.8 63.4 62.7 63.4 63.4 62.5 63.0 62.7
Employed.................................... 6,871 6,905 6,910 6,789 6,830 6,824 6,794 6,830 6,808
Employment-population ratio............... 58.5 58.1 58.1 57.8 57.7 57.6 57.3 57.5 57.2
Unemployed.................................. 552 673 627 577 674 687 623 661 651
Unemployment rate......................... 7.4 8.9 8.3 7.8 9.0 9.1 8.4 8.8 8.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force.......................... 944 904 845 976 908 960 901 957 871
Participation rate........................ 39.9 37.6 35.5 41.2 38.5 40.2 37.5 39.9 36.6
Employed.................................... 671 597 569 661 607 599 598 625 555
Employment-population ratio............... 28.3 24.9 23.9 27.9 25.8 25.1 24.9 26.1 23.3
Unemployed.................................. 273 306 276 315 301 361 303 331 316
Unemployment rate......................... 28.9 33.9 32.7 32.3 33.1 37.6 33.6 34.6 36.3
Men..................................... 28.4 35.1 37.5 33.7 43.3 38.6 36.6 37.1 43.4
Women................................... 29.5 32.7 28.3 30.8 20.9 36.5 30.7 32.1 29.7
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population............ 18,845 19,398 19,454 18,845 19,238 19,292 19,346 19,398 19,454
Civilian labor force.......................... 12,369 13,109 13,248 12,374 12,641 12,877 12,822 12,986 13,271
Participation rate........................ 65.6 67.6 68.1 65.7 65.7 66.7 66.3 66.9 68.2
Employed.................................... 11,246 12,097 12,183 11,227 11,500 11,750 11,766 11,942 12,171
Employment-population ratio............... 59.7 62.4 62.6 59.6 59.8 60.9 60.8 61.6 62.6
Unemployed.................................. 1,123 1,012 1,065 1,147 1,141 1,127 1,057 1,044 1,100
Unemployment rate......................... 9.1 7.7 8.0 9.3 9.0 8.7 8.2 8.0 8.3
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over............... 125,599 128,439 128,157 125,062 126,884 127,055 127,368 127,627 127,597
Married men, spouse present................... 42,133 42,964 42,681 42,081 42,478 42,622 42,265 42,623 42,638
Married women, spouse present................. 32,562 32,800 32,867 32,153 32,713 32,732 32,765 32,507 32,445
Women who maintain families................... 7,317 7,412 7,498 7,274 7,230 7,291 7,443 7,390 7,461
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty......... 35,986 37,212 37,509 35,730 36,361 36,520 36,741 36,911 37,253
Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 37,484 38,004 37,962 37,291 37,795 37,858 37,801 38,004 37,773
Service occupations........................... 16,757 17,208 17,298 16,947 17,418 17,397 17,533 17,242 17,437
Precision production, craft, and repair....... 13,526 13,779 13,644 13,344 13,439 13,701 13,717 13,602 13,536
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,395 18,552 18,476 18,213 18,392 18,075 18,047 18,250 18,243
Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,452 3,684 3,268 3,590 3,594 3,500 3,576 3,619 3,405
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers..................... 1,715 1,849 1,757 1,750 1,863 1,802 1,833 1,793 1,835
Self-employed workers....................... 1,494 1,597 1,435 1,514 1,564 1,528 1,597 1,585 1,460
Unpaid family workers....................... 33 69 61 34 52 65 97 75 67
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers..................... 113,374 115,748 115,737 112,722 114,294 114,634 114,908 115,120 115,134
Government................................ 18,441 18,270 18,456 18,288 18,294 18,286 18,088 18,107 18,273
Private industries........................ 94,933 97,478 97,282 94,434 96,000 96,348 96,820 97,012 96,861
Private households...................... 953 1,017 953 980 935 1,009 1,006 1,023 959
Other industries........................ 93,980 96,462 96,329 93,454 95,065 95,339 95,814 95,989 95,902
Self-employed workers....................... 8,884 9,035 9,035 8,853 8,998 8,876 8,763 8,928 9,026
Unpaid family workers....................... 99 140 132 105 130 121 127 137 138
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,335 3,973 3,860 4,435 4,366 4,354 4,309 4,300 3,939
Slack work or business conditions......... 2,489 2,053 2,052 2,526 2,589 2,477 2,426 2,217 2,062
Could only find part-time work............ 1,591 1,602 1,499 1,648 1,494 1,610 1,616 1,746 1,541
Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 18,698 18,636 19,398 17,452 17,814 18,229 17,710 17,631 18,163
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,165 3,803 3,700 4,283 4,159 4,205 4,128 4,125 3,775
Slack work or business conditions......... 2,382 1,949 1,959 2,419 2,457 2,350 2,318 2,112 1,965
Could only find part-time work............ 1,574 1,575 1,480 1,622 1,479 1,600 1,574 1,732 1,513
Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 18,113 17,995 18,751 16,852 17,157 17,613 17,036 17,008 17,492
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Category
Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over....................... 7,409 6,948 7,221 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.4
Men, 20 years and over....................... 3,270 2,954 3,044 4.9 4.7 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.5
Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,750 2,715 2,833 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,389 1,278 1,344 17.8 16.4 17.2 15.6 16.1 17.0
Married men, spouse present.................. 1,414 1,322 1,339 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0
Married women, spouse present................ 1,271 1,187 1,243 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.7
Women who maintain families.................. 606 685 722 7.7 9.1 8.8 8.3 8.5 8.8
Full-time workers............................ 5,977 5,664 5,840 5.5 5.3 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.3
Part-time workers............................ 1,452 1,341 1,388 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.7
OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty........ 930 797 860 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3
Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,622 1,796 1,825 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.6
Precision production, craft, and repair...... 921 812 872 6.5 5.5 5.2 5.5 5.6 6.1
Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,656 1,527 1,526 8.3 7.7 7.8 7.3 7.7 7.7
Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 305 256 291 7.8 6.3 5.8 7.0 6.6 7.9
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary
workers...................................... 5,773 5,459 5,622 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.5
Goods-producing industries................. 1,878 1,643 1,719 6.7 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.8 6.1
Mining................................... 42 36 26 7.0 2.8 4.4 5.1 6.1 4.4
Construction............................. 764 626 692 12.0 10.1 8.8 9.1 9.6 10.4
Manufacturing............................ 1,072 981 1,000 5.0 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.8
Durable goods.......................... 560 544 563 4.5 4.2 3.8 4.0 4.4 4.5
Nondurable goods....................... 512 436 437 5.8 5.3 6.0 4.6 5.1 5.1
Service-producing industries............... 3,895 3,817 3,903 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.3
Transportation and public utilities...... 292 323 245 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.5 3.4
Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,638 1,643 1,673 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.2 6.4
Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 217 210 207 3.0 2.8 2.4 3.2 2.8 2.8
Services................................. 1,748 1,640 1,777 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.3 4.9 5.3
Government workers........................... 550 540 525 2.9 3.2 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.8
Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 239 195 229 12.0 8.6 7.4 11.0 9.8 11.1
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,629 2,291 2,721 2,767 2,701 2,486 2,446 2,487 2,855
5 to 14 weeks.................................. 2,247 2,174 2,109 2,383 2,322 2,129 2,245 2,269 2,236
15 weeks and over.............................. 2,147 2,112 1,986 2,305 2,319 2,248 2,279 2,306 2,149
15 to 26 weeks.............................. 969 982 907 1,057 958 978 1,054 1,076 1,004
27 weeks and over........................... 1,179 1,130 1,079 1,248 1,361 1,270 1,225 1,230 1,146
Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 16.3 16.7 15.8 16.3 16.8 17.4 17.0 16.7 15.9
Median duration, in weeks...................... 7.7 8.1 7.3 8.0 8.6 8.5 8.9 8.3 7.7
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks............................ 37.4 34.8 39.9 37.1 36.8 36.2 35.1 35.2 39.4
5 to 14 weeks................................ 32.0 33.1 30.9 32.0 31.6 31.0 32.2 32.1 30.9
15 weeks and over............................ 30.6 32.1 29.1 30.9 31.6 32.8 32.7 32.6 29.7
15 to 26 weeks............................. 13.8 14.9 13.3 14.2 13.1 14.3 15.1 15.2 13.9
27 weeks and over.......................... 16.8 17.2 15.8 16.7 18.5 18.5 17.6 17.4 15.8
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Reason
Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 3,355 2,757 3,126 3,485 3,343 3,054 3,225 3,098 3,266
On temporary layoff................................... 935 649 871 1,049 953 889 1,059 938 996
Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,419 2,108 2,255 2,436 2,391 2,165 2,167 2,160 2,270
Permanent job losers................................ 1,661 1,476 1,549 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 758 632 706 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers............................................. 842 848 838 857 749 773 807 809 841
Reentrants.............................................. 2,349 2,468 2,370 2,504 2,529 2,448 2,404 2,483 2,532
New entrants............................................ 478 504 482 585 623 548 545 575 590
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed........................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 47.8 41.9 45.9 46.9 46.1 44.8 46.2 44.5 45.2
On temporary layoff.................................. 13.3 9.9 12.8 14.1 13.1 13.0 15.2 13.5 13.8
Not on temporary layoff.............................. 34.4 32.1 33.1 32.8 33.0 31.7 31.0 31.0 31.4
Job leavers............................................ 12.0 12.9 12.3 11.5 10.3 11.3 11.6 11.6 11.6
Reentrants............................................. 33.4 37.5 34.8 33.7 34.9 35.9 34.4 35.6 35.0
New entrants........................................... 6.8 7.7 7.1 7.9 8.6 8.0 7.8 8.3 8.2
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 2.5 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4
Job leavers............................................ .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6
Reentrants............................................. 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9
New entrants........................................... .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4
1 Not available.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Measure
Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force.................................................... 2.5 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.4
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force
plus discouraged workers....................................... 5.6 5.1 5.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other
marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian
labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 6.4 5.9 6.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus
total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 9.6 8.8 8.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7
of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking
for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past.
Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently
looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time
work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of
alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Age and sex
Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 7,409 6,948 7,221 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.4
16 to 24 years.................................. 2,572 2,456 2,575 12.1 12.2 11.5 11.2 11.5 12.1
16 to 19 years................................ 1,389 1,278 1,344 17.8 16.4 17.2 15.6 16.1 17.0
16 to 17 years.............................. 646 600 534 20.1 19.4 19.1 17.2 17.8 16.4
18 to 19 years.............................. 739 698 814 16.1 14.1 16.0 14.5 15.1 17.5
20 to 24 years................................ 1,183 1,178 1,232 8.8 9.7 8.3 8.7 8.8 9.2
25 years and over............................... 4,848 4,508 4,639 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1
25 to 54 years................................ 4,243 4,058 4,139 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2
55 years and over............................. 590 497 475 3.7 3.8 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.0
Men, 16 years and over.......................... 4,031 3,706 3,788 5.7 5.5 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.2
16 to 24 years................................ 1,432 1,372 1,405 12.8 13.3 11.5 11.9 12.2 12.7
16 to 19 years.............................. 761 752 744 18.9 19.4 18.2 17.1 18.2 18.8
16 to 17 years............................ 355 337 295 21.7 24.2 22.0 18.6 19.4 18.2
18 to 19 years............................ 409 416 455 17.0 16.1 15.9 16.1 17.3 19.3
20 to 24 years.............................. 671 621 661 9.4 9.8 7.7 8.8 8.7 9.3
25 years and over............................. 2,622 2,347 2,403 4.4 4.0 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.9
25 to 54 years.............................. 2,281 2,104 2,110 4.4 4.1 3.8 4.2 4.0 4.0
55 years and over........................... 321 259 278 3.7 3.8 3.2 3.2 2.9 3.1
Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,378 3,242 3,433 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.5
16 to 24 years................................ 1,140 1,083 1,170 11.4 10.9 11.6 10.6 10.7 11.4
16 to 19 years.............................. 628 526 600 16.7 13.1 16.2 14.0 13.8 15.3
16 to 17 years............................ 291 263 239 18.5 14.4 16.3 15.7 16.2 14.7
18 to 19 years............................ 330 281 359 15.1 11.8 16.0 12.9 12.7 15.7
20 to 24 years.............................. 512 557 570 8.2 9.5 8.9 8.5 8.9 9.0
25 years and over............................. 2,226 2,161 2,236 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.3
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,962 1,954 2,029 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.5
55 years and over........................... 269 237 197 3.8 3.7 2.9 3.4 3.4 2.8
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov.
1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force.................................... 66,733 66,489 24,565 24,534 42,167 41,955
Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,140 4,878 2,194 2,023 2,946 2,855
Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,542 1,503 724 702 818 801
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 401 346 240 190 161 156
Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,141 1,157 483 512 657 645
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,617 8,494 4,045 4,453 3,572 4,041
Percent of total employed................................... 6.1 6.6 6.0 6.5 6.1 6.8
Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,350 4,648 2,567 2,749 1,783 1,899
Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,726 1,851 561 537 1,165 1,314
Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 217 258 144 190 73 68
Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,298 1,697 757 963 541 735
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during
the reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or
old, and other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and
transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown
separately.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Nov. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p
Total......................... 118,915 120,531 121,203 121,483 117,899 119,772 120,052 120,050 120,274 120,392
Total private.................... 99,159 101,253 101,411 101,506 98,561 100,288 100,446 100,531 100,763 100,903
Goods-producing......................... 24,327 24,682 24,639 24,495 24,133 24,264 24,298 24,257 24,277 24,299
Mining................................ 575 573 572 570 569 570 570 567 566 565
Metal mining........................ 50.1 52.1 51.6 51.8 50 52 52 52 52 52
Coal mining......................... 103.9 98.5 97.7 96.8 103 100 99 98 98 96
Oil and gas extraction.............. 312.8 310.3 311.4 311.8 309 310 311 309 308 309
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 107.9 111.8 111.4 109.8 107 108 108 108 108 108
Construction.......................... 5,349 5,742 5,730 5,617 5,211 5,427 5,437 5,449 5,461 5,475
General building contractors........ 1,222.6 1,277.3 1,268.9 1,253.4 1,200 1,231 1,232 1,233 1,230 1,231
Heavy construction, except building. 784.5 846.7 839.3 795.3 751 769 770 765 763 762
Special trade contractors........... 3,342.0 3,618.2 3,621.7 3,567.8 3,260 3,427 3,435 3,451 3,468 3,482
Manufacturing......................... 18,403 18,367 18,337 18,308 18,353 18,267 18,291 18,241 18,250 18,259
Production workers................ 12,729 12,711 12,686 12,657 12,690 12,614 12,626 12,591 12,602 12,615
Durable goods........................ 10,655 10,713 10,713 10,721 10,628 10,680 10,711 10,675 10,682 10,692
Production workers................ 7,288 7,341 7,345 7,350 7,270 7,313 7,339 7,307 7,318 7,329
Lumber and wood products............ 763.9 778.3 777.4 773.4 762 764 769 766 769 770
Furniture and fixtures.............. 507.2 501.2 502.1 504.3 504 500 499 500 499 502
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 540.0 547.5 546.7 542.6 535 535 536 537 538 537
Primary metal industries............ 710.9 706.8 702.6 704.6 710 700 706 706 702 703
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 241.1 237.9 233.1 234.0 241 237 237 237 233 234
Fabricated metal products........... 1,444.7 1,459.2 1,463.2 1,464.7 1,441 1,454 1,456 1,456 1,459 1,460
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,076.2 2,077.8 2,079.9 2,084.0 2,079 2,088 2,089 2,082 2,087 2,087
Computer and office equipment..... 356.2 358.0 358.3 359.1 356 357 359 359 359 359
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,644.7 1,650.4 1,651.2 1,654.7 1,640 1,656 1,654 1,649 1,649 1,650
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 600.1 611.9 610.3 609.9 600 616 615 613 611 610
Transportation equipment............ 1,741.2 1,772.4 1,766.7 1,770.9 1,737 1,766 1,784 1,764 1,762 1,768
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 961.0 961.9 948.4 945.3 958 950 967 955 947 945
Aircraft and parts................ 419.0 455.2 464.5 471.3 417 453 454 455 463 469
Instruments and related products.... 830.3 832.2 832.5 832.3 830 832 833 831 833 831
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 395.9 387.5 390.7 389.8 390 385 385 384 384 384
Nondurable goods..................... 7,748 7,654 7,624 7,587 7,725 7,587 7,580 7,566 7,568 7,567
Production workers................ 5,441 5,370 5,341 5,307 5,420 5,301 5,287 5,284 5,284 5,286
Food and kindred products........... 1,682.4 1,709.6 1,681.8 1,655.5 1,676 1,640 1,641 1,639 1,640 1,650
Tobacco products.................... 42.4 42.7 43.2 42.2 42 40 39 40 41 41
Textile mill products............... 654.8 633.0 633.6 631.6 652 637 633 631 633 629
Apparel and other textile products.. 897.7 844.5 839.7 830.0 891 849 837 835 833 825
Paper and allied products........... 685.9 676.5 674.1 676.4 686 672 673 674 674 676
Printing and publishing............. 1,542.9 1,521.7 1,526.3 1,531.0 1,537 1,527 1,527 1,527 1,528 1,525
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,027.8 1,017.9 1,016.7 1,015.4 1,030 1,019 1,021 1,017 1,017 1,018
Petroleum and coal products......... 140.7 140.7 140.1 138.4 140 139 139 139 138 138
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 970.2 972.5 974.3 973.3 969 968 976 971 971 973
Leather and leather products........ 103.3 94.8 94.4 93.4 102 96 94 93 93 92
Service-producing....................... 94,588 95,849 96,564 96,988 93,766 95,508 95,754 95,793 95,997 96,093
Transportation and public utilities... 6,285 6,385 6,384 6,398 6,233 6,333 6,342 6,337 6,337 6,349
Transportation...................... 4,014 4,094 4,100 4,113 3,964 4,051 4,056 4,052 4,057 4,065
Railroad transportation........... 236.7 232.1 232.4 232.4 236 229 230 230 231 231
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 449.9 471.1 476.3 477.1 433 458 463 458 457 460
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,912.7 1,900.4 1,900.5 1,902.4 1,878 1,888 1,882 1,877 1,876 1,871
Water transportation.............. 171.1 175.8 171.7 171.1 174 172 173 171 172 174
Transportation by air............. 808.7 854.8 857.6 865.6 808 848 850 855 859 864
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.4 13.9 13.7 13.8 14 14 14 14 14 14
Transportation services........... 420.6 445.4 447.9 450.4 421 442 444 447 448 451
Communications and public utilities. 2,271 2,291 2,284 2,285 2,269 2,282 2,286 2,285 2,280 2,284
Communications.................... 1,362.3 1,401.8 1,398.2 1,400.4 1,358 1,391 1,398 1,398 1,394 1,398
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 908.8 889.1 885.6 884.4 911 891 888 887 886 886
Wholesale trade....................... 6,491 6,634 6,652 6,650 6,478 6,585 6,603 6,619 6,634 6,637
Durable goods....................... 3,787 3,873 3,872 3,876 3,788 3,862 3,871 3,877 3,876 3,878
Nondurable goods.................... 2,704 2,761 2,780 2,774 2,690 2,723 2,732 2,742 2,758 2,759
Retail trade.......................... 21,633 21,806 21,828 22,158 21,300 21,671 21,672 21,702 21,795 21,812
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 872.2 937.2 936.5 932.2 878 922 923 930 935 938
General merchandise stores.......... 2,889.6 2,716.6 2,809.8 2,961.3 2,681 2,732 2,745 2,737 2,763 2,748
Department stores................. 2,543.6 2,401.9 2,485.9 2,612.3 2,349 2,413 2,422 2,415 2,440 2,423
Food stores......................... 3,423.0 3,440.2 3,456.6 3,481.8 3,395 3,435 3,442 3,440 3,453 3,449
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,208.2 2,313.0 2,309.9 2,309.5 2,212 2,285 2,291 2,297 2,304 2,313
New and used car dealers.......... 1,005.9 1,043.4 1,044.8 1,044.7 1,005 1,034 1,037 1,039 1,042 1,044
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,160.3 1,083.9 1,100.0 1,147.9 1,111 1,103 1,098 1,100 1,107 1,099
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 969.1 983.8 999.0 1,027.5 948 981 989 991 998 1,004
Eating and drinking places.......... 7,348.5 7,647.7 7,482.5 7,463.0 7,413 7,528 7,489 7,504 7,516 7,528
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,761.6 2,683.9 2,733.8 2,834.6 2,662 2,685 2,695 2,703 2,719 2,733
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,851 7,016 7,007 7,023 6,871 6,987 6,999 7,009 7,025 7,041
Finance............................. 3,252 3,337 3,338 3,355 3,256 3,329 3,339 3,341 3,351 3,359
Depository institutions........... 2,016.9 2,028.0 2,025.8 2,033.3 2,020 2,030 2,028 2,029 2,034 2,036
Commercial banks................ 1,462.2 1,472.8 1,470.9 1,477.8 1,465 1,472 1,471 1,474 1,476 1,480
Savings institutions............ 268.5 260.0 258.8 257.7 268 265 265 261 260 258
Nondepository institutions........ 477.5 520.6 521.4 527.2 478 514 519 522 524 528
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 212.3 234.9 234.2 236.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Security and commodity brokers.... 524.8 546.7 548.2 551.9 526 543 548 547 550 553
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 232.8 242.1 242.2 242.2 232 242 244 243 243 242
Insurance........................... 2,244 2,261 2,261 2,265 2,249 2,261 2,259 2,265 2,265 2,269
Insurance carriers................ 1,542.2 1,551.0 1,550.1 1,551.7 1,546 1,553 1,551 1,554 1,554 1,555
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 701.7 709.5 710.4 713.0 703 708 708 711 711 714
Real estate......................... 1,355 1,418 1,408 1,403 1,366 1,397 1,401 1,403 1,409 1,413
Services2............................. 33,572 34,730 34,901 34,782 33,546 34,448 34,532 34,607 34,695 34,765
Agricultural services............... 580.3 651.5 645.8 622.7 584 619 619 617 622 627
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,588.1 1,736.9 1,689.4 1,625.8 1,648 1,690 1,684 1,686 1,689 1,688
Personal services................... 1,138.3 1,148.3 1,155.1 1,155.5 1,164 1,174 1,179 1,182 1,183 1,183
Business services................... 7,039.7 7,384.7 7,443.2 7,396.8 6,922 7,225 7,269 7,267 7,286 7,280
Services to buildings............. 889.4 893.4 892.9 889.6 888 893 893 891 894 888
Personnel supply services......... 2,611.5 2,805.8 2,834.2 2,767.4 2,518 2,668 2,696 2,691 2,695 2,667
Help supply services............ 2,311.9 2,494.7 2,519.5 2,448.9 2,226 2,368 2,393 2,387 2,389 2,357
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,125.2 1,224.7 1,236.0 1,254.2 1,125 1,206 1,218 1,226 1,239 1,253
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,036.5 1,111.0 1,116.4 1,120.6 1,039 1,096 1,105 1,108 1,116 1,123
Miscellaneous repair services....... 356.2 369.1 368.4 369.5 358 365 366 367 366 371
Motion pictures..................... 502.4 524.6 521.7 520.0 506 532 524 539 535 523
Amusement and recreation services... 1,321.8 1,586.5 1,485.1 1,379.5 1,471 1,514 1,515 1,522 1,534 1,533
Health services..................... 9,392.9 9,612.6 9,633.8 9,676.2 9,383 9,576 9,591 9,621 9,635 9,667
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,630.6 1,686.8 1,689.0 1,695.3 1,630 1,677 1,681 1,686 1,688 1,694
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,717.6 1,752.2 1,755.5 1,763.1 1,712 1,747 1,749 1,751 1,753 1,758
Hospitals......................... 3,809.1 3,857.1 3,861.7 3,875.5 3,810 3,849 3,849 3,863 3,865 3,877
Home health care services......... 648.5 661.8 663.1 667.4 645 656 658 661 663 665
Legal services...................... 921.1 926.3 933.9 941.5 924 933 935 934 938 944
Educational services................ 2,128.4 1,959.8 2,154.5 2,193.9 1,975 2,017 2,014 2,005 2,021 2,035
Social services..................... 2,368.2 2,393.7 2,418.2 2,428.5 2,355 2,390 2,392 2,410 2,414 2,418
Child day care services........... 582.1 576.3 590.5 590.4 568 568 577 575 577 574
Residential care.................. 645.5 668.1 669.5 673.0 646 669 672 672 673 674
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 79.6 86.3 86.7 84.7 82 85 85 85 85 87
Membership organizations............ 2,123.2 2,133.1 2,138.4 2,141.2 2,133 2,146 2,154 2,150 2,149 2,152
Engineering and management services. 2,802.5 2,911.9 2,917.7 2,931.8 2,810 2,893 2,906 2,921 2,929 2,941
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 823.6 857.4 855.4 860.6 824 844 848 853 852 860
Management and public relations... 858.8 919.2 923.8 930.3 860 903 907 917 923 932
Services, nec....................... 45.6 46.9 45.8 46.2 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Government............................ 19,756 19,278 19,792 19,977 19,338 19,484 19,606 19,519 19,511 19,489
Federal............................. 2,783 2,739 2,721 2,714 2,796 2,752 2,739 2,739 2,736 2,728
Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,932.3 1,890.4 1,871.6 1,862.4 1,946 1,897 1,888 1,883 1,883 1,877
State............................... 4,779 4,595 4,751 4,772 4,634 4,659 4,674 4,658 4,635 4,629
Education......................... 2,103.2 1,907.4 2,084.3 2,116.8 1,937 1,981 1,984 1,975 1,956 1,953
Other State government............ 2,675.9 2,687.9 2,666.4 2,655.5 2,697 2,678 2,690 2,683 2,679 2,676
Local............................... 12,194 11,944 12,320 12,491 11,908 12,073 12,193 12,122 12,140 12,132
Education......................... 6,990.7 6,613.8 7,046.0 7,155.9 6,641 6,768 6,862 6,787 6,797 6,796
Other local government............ 5,203.6 5,329.8 5,273.5 5,334.6 5,267 5,305 5,331 5,335 5,343 5,336
1 This series is not suitable for seasonal adjustment because it has very little seasonal and irregular movement.
Thus, the not seasonally adjusted series can be used for analysis of cyclical and long-term trends.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Nov. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p
Total private.................... 34.4 34.9 34.6 34.4 34.4 34.2 34.4 34.7 34.3 34.5
Goods-producing......................... 41.2 41.7 41.5 41.3 40.9 41.0 41.1 41.0 41.1 41.0
Mining................................ 44.8 46.0 45.9 45.1 44.2 44.9 44.8 45.4 45.4 44.4
Construction.......................... 38.6 39.7 39.9 38.7 38.8 38.7 38.7 38.6 38.8 38.8
Manufacturing......................... 41.9 42.3 41.9 42.1 41.5 41.6 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.7
Overtime hours.................... 4.6 5.1 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.5
Durable goods........................ 42.8 43.1 42.7 42.8 42.3 42.3 42.5 42.5 42.4 42.4
Overtime hours.................... 5.0 5.3 4.9 5.1 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7
Lumber and wood products............ 40.7 41.6 41.5 41.1 40.7 41.1 40.9 40.9 41.0 41.1
Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.2 40.4 40.2 40.5 39.6 39.7 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.9
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.2 44.3 44.0 43.2 42.9 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.3 42.9
Primary metal industries............ 44.3 44.8 44.5 44.7 43.9 44.0 44.5 44.5 44.5 44.3
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 44.6 44.6 44.7 45.5 44.2 44.3 44.2 44.4 44.9 45.1
Fabricated metal products........... 42.8 43.0 42.7 43.0 42.2 42.4 42.5 42.4 42.4 42.4
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.6 43.3 43.0 43.1 43.3 43.1 42.8 43.0 43.0 42.8
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 42.3 42.0 41.6 42.2 41.6 41.2 41.7 41.6 41.4 41.5
Transportation equipment............ 44.3 45.1 44.1 44.4 43.8 43.9 44.7 44.3 43.8 44.0
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.4 46.2 44.8 44.9 44.8 45.5 46.4 45.2 44.5 44.3
Instruments and related products.... 41.8 42.0 41.9 42.2 41.4 41.4 41.7 41.9 41.9 41.8
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.4 40.4 40.2 40.5 39.6 39.7 39.8 39.8 39.7 39.8
Nondurable goods..................... 40.8 41.3 40.9 41.1 40.3 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.7 40.7
Overtime hours.................... 4.2 4.7 4.4 4.4 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1
Food and kindred products........... 41.4 42.2 41.7 41.9 40.8 40.8 40.6 41.0 41.2 41.3
Tobacco products.................... 40.7 42.0 41.2 41.4 40.1 39.4 39.8 40.3 39.9 40.8
Textile mill products............... 40.9 41.4 41.1 41.5 40.5 40.8 40.9 40.9 40.9 41.2
Apparel and other textile products.. 37.1 37.6 37.6 37.5 36.8 37.1 37.4 37.3 37.4 37.2
Paper and allied products........... 43.5 44.0 43.7 44.2 42.9 43.4 43.3 43.5 43.4 43.7
Printing and publishing............. 38.7 38.8 38.5 38.6 38.1 38.2 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.1
Chemicals and allied products....... 43.4 43.3 43.2 43.6 43.1 43.3 43.3 43.1 43.2 43.2
Petroleum and coal products......... 43.8 44.2 43.6 44.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.8 42.1 41.5 41.4 41.2 41.5 41.7 41.6 41.4 41.0
Leather and leather products........ 38.0 39.2 39.1 39.5 37.7 38.3 38.9 38.8 38.5 39.2
Service-producing....................... 32.6 33.0 32.7 32.6 32.7 32.5 32.6 33.0 32.6 32.7
Transportation and public utilities... 39.5 40.3 39.9 39.9 39.6 39.4 39.7 40.1 39.7 39.9
Wholesale trade....................... 38.2 38.6 38.3 38.2 38.2 38.0 38.3 38.5 38.1 38.2
Retail trade.......................... 28.6 29.1 28.7 28.4 28.9 28.6 28.8 28.9 28.7 28.7
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.6 36.5 35.7 35.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Services.............................. 32.3 32.6 32.4 32.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
Nov. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996p 1996p
Total private.................... $11.59 $11.96 $11.95 $12.00 $398.70 $417.40 $413.47 $412.80
Seasonally adjusted............. 11.59 11.91 11.90 11.99 398.70 413.28 408.17 413.66
Goods-producing......................... 13.18 13.66 13.62 13.62 543.02 569.62 565.23 562.51
Mining................................ 15.35 15.72 15.51 15.60 687.68 723.12 711.91 703.56
Construction.......................... 15.24 15.73 15.72 15.54 588.26 624.48 627.23 601.40
Manufacturing......................... 12.49 12.90 12.84 12.94 523.33 545.67 538.00 544.77
Durable goods........................ 13.03 13.51 13.42 13.50 557.68 582.28 573.03 577.80
Lumber and wood products............ 10.22 10.56 10.56 10.57 415.95 439.30 438.24 434.43
Furniture and fixtures.............. 9.94 10.27 10.29 10.29 399.59 414.91 413.66 416.75
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.56 12.99 12.91 12.97 542.59 575.46 568.04 560.30
Primary metal industries............ 14.73 15.19 15.08 15.24 652.54 680.51 671.06 681.23
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 17.55 18.15 17.89 18.15 782.73 809.49 799.68 825.83
Fabricated metal products........... 12.24 12.64 12.53 12.59 523.87 543.52 535.03 541.37
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.39 13.77 13.71 13.81 583.80 596.24 589.53 595.21
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 11.83 12.34 12.33 12.38 500.41 518.28 512.93 522.44
Transportation equipment............ 16.82 17.50 17.30 17.35 745.13 789.25 762.93 770.34
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.55 18.12 17.80 17.89 796.77 837.14 797.44 803.26
Instruments and related products.... 12.83 13.31 13.30 13.38 536.29 559.02 557.27 564.64
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.16 10.49 10.50 10.56 410.46 423.80 422.10 427.68
Nondurable goods..................... 11.73 12.02 12.01 12.13 478.58 496.43 491.21 498.54
Food and kindred products........... 11.06 11.21 11.18 11.40 457.88 473.06 466.21 477.66
Tobacco products.................... 19.62 18.65 17.98 19.10 798.53 783.30 740.78 790.74
Textile mill products............... 9.53 9.77 9.72 9.77 389.78 404.48 399.49 405.46
Apparel and other textile products.. 7.77 7.99 8.02 8.02 288.27 300.42 301.55 300.75
Paper and allied products........... 14.38 14.74 14.75 14.84 625.53 648.56 644.58 655.93
Printing and publishing............. 12.40 12.82 12.82 12.81 479.88 497.42 493.57 494.47
Chemicals and allied products....... 15.90 16.29 16.32 16.56 690.06 705.36 705.02 722.02
Petroleum and coal products......... 19.45 19.33 19.21 19.45 851.91 854.39 837.56 855.80
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.01 11.30 11.27 11.32 460.22 475.73 467.71 468.65
Leather and leather products........ 8.23 8.70 8.73 8.85 312.74 341.04 341.34 349.58
Service-producing....................... 11.04 11.38 11.38 11.45 359.90 375.54 372.13 373.27
Transportation and public utilities... $14.46 $14.63 $14.55 $14.61 $571.17 $589.59 $580.55 $582.94
Wholesale trade....................... 12.53 13.00 12.90 13.02 478.65 501.80 494.07 497.36
Retail trade.......................... 7.78 8.06 8.11 8.12 222.51 234.55 232.76 230.61
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.49 12.90 12.85 12.96 444.64 470.85 458.75 462.67
Services.............................. 11.57 11.91 11.92 12.03 373.71 388.27 386.21 389.77
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Average hourly and weekly earnings for durable goods, industrial machinery and equipment, electronic and other
electrical equipment, and transportation equipment from March 1995 forward may differ slightly from those previously
published because of corrections to the estimates for some component industries.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. change
Industry 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p from:
Oct. 1996-
Nov. 1996
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $11.59 $11.81 $11.87 $11.91 $11.90 $11.99 0.8
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.44 7.41 7.45 7.45 7.42 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 13.18 13.48 13.56 13.56 13.57 13.61 .3
Mining...................... 15.47 15.62 15.63 15.67 15.62 15.70 .5
Construction................ 15.20 15.46 15.49 15.53 15.54 15.50 -.3
Manufacturing............... 12.49 12.79 12.89 12.87 12.88 12.95 .5
Excluding overtime4....... 11.86 12.15 12.22 12.21 12.21 12.27 .5
Service-producing............. 11.03 11.25 11.30 11.36 11.34 11.45 1.0
Transportation and public
utilities................ 14.42 14.52 14.61 14.58 14.51 14.58 .5
Wholesale trade............. 12.55 12.81 12.88 12.99 12.90 13.04 1.1
Retail trade................ 7.78 7.96 8.01 8.01 8.09 8.12 .4
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 12.52 12.77 12.85 12.92 12.83 13.00 1.3
Services.................... 11.54 11.78 11.82 11.89 11.88 12.00 1.0
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was -.4 percent from September 1996 to October 1996, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Nov. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p
Total private.................... 135.1 139.9 138.9 138.5 134.3 136.1 136.9 138.0 137.0 137.6
Goods-producing......................... 111.3 114.9 114.0 112.6 109.3 110.2 110.6 110.3 110.5 110.6
Mining................................ 54.0 56.3 56.2 55.0 52.5 54.2 54.3 54.7 54.7 53.4
Construction.......................... 146.2 162.6 162.9 153.8 141.9 147.8 148.0 147.9 148.9 149.3
Manufacturing......................... 107.6 108.5 107.2 107.5 106.1 105.8 106.3 105.9 105.9 106.0
Durable goods........................ 108.8 110.3 109.3 109.9 107.3 108.0 108.9 108.3 108.2 108.4
Lumber and wood products............ 135.0 141.3 140.8 138.4 134.5 136.7 136.9 136.2 137.2 138.0
Furniture and fixtures.............. 126.7 126.2 125.8 127.1 123.9 124.2 122.9 122.9 122.6 124.2
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 109.6 114.7 113.6 110.7 107.6 108.6 109.2 109.2 109.9 108.7
Primary metal industries............ 92.8 93.6 92.3 93.2 91.7 90.9 92.9 92.6 92.4 92.2
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 73.6 73.3 72.0 73.5 73.0 72.8 72.6 72.5 72.9 73.3
Fabricated metal products........... 115.5 117.4 116.8 117.6 113.3 115.0 115.8 115.3 115.5 115.6
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 104.6 103.3 102.5 103.3 104.0 103.4 102.8 102.7 103.0 102.7
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 110.4 109.1 108.5 110.2 108.2 107.8 108.7 108.0 107.6 108.0
Transportation equipment............ 118.6 125.0 121.8 123.0 117.5 121.4 125.0 122.3 121.0 122.0
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 165.1 168.9 161.6 161.4 161.1 165.1 172.9 164.5 160.7 159.3
Instruments and related products.... 73.7 74.0 74.2 74.6 73.1 72.6 73.5 74.0 74.0 73.8
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 106.6 104.2 104.5 105.0 102.9 101.3 101.1 101.1 100.9 101.1
Nondurable goods..................... 106.0 105.9 104.4 104.3 104.4 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.7 102.7
Food and kindred products........... 116.1 121.5 117.6 115.9 113.7 111.3 110.6 111.8 112.5 113.6
Tobacco products.................... 65.3 70.3 70.0 68.4 63.5 60.5 57.2 61.9 63.2 66.7
Textile mill products............... 93.9 92.4 91.8 92.4 92.7 91.2 91.1 90.9 91.3 91.4
Apparel and other textile products.. 80.5 76.5 75.9 74.8 79.3 76.0 75.3 74.9 74.6 73.7
Paper and allied products........... 110.1 110.6 109.7 111.2 108.8 107.7 107.9 108.8 108.8 109.7
Printing and publishing............. 126.5 124.2 123.2 124.5 124.0 123.0 123.6 123.0 123.0 122.2
Chemicals and allied products....... 102.7 99.9 99.2 99.7 102.0 100.0 99.8 99.2 99.2 99.0
Petroleum and coal products......... 74.9 77.5 76.4 75.8 73.6 75.8 75.8 75.1 73.4 74.8
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 143.0 143.9 142.2 141.9 140.9 141.2 142.8 142.1 141.2 140.2
Leather and leather products........ 47.0 44.1 43.8 43.8 46.3 43.5 43.0 42.9 42.6 42.8
Service-producing....................... 145.8 151.2 150.1 150.1 145.6 147.7 148.7 150.4 148.9 149.7
Transportation and public utilities... 127.7 132.7 131.3 131.5 126.7 128.3 129.4 130.8 129.4 130.1
Wholesale trade....................... 123.1 126.9 126.4 126.1 122.8 123.9 125.3 126.3 125.2 125.7
Retail trade.......................... 134.2 137.2 135.5 136.5 133.1 134.1 135.0 135.7 135.4 135.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 122.9 129.1 125.7 125.9 123.9 125.1 126.3 129.6 124.8 127.2
Services.............................. 172.6 180.0 179.8 179.1 172.8 176.4 177.5 179.8 178.0 179.3
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1992.............. 43.7 43.7 50.0 57.3 55.5 50.1 52.2 49.0 52.1 56.3 53.2 57.4
1993.............. 60.0 60.8 51.3 58.6 61.7 55.2 57.7 57.0 61.8 59.7 61.8 59.6
1994.............. 58.8 62.1 66.0 64.2 60.3 63.5 61.5 62.1 60.8 61.5 63.1 63.9
1995.............. 63.2 59.3 54.9 54.6 51.4 55.1 54.1 57.4 51.8 54.8 56.3 59.4
1996.............. 52.4 63.2 60.0 52.4 62.2 57.4 55.8 57.3 52.7 p61.8 p56.9
Over 3-month span:
1992.............. 39.7 41.9 49.7 57.0 58.4 55.8 50.6 50.1 52.8 54.4 57.6 61.2
1993.............. 63.8 61.2 61.1 59.8 63.1 62.9 59.7 63.1 64.5 67.1 64.6 63.5
1994.............. 67.1 69.5 70.4 68.7 66.4 66.0 68.5 69.5 65.3 65.6 68.0 67.8
1995.............. 66.6 63.2 56.9 53.4 54.2 52.9 56.6 53.8 54.2 54.6 58.3 57.0
1996.............. 60.7 61.8 61.2 60.0 61.0 63.6 60.3 56.7 p60.3 p58.1
Over 6-month span:
1992.............. 43.3 46.8 47.5 52.5 54.9 56.7 53.8 52.2 55.5 57.6 63.9 61.9
1993.............. 63.3 65.2 63.8 64.2 62.4 65.9 65.7 63.9 66.3 67.3 70.6 69.5
1994.............. 70.8 71.6 69.0 69.8 69.5 69.5 69.2 69.0 69.2 68.5 69.1 66.6
1995.............. 66.3 60.8 58.7 54.4 53.5 54.1 53.1 56.3 55.9 54.1 56.2 61.8
1996.............. 60.3 62.9 63.8 63.8 62.6 59.0 p65.3 p63.2
Over 12-month span:
1992.............. 47.2 42.3 42.7 44.1 48.0 52.5 55.8 60.7 59.7 61.4 62.9 62.9
1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1
1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.4 65.7 65.0
1995.............. 62.6 60.8 60.1 61.2 58.1 57.7 54.5 58.7 58.6 57.3 59.4 59.8
1996.............. 61.0 61.7 61.5 p61.1 p63.2
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1992.............. 37.4 39.9 43.9 56.8 50.0 48.9 52.2 44.6 47.5 47.8 51.4 54.7
1993.............. 52.5 56.5 50.7 45.7 54.0 45.7 49.3 49.3 59.4 53.2 53.6 55.0
1994.............. 56.5 60.1 59.7 58.6 53.2 57.9 57.6 53.6 55.8 54.7 57.2 59.4
1995.............. 56.8 55.0 46.0 45.3 39.2 40.3 45.0 45.0 42.4 45.3 46.4 47.5
1996.............. 42.1 48.2 48.2 39.6 53.2 49.6 43.9 50.0 44.6 p52.9 p50.7
Over 3-month span:
1992.............. 29.9 33.5 43.9 49.6 55.4 53.2 46.8 47.8 45.7 47.5 51.1 54.7
1993.............. 60.8 58.3 53.2 47.8 48.9 54.0 50.4 58.3 57.6 59.7 54.7 57.6
1994.............. 63.7 64.4 66.2 60.8 56.1 56.8 60.8 58.6 54.0 56.1 60.1 60.8
1995.............. 60.4 51.8 43.5 34.9 33.1 32.0 33.1 35.6 38.8 39.6 40.6 38.8
1996.............. 38.8 39.9 37.8 43.2 45.3 47.5 45.7 40.6 p50.0 p47.8
Over 6-month span:
1992.............. 32.4 34.9 39.9 46.8 52.2 54.3 48.2 47.8 51.1 51.1 56.8 56.5
1993.............. 56.5 59.0 56.8 55.4 50.7 57.9 59.4 56.5 57.6 58.6 64.4 60.8
1994.............. 62.2 64.4 60.4 61.5 59.0 56.8 56.5 57.2 60.1 55.8 59.7 55.8
1995.............. 55.4 45.0 38.5 33.5 27.7 28.8 28.8 30.6 33.5 33.1 34.2 38.8
1996.............. 32.0 37.4 37.1 38.1 42.4 37.8 p48.2 p46.0
Over 12-month span:
1992.............. 42.4 36.7 36.3 36.0 39.6 45.7 50.0 55.8 57.9 56.8 58.3 56.5
1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6
1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 55.8 49.6 47.5
1995.............. 42.1 40.3 39.9 40.6 34.5 31.7 25.9 28.8 28.1 24.1 27.0 29.1
1996.............. 33.1 33.1 33.8 p35.6 p37.8
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: July 02, 1998
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_1196.htm
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