Technical information: USDL 98-481
Household data: (202) 606-6378
Transmission of material in this
release is embargoed until
Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EST),
Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, December 4, 1998.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: NOVEMBER 1998
Employment increased in November, and the unemployment rate edged down
to 4.4 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of
Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment grew by 267,000, with
sizable job gains in services, construction, and retail trade more than
offsetting another large decline in manufacturing.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
Both the number of unemployed persons, 6.1 million, and the unemployment
rate, 4.4 percent, edged down in November. Over the last 12 months, the
jobless rate has ranged from 4.3 to 4.7 percent. Among the major worker
groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.5 percent) and whites (3.8
percent) edged down, while the rates for adult women (4.1 percent),
teenagers (15.1 percent), blacks (8.7 percent), and Hispanics (7.0 percent)
showed little change in November. (See tables A-1 and A-2.)
The number of persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks decreased by
389,000 to 2.5 million in November, following an increase in October. (See
table A-6.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Total employment rose by 477,000 in November to 132.2 million,
seasonally adjusted. The employment-population ratio--the proportion of
the population age 16 and older with jobs--was 64.1 percent, little changed
from the previous month. Over the year, employment has risen by 1.9
million, after adjusting for the changes in the composite estimation
procedure introduced with the January 1998 data. (See table A-1.)
About 8.3 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one
job in November. These multiple jobholders comprised 6.3 percent of total
employed, about the same as a year earlier. (See table A-10.)
The civilian labor force, 138.3 million (seasonally adjusted), was
about unchanged in November. Over the year, the labor force has grown by
1.7 million, after adjusting for the changes in the composite estimation
procedure. In November, the labor force participation rate was essentially
unchanged at 67.1 percent. (See table A-1.)
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________| Oct.-
Category | 1998 1/ | 1998 1/ | Nov.
|_________________|__________________________|change
| II | III | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 137,351| 137,596| 138,075| 137,976| 138,253| 277
Employment..........| 131,349| 131,333| 131,765| 131,677| 132,154| 477
Unemployment........| 6,002| 6,262| 6,310| 6,299| 6,099| -200
Not in labor force....| 67,554| 67,887| 67,624| 67,943| 67,851| -92
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 4.4| 4.6| 4.6| 4.6| 4.4| -0.2
Adult men...........| 3.6| 3.8| 3.8| 3.7| 3.5| -.2
Adult women.........| 4.0| 4.0| 4.0| 4.0| 4.1| .1
Teenagers...........| 14.0| 14.7| 15.4| 16.0| 15.1| -.9
White...............| 3.8| 3.9| 3.9| 4.0| 3.8| -.2
Black...............| 8.7| 9.3| 9.2| 8.6| 8.7| .1
Hispanic origin.....| 6.9| 7.4| 7.4| 7.2| 7.0| -.2
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA 2/| Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 125,516| 126,141| 126,363|p126,508|p126,775| p267
Goods-producing 2/..| 25,315| 25,210| 25,241| p25,208| p25,205| p-3
Construction......| 5,931| 5,980| 5,981| p6,013| p6,060| p47
Manufacturing.....| 18,804| 18,660| 18,692| p18,631| p18,584| p-47
Service-producing 2/| 100,201| 100,931| 101,122|p101,300|p101,570| p270
Retail trade......| 22,402| 22,561| 22,592| p22,598| p22,663| p65
Services..........| 37,347| 37,691| 37,768| p37,892| p38,042| p150
Government........| 19,802| 19,892| 19,928| p19,941| p19,959| p18
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.6| 34.5| 34.4| p34.6| p34.6| p.0
Manufacturing.......| 41.7| 41.7| 41.6| p41.7| p41.6| p-0.1
Overtime..........| 4.6| 4.6| 4.5| p4.5| p4.5| p.0
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 144.6| 145.1| 144.9| p145.7| p145.8| p0.1
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 3/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $12.73| $12.84| $12.87| p$12.90| p$12.93| p$0.03
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 440.46| 443.29| 442.73| p446.34| p447.38| p1.04
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Beginning in January 1998, household data reflect new composite
estimation procedures and revised population controls.
2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
- 2 -
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in November. These were people who wanted and
were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12
months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for
work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.
The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached
who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed
no jobs were available for them--was 310,000 in November, about the same as
a year earlier. (See table A-10.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 267,000 in November to 126.8
million, seasonally adjusted. This gain was comparable to the average
increase in the first 5 months of 1998 (255,000) and well above the average
monthly rise from June to October (189,000). Employment in services,
retail trade, and construction rose markedly in November, while
manufacturing lost an additional 47,000 jobs, and mining continued its long-
term downward trend.
The services industry added 150,000 jobs in November, its largest
increase since May. Employment in business services rose by 55,000.
Within business services, computer services rose by 14,000, continuing its
growth trend, and help supply services gained 22,000 jobs, well above its
average pace for this year. The November employment increase in
engineering and management services (30,000) was the second largest monthly
rise in a year of robust growth. Private educational services added 15,000
jobs over the month, for a total gain of 54,000 since August. Employment
in health services was up by 14,000, with the largest increase in doctors?
offices and clinics. The number of jobs in home health care services was
unchanged, following 13 straight months of declines; employment in nursing
and personal care facilities also was unchanged in November, following
decreases in 4 of the prior 5 months.
The construction industry had another large employment gain (47,000),
after adding 32,000 jobs in October. Smaller-than-usual seasonal layoffs
in special trade contractors and heavy construction accounted for most of
the November increase (after seasonal adjustment). Over the past 12
months, employment in construction has risen by 310,000.
Retail trade gained 65,000 jobs in November, following little growth in
October. Over the year, employment in this industry has risen by 457,000.
Nearly half of November?s increase occurred in eating and drinking places.
Employment in department stores rose by 19,000, as seasonal hiring was
stronger than usual. In wholesale trade, employment was essentially flat
for the second month in a row.
Employment in the finance industry rose by 10,000, with most of the gain
occurring in mortgage brokerages. Insurance continued to add jobs, with a
gain of 6,000 over the month, and employment in real estate increased by
7,000.
Employment in transportation and public utilities rose by 7,000 in
November, well below the average for the prior year. Water transportation
and transportation services accounted for most of the increase. Employment
was unchanged in both trucking and communications. In government, local
education employment was up by 24,000. Federal employment, except postal,
declined by 4,000 in November.
Manufacturing employment decreased by 47,000 in November, following a
decline of 61,000 in October. Since its latest peak in March, the number
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of factory jobs has fallen by 245,000. Industrial machinery lost 15,000
jobs in November, and electronic equipment lost 8,000. Employment in both
industries has been trending downward since March. Apparel continued its
long-term decline, losing 10,000 jobs in November. In addition, primary
metals, aircraft, and instruments all have experienced accelerating job
losses in recent months. Employment in mining decreased by 3,000 over the
month and has fallen by 33,000 since its most recent peak in September 1997.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.6 hours in November, seasonally
adjusted. The manufacturing workweek edged down by 0.1 hour to 41.6 hours,
while factory overtime remained unchanged at 4.5 hours. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonfarm payrolls was little changed at 145.8 (1982=100),
seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index decreased by 0.6 percent to
107.2. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls rose 3 cents in November to $12.93, seasonally
adjusted. Average weekly earnings increased by 0.2 percent to $447.38.
Over the year, average hourly and weekly earnings have risen by 3.7 and 3.4
percent, respectively. (See table B-3.)
________________________________________
--------------------------------------------------------------
| In accordance with usual practice, the release of December |
|data will incorporate annual revisions in seasonally adjusted |
|unemployment and other labor force series. Seasonally adjusted|
|data for the most recent 5 years are subject to revision. |
--------------------------------------------------------------
The Employment Situation for December 1998 is scheduled to be released
on Friday, January 8, 1999, at 8:30 A.M. (EST). Release dates for the
balance of 1999 are as follows:
Feb. 5 May 7 Aug. 6 Nov. 5
March 5 June 4 Sept. 3 Dec. 3
April 2 July 2 Oct. 8
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Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1998,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
- 6 -
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
- 7 -
period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
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monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.6 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or
$35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
|Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted(1)
| |
Employment status, sex, and age | |
_______________________________________________________________________
| |
| | | | | | | | |
| Nov. | Oct. | Nov. | Nov. | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
TOTAL | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............|203,941|205,919|206,104|203,941|205,270|205,479|205,699|205,919|206,104
Civilian labor force............................|136,912|138,255|138,288|136,864|137,296|137,415|138,075|137,976|138,253
Participation rate........................| 67.1| 67.1| 67.1| 67.1| 66.9| 66.9| 67.1| 67.0| 67.1
Employed......................................|130,999|132,424|132,577|130,575|131,067|131,168|131,765|131,677|132,154
Employment-population ratio...............| 64.2| 64.3| 64.3| 64.0| 63.9| 63.8| 64.1| 63.9| 64.1
Agriculture.................................| 3,259| 3,630| 3,226| 3,384| 3,441| 3,529| 3,518| 3,603| 3,344
Nonagricultural industries..................|127,739|128,794|129,351|127,191|127,626|127,640|128,247|128,075|128,810
Unemployed....................................| 5,914| 5,831| 5,711| 6,289| 6,230| 6,247| 6,310| 6,299| 6,099
Unemployment rate.........................| 4.3| 4.2| 4.1| 4.6| 4.5| 4.5| 4.6| 4.6| 4.4
Not in labor force..............................| 67,029| 67,664| 67,816| 67,077| 67,973| 68,064| 67,624| 67,943| 67,851
| | | | | | | | |
Men, 16 years and over | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 98,141| 99,121| 99,217| 98,141| 98,785| 98,892| 99,006| 99,121| 99,217
Civilian labor force............................| 73,426| 74,165| 74,162| 73,682| 74,027| 73,695| 74,165| 74,091| 74,404
Participation rate........................| 74.8| 74.8| 74.7| 75.1| 74.9| 74.5| 74.9| 74.7| 75.0
Employed......................................| 70,328| 71,219| 71,256| 70,352| 70,605| 70,441| 70,751| 70,797| 71,266
Employment-population ratio...............| 71.7| 71.9| 71.8| 71.7| 71.5| 71.2| 71.5| 71.4| 71.8
Unemployed....................................| 3,098| 2,946| 2,906| 3,330| 3,422| 3,253| 3,414| 3,294| 3,138
Unemployment rate.........................| 4.2| 4.0| 3.9| 4.5| 4.6| 4.4| 4.6| 4.4| 4.2
| | | | | | | | |
Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 90,251| 91,101| 91,192| 90,251| 90,802| 90,889| 91,003| 91,101| 91,192
Civilian labor force............................| 69,455| 70,051| 70,065| 69,500| 69,790| 69,490| 69,829| 69,815| 70,076
Participation rate........................| 77.0| 76.9| 76.8| 77.0| 76.9| 76.5| 76.7| 76.6| 76.8
Employed......................................| 66,951| 67,773| 67,809| 66,824| 67,040| 66,901| 67,185| 67,241| 67,658
Employment-population ratio...............| 74.2| 74.4| 74.4| 74.0| 73.8| 73.6| 73.8| 73.8| 74.2
Agriculture.................................| 2,275| 2,542| 2,337| 2,323| 2,394| 2,443| 2,424| 2,463| 2,382
Nonagricultural industries..................| 64,676| 65,231| 65,472| 64,501| 64,646| 64,457| 64,761| 64,778| 65,276
Unemployed....................................| 2,504| 2,278| 2,256| 2,676| 2,750| 2,589| 2,645| 2,575| 2,418
Unemployment rate.........................| 3.6| 3.3| 3.2| 3.9| 3.9| 3.7| 3.8| 3.7| 3.5
| | | | | | | | |
Women, 16 years and over | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............|105,799|106,798|106,887|105,799|106,484|106,587|106,693|106,798|106,887
Civilian labor force............................| 63,486| 64,090| 64,126| 63,182| 63,270| 63,721| 63,910| 63,885| 63,849
Participation rate........................| 60.0| 60.0| 60.0| 59.7| 59.4| 59.8| 59.9| 59.8| 59.7
Employed......................................| 60,670| 61,205| 61,321| 60,223| 60,462| 60,727| 61,014| 60,881| 60,888
Employment-population ratio...............| 57.3| 57.3| 57.4| 56.9| 56.8| 57.0| 57.2| 57.0| 57.0
Unemployed....................................| 2,816| 2,884| 2,805| 2,959| 2,808| 2,994| 2,896| 3,004| 2,961
Unemployment rate.........................| 4.4| 4.5| 4.4| 4.7| 4.4| 4.7| 4.5| 4.7| 4.6
| | | | | | | | |
Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 98,212| 99,037| 99,135| 98,212| 98,778| 98,901| 98,994| 99,037| 99,135
Civilian labor force............................| 59,787| 60,224| 60,326| 59,348| 59,359| 59,712| 59,804| 59,810| 59,907
Participation rate........................| 60.9| 60.8| 60.9| 60.4| 60.1| 60.4| 60.4| 60.4| 60.4
Employed......................................| 57,495| 57,898| 58,024| 56,953| 57,000| 57,286| 57,435| 57,422| 57,473
Employment-population ratio...............| 58.5| 58.5| 58.5| 58.0| 57.7| 57.9| 58.0| 58.0| 58.0
Agriculture.................................| 806| 802| 709| 833| 793| 819| 773| 778| 726
Nonagricultural industries..................| 56,689| 57,097| 57,315| 56,120| 56,207| 56,468| 56,663| 56,643| 56,747
Unemployed....................................| 2,292| 2,326| 2,302| 2,395| 2,359| 2,426| 2,368| 2,388| 2,434
Unemployment rate.........................| 3.8| 3.9| 3.8| 4.0| 4.0| 4.1| 4.0| 4.0| 4.1
| | | | | | | | |
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 15,478| 15,781| 15,777| 15,478| 15,690| 15,689| 15,702| 15,781| 15,777
Civilian labor force............................| 7,670| 7,980| 7,897| 8,016| 8,147| 8,213| 8,442| 8,351| 8,270
Participation rate........................| 49.6| 50.6| 50.1| 51.8| 51.9| 52.4| 53.8| 52.9| 52.4
Employed......................................| 6,552| 6,753| 6,744| 6,798| 7,027| 6,981| 7,145| 7,015| 7,023
Employment-population ratio...............| 42.3| 42.8| 42.7| 43.9| 44.8| 44.5| 45.5| 44.5| 44.5
Agriculture.................................| 179| 287| 180| 228| 254| 267| 322| 361| 237
Nonagricultural industries..................| 6,373| 6,466| 6,564| 6,570| 6,773| 6,715| 6,823| 6,653| 6,786
Unemployed....................................| 1,118| 1,226| 1,153| 1,218| 1,120| 1,232| 1,297| 1,336| 1,248
Unemployment rate.........................| 14.6| 15.4| 14.6| 15.2| 13.8| 15.0| 15.4| 16.0| 15.1
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
|Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted(1)
| |
Employment status, race, sex, age, and | |
_______________________________________________________________________
Hispanic origin | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Nov. | Oct. | Nov. | Nov. | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
WHITE | | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............|170,545|171,956|172,084|170,545|171,513|171,655|171,804|171,956|172,084
Civilian labor force............................|115,098|115,804|115,804|115,073|114,975|115,275|115,776|115,602|115,775
Participation rate..........................| 67.5| 67.3| 67.3| 67.5| 67.0| 67.2| 67.4| 67.2| 67.3
Employed......................................|110,913|111,599|111,692|110,604|110,630|110,708|111,233|111,013|111,394
Employment-population ratio.................| 65.0| 64.9| 64.9| 64.9| 64.5| 64.5| 64.7| 64.6| 64.7
Unemployed....................................| 4,186| 4,206| 4,112| 4,469| 4,346| 4,567| 4,543| 4,589| 4,381
Unemployment rate...........................| 3.6| 3.6| 3.6| 3.9| 3.8| 4.0| 3.9| 4.0| 3.8
| | | | | | | | |
Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 59,340| 59,620| 59,707| 59,355| 59,403| 59,314| 59,592| 59,469| 59,713
Participation rate..........................| 77.5| 77.2| 77.3| 77.5| 77.2| 77.0| 77.3| 77.1| 77.3
Employed......................................| 57,490| 57,911| 58,041| 57,363| 57,436| 57,385| 57,584| 57,509| 57,925
Employment-population ratio.................| 75.1| 75.0| 75.1| 74.9| 74.6| 74.5| 74.7| 74.5| 75.0
Unemployed....................................| 1,849| 1,709| 1,666| 1,992| 1,967| 1,929| 2,008| 1,960| 1,788
Unemployment rate...........................| 3.1| 2.9| 2.8| 3.4| 3.3| 3.3| 3.4| 3.3| 3.0
| | | | | | | | |
Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 49,286| 49,433| 49,468| 48,906| 48,705| 49,013| 49,110| 49,058| 49,071
Participation rate..........................| 60.3| 60.1| 60.1| 59.9| 59.3| 59.7| 59.8| 59.7| 59.6
Employed......................................| 47,717| 47,825| 47,863| 47,265| 47,087| 47,287| 47,492| 47,398| 47,389
Employment-population ratio.................| 58.4| 58.2| 58.2| 57.8| 57.4| 57.6| 57.8| 57.6| 57.6
Unemployed....................................| 1,569| 1,608| 1,605| 1,641| 1,618| 1,726| 1,618| 1,660| 1,683
Unemployment rate...........................| 3.2| 3.3| 3.2| 3.4| 3.3| 3.5| 3.3| 3.4| 3.4
| | | | | | | | |
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 6,472| 6,751| 6,629| 6,812| 6,867| 6,949| 7,074| 7,075| 6,991
Participation rate..........................| 52.9| 53.9| 52.8| 55.6| 55.1| 55.6| 56.5| 56.4| 55.7
Employed......................................| 5,705| 5,863| 5,789| 5,976| 6,107| 6,036| 6,158| 6,106| 6,080
Employment-population ratio.................| 46.6| 46.8| 46.1| 48.8| 49.0| 48.3| 49.2| 48.7| 48.4
Unemployed....................................| 767| 888| 840| 836| 760| 913| 917| 969| 911
Unemployment rate...........................| 11.9| 13.2| 12.7| 12.3| 11.1| 13.1| 13.0| 13.7| 13.0
Men.......................................| 12.5| 13.8| 13.6| 12.8| 13.1| 14.3| 15.0| 14.0| 14.1
Women.....................................| 11.1| 12.4| 11.6| 11.6| 8.9| 11.9| 10.7| 13.4| 11.9
| | | | | | | | |
BLACK | | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 24,149| 24,496| 24,529| 24,149| 24,381| 24,418| 24,458| 24,496| 24,529
Civilian labor force............................| 15,627| 16,220| 16,214| 15,638| 16,059| 15,907| 15,982| 16,172| 16,231
Participation rate..........................| 64.7| 66.2| 66.1| 64.8| 65.9| 65.1| 65.3| 66.0| 66.2
Employed......................................| 14,232| 14,896| 14,900| 14,128| 14,508| 14,476| 14,510| 14,781| 14,813
Employment-population ratio.................| 58.9| 60.8| 60.7| 58.5| 59.5| 59.3| 59.3| 60.3| 60.4
Unemployed....................................| 1,395| 1,325| 1,315| 1,510| 1,551| 1,431| 1,472| 1,391| 1,418
Unemployment rate...........................| 8.9| 8.2| 8.1| 9.7| 9.7| 9.0| 9.2| 8.6| 8.7
| | | | | | | | |
Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 6,993| 7,212| 7,133| 6,965| 7,120| 7,017| 6,975| 7,152| 7,103
Participation rate..........................| 72.4| 73.7| 72.8| 72.1| 73.2| 72.0| 71.5| 73.1| 72.5
Employed......................................| 6,486| 6,754| 6,662| 6,420| 6,485| 6,470| 6,475| 6,661| 6,602
Employment-population ratio.................| 67.2| 69.1| 68.0| 66.5| 66.7| 66.4| 66.3| 68.1| 67.4
Unemployed....................................| 507| 458| 471| 545| 635| 547| 499| 492| 501
Unemployment rate...........................| 7.3| 6.4| 6.6| 7.8| 8.9| 7.8| 7.2| 6.9| 7.1
| | | | | | | | |
Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 7,740| 8,030| 8,071| 7,731| 7,921| 7,894| 7,918| 7,983| 8,064
Participation rate..........................| 64.0| 65.5| 65.7| 63.9| 64.9| 64.6| 64.7| 65.1| 65.7
Employed......................................| 7,132| 7,437| 7,501| 7,080| 7,296| 7,296| 7,277| 7,385| 7,449
Employment-population ratio.................| 59.0| 60.7| 61.1| 58.6| 59.8| 59.7| 59.4| 60.2| 60.7
Unemployed....................................| 608| 594| 570| 651| 625| 597| 641| 598| 615
Unemployment rate...........................| 7.8| 7.4| 7.1| 8.4| 7.9| 7.6| 8.1| 7.5| 7.6
| | | | | | | | |
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | |
Civilian labor force............................| 894| 978| 1,010| 942| 1,018| 996| 1,089| 1,037| 1,063
Participation rate..........................| 37.2| 39.8| 41.1| 39.2| 41.6| 40.6| 44.3| 42.2| 43.2
Employed......................................| 614| 705| 737| 628| 727| 709| 758| 735| 762
Employment-population ratio.................| 25.5| 28.7| 30.0| 26.1| 29.7| 28.9| 30.8| 29.9| 31.0
Unemployed....................................| 280| 273| 274| 314| 291| 287| 332| 302| 302
Unemployment rate...........................| 31.4| 27.9| 27.1| 33.3| 28.6| 28.8| 30.4| 29.1| 28.4
Men.......................................| 30.9| 31.2| 32.1| 35.0| 30.6| 29.7| 34.1| 35.1| 34.4
Women.....................................| 31.7| 25.0| 22.2| 31.9| 26.4| 28.1| 26.8| 23.8| 22.1
HISPANIC ORIGIN | | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 20,575| 21,286| 21,349| 20,575| 21,097| 21,159| 21,224| 21,286| 21,349
Civilian labor force............................| 13,964| 14,509| 14,384| 13,880| 14,240| 14,277| 14,484| 14,418| 14,326
Participation rate..........................| 67.9| 68.2| 67.4| 67.5| 67.5| 67.5| 68.2| 67.7| 67.1
Employed......................................| 13,050| 13,502| 13,425| 12,921| 13,219| 13,203| 13,413| 13,381| 13,318
Employment-population ratio.................| 63.4| 63.4| 62.9| 62.8| 62.7| 62.4| 63.2| 62.9| 62.4
Unemployed....................................| 914| 1,007| 960| 959| 1,022| 1,074| 1,071| 1,036| 1,008
Unemployment rate...........................| 6.5| 6.9| 6.7| 6.9| 7.2| 7.5| 7.4| 7.2| 7.0
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
| Not seasonally adjusted | Seasonally adjusted(1)
| |
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Educational attainment | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Nov. | Oct. | Nov. | Nov. | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Less than a high school diploma | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population......| 29,505 | 28,713 | 29,084 | 29,505 | 29,027 | 29,204 | 29,290 | 28,713 | 29,084
Civilian labor force....................| 12,505 | 12,143 | 12,410 | 12,511 | 12,548 | 12,450 | 12,597 | 12,321 | 12,424
Percent of population...............| 42.4 | 42.3 | 42.7 | 42.4 | 43.2 | 42.6 | 43.0 | 42.9 | 42.7
Employed..............................| 11,613 | 11,368 | 11,548 | 11,575 | 11,648 | 11,567 | 11,728 | 11,483 | 11,525
Employment-population ratio.........| 39.4 | 39.6 | 39.7 | 39.2 | 40.1 | 39.6 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 39.6
Unemployed............................| 893 | 774 | 862 | 936 | 901 | 883 | 869 | 838 | 899
Unemployment rate...................| 7.1 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 7.2
| | | | | | | | |
High school graduates, no college (2) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population......| 57,310 | 57,666 | 57,273 | 57,310 | 57,374 | 57,729 | 57,589 | 57,666 | 57,273
Civilian labor force....................| 37,759 | 37,669 | 37,560 | 37,641 | 37,219 | 37,381 | 37,218 | 37,606 | 37,444
Percent of population...............| 65.9 | 65.3 | 65.6 | 65.7 | 64.9 | 64.8 | 64.6 | 65.2 | 65.4
Employed..............................| 36,376 | 36,287 | 36,159 | 36,193 | 35,694 | 35,898 | 35,693 | 36,106 | 35,980
Employment-population ratio.........| 63.5 | 62.9 | 63.1 | 63.2 | 62.2 | 62.2 | 62.0 | 62.6 | 62.8
Unemployed............................| 1,383 | 1,383 | 1,400 | 1,448 | 1,525 | 1,483 | 1,525 | 1,500 | 1,465
Unemployment rate...................| 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.9
| | | | | | | | |
Less than a bachelor's degree(3) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population......| 42,417 | 42,573 | 42,863 | 42,417 | 42,293 | 41,842 | 41,769 | 42,573 | 42,863
Civilian labor force....................| 31,772 | 31,827 | 32,126 | 31,544 | 31,174 | 30,863 | 31,152 | 31,221 | 31,901
Percent of population...............| 74.9 | 74.8 | 75.0 | 74.4 | 73.7 | 73.8 | 74.6 | 73.3 | 74.4
Employed..............................| 30,854 | 30,916 | 31,280 | 30,574 | 30,224 | 29,987 | 30,216 | 30,280 | 31,001
Employment-population ratio.........| 72.7 | 72.6 | 73.0 | 72.1 | 71.5 | 71.7 | 72.3 | 71.1 | 72.3
Unemployed............................| 918 | 911 | 846 | 970 | 950 | 876 | 937 | 940 | 900
Unemployment rate...................| 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.8
| | | | | | | | |
College graduates | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Civilian noninstitutional population......| 41,739 | 43,520 | 43,408 | 41,739 | 43,309 | 43,431 | 43,669 | 43,520 | 43,408
Civilian labor force....................| 33,707 | 35,034 | 34,775 | 33,505 | 34,721 | 34,847 | 35,015 | 34,813 | 34,528
Percent of population...............| 80.8 | 80.5 | 80.1 | 80.3 | 80.2 | 80.2 | 80.2 | 80.0 | 79.5
Employed..............................| 33,173 | 34,405 | 34,180 | 32,916 | 34,146 | 34,236 | 34,453 | 34,132 | 33,875
Employment-population ratio.........| 79.5 | 79.1 | 78.7 | 78.9 | 78.8 | 78.8 | 78.9 | 78.4 | 78.0
Unemployed............................| 534 | 629 | 594 | 589 | 575 | 611 | 562 | 681 | 652
Unemployment rate...................| 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 1.9
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
|Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted
| |
Category | |
_______________________________________________________________________
| |
| | | | | | | | |
| Nov. | Oct. | Nov. | Nov. | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
CHARACTERISTIC | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total employed, 16 years and over.................|130,999|132,424|132,577|130,575|131,067|131,168|131,765|131,677|132,154
Married men, spouse present.....................| 43,129| 43,512| 43,483| 42,967| 42,837| 42,833| 43,255| 43,081| 43,310
Married women, spouse present...................| 33,162| 33,451| 33,264| 32,840| 32,658| 32,597| 32,870| 33,087| 32,902
Women who maintain families.....................| 7,740| 7,928| 7,956| 7,726| 7,846| 7,932| 8,002| 7,928| 7,948
| | | | | | | | |
OCCUPATION | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Managerial and professional specialty...........| 38,300| 39,960| 39,779| 37,986| 39,011| 38,916| 39,607| 39,732| 39,459
Technical, sales, and administrative support....| 38,660| 38,556| 38,567| 38,540| 38,500| 38,889| 38,485| 38,441| 38,452
Service occupations.............................| 17,781| 17,577| 18,065| 17,827| 17,584| 17,727| 17,961| 17,630| 18,083
Precision production, craft, and repair.........| 14,186| 14,129| 14,478| 14,191| 14,312| 14,079| 13,963| 14,115| 14,551
Operators, fabricators, and laborers............| 18,723| 18,446| 18,276| 18,467| 18,145| 17,866| 18,047| 18,154| 18,022
Farming, forestry, and fishing..................| 3,349| 3,756| 3,413| 3,512| 3,503| 3,618| 3,621| 3,683| 3,589
| | | | | | | | |
CLASS OF WORKER | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Agriculture: | | | | | | | | |
Wage and salary workers.......................| 1,747| 2,284| 1,884| 1,855| 2,018| 2,165| 2,213| 2,309| 2,017
Self-employed workers.........................| 1,466| 1,310| 1,301| 1,493| 1,383| 1,345| 1,280| 1,265| 1,305
Unpaid family workers.........................| 46| 37| 41| 49| 30| 28| 43| 32| 41
Nonagricultural industries: | | | | | | | | |
Wage and salary workers.......................|118,638|119,616|120,296|118,083|118,543|118,676|118,978|118,990|119,702
Government..................................| 18,384| 18,586| 18,861| 18,170| 18,364| 18,257| 18,415| 18,549| 18,637
Private industries..........................|100,255|101,030|101,435| 99,913|100,179|100,419|100,563|100,441|101,064
Private households........................| 913| 950| 967| 910| 974| 853| 900| 940| 975
Other industries..........................| 99,341|100,080|100,467| 99,003| 99,205| 99,566| 99,663| 99,502|100,089
Self-employed workers.........................| 9,009| 9,091| 8,951| 9,004| 9,094| 8,947| 9,159| 9,064| 8,942
Unpaid family workers.........................| 92| 87| 104| 97| 91| 83| 85| 91| 114
| | | | | | | | |
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
All industries: | | | | | | | | |
Part time for economic reasons................| 3,768| 3,086| 3,159| 3,890| 3,783| 3,463| 3,365| 3,362| 3,281
Slack work or business conditions...........| 2,153| 1,821| 1,816| 2,221| 2,372| 1,989| 1,897| 2,042| 1,874
Could only find part-time work..............| 1,334| 1,047| 1,095| 1,386| 1,192| 1,175| 1,152| 1,099| 1,147
Part time for noneconomic reasons.............| 19,316| 19,479| 19,814| 18,083| 18,584| 18,648| 18,857| 18,641| 18,604
| | | | | | | | |
Nonagricultural industries: | | | | | | | | |
Part time for economic reasons................| 3,575| 2,956| 3,018| 3,689| 3,632| 3,307| 3,152| 3,216| 3,131
Slack work or business conditions...........| 2,041| 1,724| 1,737| 2,100| 2,261| 1,900| 1,779| 1,933| 1,789
Could only find part-time work..............| 1,300| 1,030| 1,073| 1,346| 1,162| 1,143| 1,113| 1,081| 1,120
Part time for noneconomic reasons.............| 18,708| 18,896| 19,305| 17,486| 17,972| 18,001| 18,305| 18,082| 18,093
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| Number of |
| unemployed persons | Unemployment rates(1)
| (in thousands) |
_______________________________________________________________________
Category | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Nov. | Oct. | Nov. | Nov. | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
CHARACTERISTIC | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total, 16 years and over.........................| 6,289| 6,299| 6,099| 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.4
Men, 20 years and over.........................| 2,676| 2,575| 2,418| 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.5
Women, 20 years and over.......................| 2,395| 2,388| 2,434| 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.....................| 1,218| 1,336| 1,248| 15.2 | 13.8 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 16.0 | 15.1
| | | | | | | | |
Married men, spouse present....................| 1,044| 1,006| 981| 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2
Married women, spouse present..................| 948| 939| 1,011| 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 3.0
Women who maintain families....................| 677| 585| 598| 8.1 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 7.0
| | | | | | | | |
Full-time workers..............................| 4,987| 4,903| 4,714| 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.1
Part-time workers..............................| 1,329| 1,399| 1,357| 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 5.5
| | | | | | | | |
OCCUPATION(2) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Managerial and professional specialty..........| 652| 801| 699| 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.7
Technical, sales, and administrative support...| 1,575| 1,567| 1,471| 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.7
Precision production, craft, and repair........| 671| 584| 611| 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.0
Operators, fabricators, and laborers...........| 1,420| 1,319| 1,289| 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.7
Farming, forestry, and fishing.................| 250| 197| 233| 6.6 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 7.5 | 5.1 | 6.1
| | | | | | | | |
INDUSTRY | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers| 4,908| 4,934| 4,804| 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.5
Goods-producing industries...................| 1,331| 1,311| 1,318| 4.6 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 4.6
Mining.....................................| 22| 14| 12| 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 2.1
Construction...............................| 548| 458| 534| 7.9 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 9.0 | 6.5 | 7.4
Manufacturing..............................| 761| 839| 771| 3.6 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.7
Durable goods............................| 382| 400| 375| 3.1 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 3.0
Nondurable goods.........................| 379| 438| 396| 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 4.7
Service-producing industries.................| 3,577| 3,623| 3,486| 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.5
Transportation and public utilities........| 233| 257| 237| 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.1
Wholesale and retail trade.................| 1,634| 1,524| 1,403| 6.2 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate........| 190| 212| 244| 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.9
Services...................................| 1,520| 1,630| 1,602| 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.7
Government workers.............................| 426| 409| 387| 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.0
Agricultural wage and salary workers...........| 175| 156| 161| 8.6 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 6.3 | 7.4
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
|Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted
| |
_______________________________________________________________________
Duration | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Nov. | Oct. | Nov. | Nov. | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Less than 5 weeks................................| 2,295| 2,617| 2,325| 2,423| 2,625| 2,675| 2,639| 2,857| 2,468
5 to 14 weeks....................................| 1,943| 1,728| 1,930| 2,048| 1,983| 1,960| 1,999| 1,841| 2,038
15 weeks and over................................| 1,675| 1,486| 1,456| 1,865| 1,600| 1,647| 1,651| 1,589| 1,630
15 to 26 weeks................................| 791| 652| 649| 899| 793| 820| 733| 699| 742
27 weeks and over.............................| 884| 834| 807| 966| 807| 827| 918| 890| 888
| | | | | | | | |
Average (mean) duration, in weeks................| 15.3| 14.6| 14.3| 15.6| 14.3| 13.5| 14.3| 14.3| 14.6
Median duration, in weeks........................| 7.3| 5.7| 6.4| 7.8| 6.6| 6.9| 6.6| 5.8| 6.7
| | | | | | | | |
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total unemployed.................................| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0
Less than 5 weeks..............................| 38.8| 44.9| 40.7| 38.2| 42.3| 42.6| 42.0| 45.4| 40.2
5 to 14 weeks..................................| 32.9| 29.6| 33.8| 32.3| 31.9| 31.2| 31.8| 29.3| 33.2
15 weeks and over..............................| 28.3| 25.5| 25.5| 29.4| 25.8| 26.2| 26.2| 25.3| 26.6
15 to 26 weeks...............................| 13.4| 11.2| 11.4| 14.2| 12.8| 13.0| 11.7| 11.1| 12.1
27 weeks and over............................| 15.0| 14.3| 14.1| 15.2| 13.0| 13.2| 14.6| 14.2| 14.5
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
|Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted
| |
_______________________________________________________________________
Reason | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Nov. | Oct. | Nov. | Nov. | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | |
jobs...........................................| 2,698| 2,426| 2,587| 2,886| 2,908| 2,852| 2,902| 2,815| 2,743
On temporary layoff.............................| 707| 584| 739| 815| 966| 978| 939| 831| 844
Not on temporary layoff.........................| 1,992| 1,842| 1,848| 2,071| 1,941| 1,874| 1,963| 1,984| 1,900
Permanent job losers..........................| 1,304| 1,218| 1,217| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs..........| 688| 625| 631| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1)
Job leavers.......................................| 661| 757| 651| 655| 799| 740| 724| 734| 654
Reentrants........................................| 2,099| 2,137| 2,027| 2,229| 2,042| 2,132| 2,195| 2,170| 2,156
New entrants......................................| 456| 509| 446| 560| 463| 503| 487| 589| 545
| | | | | | | | |
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total unemployed..................................| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | |
jobs...........................................| 45.6| 41.6| 45.3| 45.6| 46.8| 45.8| 46.0| 44.6| 45.0
On temporary layoff............................| 12.0| 10.0| 12.9| 12.9| 15.6| 15.7| 14.9| 13.2| 13.8
Not on temporary layoff........................| 33.7| 31.6| 32.4| 32.7| 31.3| 30.1| 31.1| 31.5| 31.2
Job leavers......................................| 11.2| 13.0| 11.4| 10.3| 12.9| 11.9| 11.5| 11.6| 10.7
Reentrants.......................................| 35.5| 36.7| 35.5| 35.2| 32.9| 34.2| 34.8| 34.4| 35.4
New entrants.....................................| 7.7| 8.7| 7.8| 8.8| 7.5| 8.1| 7.7| 9.3| 8.9
| | | | | | | | |
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE | | | | | | | | |
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | |
jobs...........................................| 2.0| 1.8| 1.9| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.0| 2.0
Job leavers......................................| .5| .5| .5| .5| .6| .5| .5| .5| .5
Reentrants.......................................| 1.5| 1.5| 1.5| 1.6| 1.5| 1.6| 1.6| 1.6| 1.6
New entrants.....................................| .3| .4| .3| .4| .3| .4| .4| .4| .4
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
| Not seasonally | Seasonally adjusted
| adjusted |
Measure | |
______________________________________________________________
| |
| | | | | | | | |
| Nov. | Oct. | Nov. | Nov. | July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of | | | | | | | | |
the civilian | | | | | | | | |
labor force..............................................| 1.2| 1.1| 1.1| 1.4| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2
| | | | | | | | |
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as | | | | | | | | |
a percent of the | | | | | | | | |
civilian labor force.....................................| 2.0| 1.8| 1.9| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.0| 2.0
| | | | | | | | |
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor | | | | | | | | |
force | | | | | | | | |
(official unemployment rate).............................| 4.3| 4.2| 4.1| 4.6| 4.5| 4.5| 4.6| 4.6| 4.4
| | | | | | | | |
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent | | | | | | | | |
of the civilian | | | | | | | | |
labor force plus discouraged workers....................| 4.5| 4.4| 4.3| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1)
| | | | | | | | |
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all | | | | | | | | |
other marginally | | | | | | | | |
attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor | | | | | | | | |
force plus all marginally | | | | | | | | |
attached workers........................................| 5.2| 5.1| 5.0| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1)
| | | | | | | | |
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, | | | | | | | | |
plus total employed | | | | | | | | |
part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the | | | | | | | | |
civilian labor force plus | | | | | | | | |
all marginally attached workers.........................| 8.0| 7.3| 7.2| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of
this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work
but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job.
Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to
settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment
measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite
estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
| Number of |
| unemployed persons | Unemployment rates(1)
| (in thousands) |
Age and sex | |
_______________________________________________________________________
| |
| | | | | | | | |
| Nov. | Oct. | Nov. | Nov. | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total, 16 years and over..........................| 6,289| 6,299| 6,099| 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.4
16 to 24 years..................................| 2,360| 2,324| 2,165| 10.9 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 10.5 | 9.9
16 to 19 years................................| 1,218| 1,336| 1,248| 15.2 | 13.8 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 16.0 | 15.1
16 to 17 years..............................| 574| 623| 606| 17.6 | 15.2 | 17.1 | 17.9 | 18.8 | 18.4
18 to 19 years..............................| 646| 710| 650| 13.6 | 12.9 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 13.1
20 to 24 years................................| 1,142| 988| 917| 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 7.2 | 6.7
25 years and over...............................| 3,923| 3,970| 3,898| 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4
25 to 54 years................................| 3,461| 3,520| 3,374| 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.4
55 years and over.............................| 472| 456| 529| 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 3.1
| | | | | | | | |
Men, 16 years and over..........................| 3,330| 3,294| 3,138| 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.2
16 to 24 years................................| 1,325| 1,259| 1,190| 11.6 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 11.0 | 10.3
16 to 19 years..............................| 654| 720| 720| 15.6 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 17.7 | 16.8 | 16.6
16 to 17 years............................| 312| 369| 348| 18.2 | 17.3 | 18.6 | 20.7 | 21.8 | 20.2
18 to 19 years............................| 349| 347| 379| 14.1 | 14.6 | 14.2 | 15.7 | 13.5 | 14.6
20 to 24 years..............................| 671| 539| 470| 9.3 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 7.5 | 6.5
25 years and over.............................| 2,005| 2,036| 1,926| 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1
25 to 54 years..............................| 1,727| 1,764| 1,620| 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.0
55 years and over...........................| 278| 271| 300| 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 3.1
| | | | | | | | |
Women, 16 years and over........................| 2,959| 3,004| 2,961| 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.6
16 to 24 years................................| 1,035| 1,066| 975| 10.1 | 9.1 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 9.4
16 to 19 years..............................| 564| 617| 528| 14.7 | 11.5 | 14.2 | 12.9 | 15.1 | 13.4
16 to 17 years............................| 262| 254| 257| 17.0 | 12.9 | 15.5 | 14.8 | 15.6 | 16.4
18 to 19 years............................| 297| 363| 271| 13.0 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 11.9 | 14.8 | 11.4
20 to 24 years..............................| 471| 449| 447| 7.4 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 6.9 | 7.0
25 years and over.............................| 1,918| 1,934| 1,972| 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.7
25 to 54 years..............................| 1,734| 1,756| 1,754| 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8
55 years and over...........................| 194| 185| 229| 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.0
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used
in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| | |
| Total | Men | Women
| | |
_________________________________________________________________
Category | | |
| | | | | |
| Nov. | Nov. | Nov. | Nov. | Nov. | Nov.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Total not in the labor force......................................| 67,029 | 67,816 | 24,715 | 25,056 | 42,313 | 42,761
Persons who currently want a job................................| 4,469 | 4,212 | 1,841 | 1,783 | 2,628 | 2,429
Searched for work and vailable to work now(1)................| 1,337 | 1,240 | 589 | 580 | 748 | 659
Reason not currently looking: | | | | | |
Discouragement over job prospects(2)....................| 331 | 310 | 182 | 198 | 149 | 112
Reasons other than discouragement(3).................| 1,006 | 930 | 407 | 383 | 599 | 547
| | | | | |
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Total multiple jobholders(4)......................................| 8,156 | 8,307 | 4,311 | 4,331 | 3,844 | 3,975
Percent of total employed.....................................| 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.5
| | | | | |
Primary job full time, secondary job part time................| 4,609 | 4,609 | 2,741 | 2,651 | 1,868 | 1,959
Primary and secondary jobs both part time.....................| 1,849 | 1,794 | 512 | 544 | 1,337 | 1,250
Primary and secondary jobs both full time.....................| 194 | 308 | 132 | 211 | 62 | 97
Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................| 1,468 | 1,563 | 906 | 906 | 562 | 657
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the
reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other
types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation
problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Nov. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p
Total......................... 124,965 126,798 127,485 127,818 123,944 125,869 126,191 126,363 126,508 126,775
Total private.................... 104,869 107,068 107,239 107,388 104,282 106,043 106,269 106,435 106,567 106,816
Goods-producing......................... 25,287 25,610 25,521 25,389 25,099 25,135 25,253 25,241 25,208 25,205
Mining................................ 594 574 570 564 591 571 571 568 564 561
Metal mining........................ 52.9 50.6 50.4 50.2 53 50 50 50 50 50
Coal mining......................... 94.3 89.0 89.1 89.9 94 89 90 89 89 90
Oil and gas extraction.............. 338.6 323.0 319.3 314.3 337 325 323 321 317 313
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 108.2 111.8 111.1 109.2 107 107 108 108 108 108
Construction.......................... 5,879 6,259 6,270 6,192 5,750 5,970 5,989 5,981 6,013 6,060
General building contractors........ 1,355.8 1,448.4 1,453.1 1,442.2 1,335 1,410 1,413 1,410 1,420 1,417
Heavy construction, except building. 823.4 901.4 905.1 869.7 788 828 829 820 824 836
Special trade contractors........... 3,699.8 3,909.6 3,912.0 3,880.2 3,627 3,732 3,747 3,751 3,769 3,807
Manufacturing......................... 18,814 18,777 18,681 18,633 18,758 18,594 18,693 18,692 18,631 18,584
Production workers................ 13,023 12,946 12,864 12,823 12,970 12,746 12,836 12,865 12,817 12,771
Durable goods........................ 11,126 11,103 11,066 11,043 11,094 10,989 11,106 11,090 11,060 11,017
Production workers................ 7,649 7,592 7,570 7,556 7,621 7,468 7,577 7,584 7,566 7,527
Lumber and wood products............ 799.3 815.9 815.1 812.5 795 802 802 805 806 809
Furniture and fixtures.............. 515.6 523.9 525.4 526.7 513 528 526 524 524 524
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 557.4 574.0 572.9 570.9 554 561 564 564 565 568
Primary metal industries............ 718.0 711.5 705.3 701.1 715 706 714 712 706 699
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 236.3 231.8 229.4 226.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Fabricated metal products........... 1,493.9 1,488.7 1,487.4 1,486.3 1,488 1,477 1,490 1,487 1,486 1,481
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,186.5 2,174.5 2,163.8 2,155.5 2,191 2,193 2,190 2,185 2,175 2,160
Computer and office equipment..... 378.7 372.8 370.7 366.6 379 375 373 374 370 367
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,714.9 1,688.7 1,678.4 1,676.1 1,707 1,701 1,694 1,688 1,679 1,671
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 672.8 657.2 652.8 651.6 672 667 661 659 654 652
Transportation equipment............ 1,882.1 1,882.2 1,882.5 1,885.5 1,878 1,772 1,884 1,883 1,888 1,881
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 1,006.6 996.3 998.0 1,002.7 1,005 878 995 995 1,000 1,002
Aircraft and parts................ 518.7 523.5 522.4 521.5 516 526 526 524 523 519
Instruments and related products.... 867.3 854.4 849.1 844.4 867 861 857 855 850 845
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 390.9 388.8 385.9 383.5 386 388 385 387 381 379
Nondurable goods..................... 7,688 7,674 7,615 7,590 7,664 7,605 7,587 7,602 7,571 7,567
Production workers................ 5,374 5,354 5,294 5,267 5,349 5,278 5,259 5,281 5,251 5,244
Food and kindred products........... 1,704.9 1,768.4 1,731.9 1,717.9 1,696 1,696 1,690 1,704 1,700 1,709
Tobacco products.................... 43.6 41.2 41.9 41.9 42 40 40 39 40 40
Textile mill products............... 611.2 594.9 588.4 584.8 611 594 591 593 589 584
Apparel and other textile products.. 814.1 766.2 752.0 739.0 810 772 762 761 745 735
Paper and allied products........... 686.6 680.9 676.1 675.1 686 680 680 679 677 675
Printing and publishing............. 1,564.6 1,562.2 1,566.2 1,572.3 1,560 1,571 1,568 1,568 1,568 1,568
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,034.0 1,035.0 1,035.2 1,035.4 1,035 1,038 1,036 1,036 1,035 1,037
Petroleum and coal products......... 139.4 137.0 136.4 135.3 138 135 134 135 134 134
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 1,000.8 1,008.4 1,006.6 1,008.8 999 998 1,006 1,007 1,004 1,007
Leather and leather products........ 88.4 79.9 80.1 79.0 87 81 80 80 79 78
Service-producing....................... 99,678 101,188 101,964 102,429 98,845 100,734 100,938 101,122 101,300 101,570
Transportation and public utilities... 6,498 6,623 6,643 6,644 6,456 6,550 6,570 6,579 6,593 6,600
Transportation...................... 4,188 4,277 4,293 4,293 4,147 4,208 4,235 4,237 4,244 4,249
Railroad transportation........... 229.1 235.8 235.2 234.6 228 231 232 234 233 234
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 467.5 477.3 485.4 483.4 453 466 469 466 468 468
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,692.1 1,743.2 1,746.7 1,735.6 1,678 1,709 1,719 1,716 1,721 1,721
Water transportation.............. 177.5 195.2 192.8 190.2 180 188 192 191 190 193
Transportation by air............. 1,165.8 1,160.3 1,163.7 1,179.0 1,151 1,154 1,161 1,166 1,165 1,163
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.2 14.3 14.2 14.3 14 14 14 14 14 14
Transportation services........... 442.1 450.7 454.9 455.9 443 446 448 450 453 456
Communications and public utilities. 2,310 2,346 2,350 2,351 2,309 2,342 2,335 2,342 2,349 2,351
Communications.................... 1,452.6 1,493.8 1,500.7 1,501.7 1,449 1,488 1,483 1,490 1,499 1,499
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 857.3 852.2 848.9 849.3 860 854 852 852 850 852
Wholesale trade....................... 6,724 6,872 6,886 6,880 6,711 6,827 6,838 6,862 6,861 6,868
Durable goods....................... 3,987 4,089 4,096 4,097 3,989 4,072 4,084 4,094 4,095 4,099
Nondurable goods.................... 2,737 2,783 2,790 2,783 2,722 2,755 2,754 2,768 2,766 2,769
Retail trade.......................... 22,562 22,654 22,661 23,014 22,206 22,547 22,545 22,592 22,598 22,663
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 938.6 988.3 986.8 983.2 944 977 979 984 987 991
General merchandise stores.......... 2,972.3 2,776.2 2,856.1 3,036.3 2,761 2,790 2,784 2,800 2,809 2,834
Department stores................. 2,624.1 2,446.3 2,523.2 2,685.2 2,433 2,454 2,459 2,466 2,478 2,497
Food stores......................... 3,551.7 3,553.1 3,562.4 3,597.7 3,516 3,552 3,551 3,557 3,555 3,561
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,325.9 2,375.3 2,376.8 2,372.9 2,328 2,355 2,354 2,361 2,368 2,374
New and used car dealers.......... 1,055.5 1,068.6 1,070.4 1,071.1 1,056 1,066 1,064 1,065 1,067 1,071
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,155.2 1,091.0 1,096.7 1,146.3 1,105 1,111 1,112 1,109 1,101 1,097
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 1,052.9 1,060.8 1,076.7 1,103.6 1,029 1,063 1,070 1,071 1,074 1,078
Eating and drinking places.......... 7,596.0 7,917.5 7,770.2 7,749.9 7,666 7,781 7,770 7,790 7,788 7,818
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,969.7 2,891.5 2,935.7 3,024.4 2,857 2,918 2,925 2,920 2,916 2,910
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,151 7,399 7,405 7,415 7,172 7,370 7,372 7,393 7,415 7,438
Finance............................. 3,456 3,572 3,584 3,598 3,463 3,565 3,572 3,578 3,596 3,606
Depository institutions........... 2,030.6 2,034.5 2,034.4 2,038.7 2,035 2,042 2,042 2,038 2,043 2,043
Commercial banks................ 1,461.9 1,451.9 1,450.6 1,453.5 1,464 1,459 1,457 1,456 1,456 1,456
Savings institutions............ 259.6 262.7 262.5 263.0 261 265 264 264 265 264
Nondepository institutions........ 579.6 628.7 636.6 645.4 582 624 628 630 639 649
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 258.6 297.1 302.4 307.5 261 289 294 298 304 310
Security and commodity brokers.... 615.0 661.2 664.8 663.2 616 655 657 662 665 664
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 230.3 247.2 248.5 250.4 230 244 245 248 249 250
Insurance........................... 2,279 2,343 2,350 2,354 2,281 2,337 2,339 2,346 2,350 2,356
Insurance carriers................ 1,549.9 1,597.6 1,601.5 1,603.5 1,550 1,594 1,595 1,599 1,601 1,604
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 729.1 745.1 748.2 750.3 731 743 744 747 749 752
Real estate......................... 1,416 1,484 1,471 1,463 1,428 1,468 1,461 1,469 1,469 1,476
Services2............................. 36,647 37,910 38,123 38,046 36,638 37,614 37,691 37,768 37,892 38,042
Agricultural services............... 693.0 760.9 754.6 731.9 694 713 718 719 720 732
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,687.2 1,833.1 1,778.2 1,710.9 1,754 1,781 1,786 1,781 1,782 1,780
Personal services................... 1,155.5 1,145.3 1,148.7 1,147.8 1,185 1,184 1,185 1,179 1,178 1,177
Business services................... 8,342.3 8,708.1 8,834.3 8,849.4 8,226 8,565 8,619 8,605 8,674 8,729
Services to buildings............. 948.1 987.3 989.5 991.9 947 980 978 986 987 990
Personnel supply services......... 3,180.7 3,254.4 3,311.6 3,293.2 3,074 3,151 3,178 3,152 3,158 3,184
Help supply services............ 2,845.6 2,914.8 2,966.0 2,946.0 2,741 2,815 2,850 2,818 2,825 2,847
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,475.7 1,639.2 1,656.0 1,672.4 1,475 1,622 1,632 1,643 1,659 1,673
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,135.8 1,170.4 1,170.5 1,171.7 1,138 1,162 1,167 1,168 1,168 1,174
Miscellaneous repair services....... 379.5 390.6 391.3 391.4 379 385 386 388 389 391
Motion pictures..................... 553.4 559.9 555.6 552.8 557 564 566 568 567 558
Amusement and recreation services... 1,444.6 1,810.9 1,657.8 1,550.2 1,610 1,694 1,705 1,717 1,718 1,729
Health services..................... 9,815.9 9,924.9 9,946.3 9,968.1 9,807 9,902 9,919 9,937 9,945 9,959
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,770.2 1,833.2 1,841.4 1,846.6 1,772 1,817 1,828 1,835 1,842 1,848
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,763.6 1,757.1 1,755.2 1,758.1 1,760 1,756 1,754 1,758 1,755 1,755
Hospitals......................... 3,902.2 3,964.7 3,974.5 3,980.6 3,901 3,960 3,966 3,971 3,977 3,979
Home health care services......... 719.3 668.0 667.4 667.3 714 673 670 667 662 662
Legal services...................... 957.2 982.8 989.8 994.2 959 984 985 991 995 995
Educational services................ 2,325.5 2,169.0 2,385.3 2,430.5 2,155 2,205 2,198 2,218 2,237 2,252
Social services..................... 2,562.5 2,642.3 2,667.6 2,682.9 2,552 2,657 2,632 2,652 2,658 2,673
Child day care services........... 585.7 586.6 598.2 602.4 571 583 586 583 583 587
Residential care.................. 728.5 755.5 759.0 761.2 730 749 752 758 762 763
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 88.4 93.6 93.0 90.8 91 91 92 92 92 93
Membership organizations............ 2,233.8 2,254.1 2,266.3 2,267.9 2,247 2,272 2,273 2,276 2,280 2,281
Engineering and management services. 3,077.4 3,267.8 3,286.9 3,308.8 3,089 3,259 3,264 3,280 3,292 3,322
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 885.5 929.5 929.7 930.4 885 925 927 926 928 931
Management and public relations... 974.3 1,067.7 1,076.8 1,091.0 975 1,052 1,055 1,066 1,074 1,092
Services, nec....................... 51.3 52.9 53.4 53.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Government............................ 20,096 19,730 20,246 20,430 19,662 19,826 19,922 19,928 19,941 19,959
Federal............................. 2,679 2,685 2,693 2,699 2,689 2,672 2,683 2,687 2,712 2,706
Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,810.9 1,818.0 1,821.8 1,813.7 1,826 1,810 1,816 1,813 1,833 1,829
State............................... 4,749 4,638 4,778 4,801 4,613 4,645 4,661 4,680 4,662 4,664
Education......................... 2,082.1 1,909.3 2,069.9 2,097.9 1,923 1,938 1,949 1,960 1,943 1,938
Other State government............ 2,666.4 2,729.1 2,707.8 2,702.8 2,690 2,707 2,712 2,720 2,719 2,726
Local............................... 12,668 12,407 12,775 12,930 12,360 12,509 12,578 12,561 12,567 12,589
Education......................... 7,330.2 6,941.2 7,364.9 7,486.8 6,959 7,078 7,128 7,088 7,088 7,112
Other local government............ 5,337.6 5,465.5 5,410.2 5,442.9 5,401 5,431 5,450 5,473 5,479 5,477
1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Nov. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p
Total private.................... 34.8 34.3 34.6 34.7 34.7 34.6 34.6 34.4 34.6 34.6
Goods-producing......................... 41.4 40.4 41.4 41.2 41.2 41.1 41.1 40.8 41.1 41.0
Mining................................ 45.6 42.9 43.8 44.1 45.2 44.8 43.8 43.2 43.7 43.7
Construction.......................... 37.8 37.5 40.0 38.6 38.2 39.2 39.1 38.4 39.1 38.9
Manufacturing......................... 42.6 41.5 41.9 42.1 42.1 41.7 41.7 41.6 41.7 41.6
Overtime hours.................... 5.2 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5
Durable goods........................ 43.3 41.8 42.5 42.6 42.9 42.2 42.3 42.2 42.3 42.2
Overtime hours.................... 5.5 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.2 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6
Lumber and wood products............ 41.4 40.5 41.5 41.6 41.1 41.2 41.2 40.6 41.1 41.3
Furniture and fixtures.............. 41.2 39.7 40.9 40.9 40.6 40.7 40.7 40.1 40.5 40.2
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.1 43.9 44.1 43.5 42.9 43.5 43.6 43.3 43.5 43.3
Primary metal industries............ 45.5 43.8 43.5 44.0 45.2 43.6 44.1 43.7 43.6 43.7
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 45.5 44.3 43.0 43.0 45.3 43.8 44.5 44.2 43.7 43.0
Fabricated metal products........... 43.3 41.6 42.5 42.8 42.7 42.4 42.3 42.3 42.2 42.1
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 44.0 41.8 42.4 42.4 43.7 43.0 43.1 42.7 42.7 42.1
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 42.7 41.0 41.5 42.2 42.0 41.3 41.7 41.5 41.5 41.5
Transportation equipment............ 44.5 43.3 44.1 44.3 44.1 42.6 42.6 43.7 43.6 43.8
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 44.8 43.8 44.5 44.8 44.5 41.7 42.3 44.3 43.8 44.3
Instruments and related products.... 42.6 40.6 41.1 41.5 42.2 41.3 41.4 41.0 41.1 41.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 41.2 39.3 40.2 40.2 40.5 40.0 40.1 39.6 39.8 39.5
Nondurable goods..................... 41.5 41.0 41.1 41.4 41.0 41.0 40.9 40.8 40.9 40.9
Overtime hours.................... 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4
Food and kindred products........... 42.2 42.5 42.0 42.5 41.5 42.0 41.5 41.7 41.5 41.8
Tobacco products.................... 39.5 37.4 39.1 38.5 39.0 40.6 39.6 37.7 38.5 38.0
Textile mill products............... 41.9 40.5 41.1 41.3 41.5 41.0 41.0 40.4 41.1 40.8
Apparel and other textile products.. 37.6 36.7 37.6 37.7 37.2 37.4 37.5 37.3 37.3 37.4
Paper and allied products........... 44.4 44.1 43.7 44.0 44.0 43.5 43.3 43.6 43.6 43.6
Printing and publishing............. 39.3 38.5 38.4 38.6 38.8 38.4 38.5 38.1 38.2 38.1
Chemicals and allied products....... 43.7 43.4 43.2 43.4 43.4 43.0 43.3 43.2 43.3 43.1
Petroleum and coal products......... 43.4 43.2 43.9 44.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 42.5 41.4 41.8 42.1 42.0 42.1 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.6
Leather and leather products........ 38.5 37.2 37.6 37.8 38.2 37.0 38.1 37.4 37.4 37.4
Service-producing....................... 33.0 32.7 32.8 33.1 32.9 32.9 32.9 32.8 32.9 32.9
Transportation and public utilities... 40.4 39.3 39.4 39.7 39.9 39.6 39.3 39.3 39.4 39.3
Wholesale trade....................... 38.7 38.1 38.3 38.7 38.5 38.3 38.4 38.2 38.3 38.5
Retail trade.......................... 28.8 29.1 28.9 28.9 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.7 35.9 36.0 36.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Services.............................. 32.8 32.3 32.6 32.9 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.5 32.7 32.7
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
Nov. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998p 1998p
Total private.................... $12.53 $12.89 $12.92 $12.99 $436.04 $442.13 $447.03 $450.75
Seasonally adjusted............. 12.47 12.87 12.90 12.93 432.71 442.73 446.34 447.38
Goods-producing......................... 14.12 14.47 14.49 14.50 584.57 584.59 599.89 597.40
Mining................................ 16.41 17.16 17.14 17.27 748.30 736.16 750.73 761.61
Construction.......................... 16.28 16.76 16.85 16.80 615.38 628.50 674.00 648.48
Manufacturing......................... 13.36 13.60 13.54 13.61 569.14 564.40 567.33 572.98
Durable goods........................ 13.95 14.08 14.03 14.10 604.04 588.54 596.28 600.66
Lumber and wood products............ 10.91 11.19 11.23 11.27 451.67 453.20 466.05 468.83
Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.69 10.98 10.98 10.96 440.43 435.91 449.08 448.26
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.36 13.82 13.68 13.68 575.82 606.70 603.29 595.08
Primary metal industries............ 15.38 15.61 15.28 15.35 699.79 683.72 664.68 675.40
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 18.28 18.75 18.09 18.20 831.74 830.63 777.87 782.60
Fabricated metal products........... 12.93 13.18 13.19 13.23 559.87 548.29 560.58 566.24
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.30 14.53 14.54 14.63 629.20 607.35 616.50 620.31
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 13.00 13.26 13.15 13.30 555.10 543.66 545.73 561.26
Transportation equipment............ 17.94 17.53 17.49 17.57 798.33 759.05 771.31 778.35
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 18.53 17.85 17.70 17.78 830.14 781.83 787.65 796.54
Instruments and related products.... 13.66 13.84 13.81 13.87 581.92 561.90 567.59 575.61
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.71 10.96 11.01 11.00 441.25 430.73 442.60 442.20
Nondurable goods..................... 12.48 12.91 12.83 12.89 517.92 529.31 527.31 533.65
Food and kindred products........... 11.60 11.95 11.82 11.94 489.52 507.88 496.44 507.45
Tobacco products.................... 17.88 18.03 17.08 17.49 706.26 674.32 667.83 673.37
Textile mill products............... 10.16 10.48 10.44 10.50 425.70 424.44 429.08 433.65
Apparel and other textile products.. 8.32 8.62 8.65 8.65 312.83 316.35 325.24 326.11
Paper and allied products........... 15.22 15.83 15.58 15.63 675.77 698.10 680.85 687.72
Printing and publishing............. 13.24 13.64 13.62 13.56 520.33 525.14 523.01 523.42
Chemicals and allied products....... 16.85 17.31 17.23 17.30 736.35 751.25 744.34 750.82
Petroleum and coal products......... 20.39 20.80 21.01 20.94 884.93 898.56 922.34 929.74
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.64 11.98 11.90 11.98 494.70 495.97 497.42 504.36
Leather and leather products........ 9.14 9.37 9.44 9.42 351.89 348.56 354.94 356.08
Service-producing....................... 12.00 12.37 12.40 12.50 396.00 404.50 406.72 413.75
Transportation and public utilities... $15.19 $15.46 $15.38 $15.48 $613.68 $607.58 $605.97 $614.56
Wholesale trade....................... 13.76 14.10 14.13 14.25 532.51 537.21 541.18 551.48
Retail trade.......................... 8.51 8.90 8.85 8.87 245.09 258.99 255.77 256.34
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.72 14.10 14.21 14.44 503.52 506.19 511.56 531.39
Services.............................. 12.57 12.97 13.01 13.15 412.30 418.93 424.13 432.64
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. change
Industry 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p from:
Oct. 1998-
Nov. 1998
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $12.47 $12.79 $12.85 $12.87 $12.90 $12.93 0.2
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.62 7.75 7.78 7.79 7.79 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 14.10 14.31 14.39 14.39 14.43 14.47 .3
Mining...................... 16.48 16.88 17.10 17.15 17.21 17.30 .5
Construction................ 16.24 16.64 16.67 16.57 16.68 16.76 .5
Manufacturing............... 13.34 13.42 13.52 13.57 13.57 13.59 .1
Excluding overtime4....... 12.61 12.71 12.81 12.90 12.89 12.90 .1
Service-producing............. 11.93 12.30 12.35 12.38 12.40 12.44 .3
Transportation and public
utilities................ 15.10 15.33 15.35 15.42 15.37 15.40 .2
Wholesale trade............. 13.72 14.07 14.16 14.14 14.19 14.20 .1
Retail trade................ 8.49 8.78 8.83 8.86 8.84 8.85 .1
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 13.65 14.10 14.16 14.17 14.25 14.37 .8
Services.................... 12.48 12.90 12.95 12.99 13.03 13.06 .2
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .0 percent from September 1998 to October 1998, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Nov. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p
Total private.................... 144.6 145.3 146.8 147.5 143.2 145.2 145.3 144.9 145.7 145.8
Goods-producing......................... 116.7 115.2 117.5 116.1 114.9 114.2 114.7 114.1 114.6 114.2
Mining................................ 58.5 53.4 54.2 53.7 57.9 55.5 54.0 53.1 53.4 52.9
Construction.......................... 157.4 166.3 177.6 168.6 154.4 164.6 164.3 160.9 164.7 165.1
Manufacturing......................... 111.8 108.3 108.6 108.9 110.1 107.2 108.0 108.0 107.8 107.2
Durable goods........................ 115.6 110.6 112.1 112.4 113.9 109.9 111.8 111.7 111.6 110.7
Lumber and wood products............ 144.4 143.9 147.0 147.1 142.3 144.0 143.8 141.9 143.9 145.0
Furniture and fixtures.............. 132.9 130.2 134.3 134.9 130.2 134.3 133.7 131.4 132.7 131.7
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 114.0 119.4 119.7 117.8 112.6 115.2 116.0 115.4 116.0 116.2
Primary metal industries............ 97.1 92.4 90.9 91.4 95.9 91.1 93.3 92.3 91.2 90.4
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 74.4 71.3 68.1 67.3 74.0 71.2 71.9 71.0 69.4 67.2
Fabricated metal products........... 121.3 115.9 118.3 119.0 119.0 117.0 117.5 117.7 117.3 116.6
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 111.9 105.6 106.9 106.4 111.4 109.8 110.0 108.7 108.4 106.1
Electronic an