Technical information: USDL 00-126
Household data: (202) 691-6378
Transmission of material in this release is
Establishment data: 691-6555 embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
Media contact: 691-5902 Friday, May 5, 2000.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: APRIL 2000
Employment rose in April, and the unemployment rate edged down to
3.9 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of
Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 340,000;
this includes 73,000 temporary workers added to assist with the decennial
census. Average hourly earnings rose by 6 cents in April and by 3.8 percent
over the year.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The unemployment rate, which has been below 4.2 percent since October,
edged down to 3.9 percent in April. This is the first time the rate has
been below 4.0 percent since January 1970. The jobless rate for Hispanics
decreased to 5.4 percent in April. The unemployment rates for the other
major worker groups--adult men (3.2 percent), adult women (3.5 percent),
teenagers (12.7 percent), whites (3.5 percent), and blacks (7.2 percent)--
were about unchanged over the month. The number of unemployed persons was
5.5 million. (See tables A-1 and A-2.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
The civilian labor force increased by 363,000 over the month to 141.2
million. The labor force participation rate was 67.5 percent, little
changed from March. (See table A-1.)
Total employment rose by 547,000 in April to 135.7 million. The
employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population age 16 and
older with jobs--increased to 64.9 percent, a record high.
About 7.7 million workers (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one
job in April, about the same as a year earlier. These multiple jobholders
represented 5.7 percent of total employment. (See table A-10.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in April. These people wanted and were
available to work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months.
They were not counted as unemployed, however, because they had not actively
searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of
discouraged workers was 330,000, up from 245,000 a year earlier.
Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not
currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were
available for them. (See table A-10.)
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________| Mar.-
Category | 1999 | 2000 1/| 2000 | Apr.
|_________________|_________________ ________|change
| IV | I | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 139,880| 140,981| 141,165| 140,867| 141,230| 363
Employment..........| 134,153| 135,247| 135,362| 135,159| 135,706| 547
Unemployment........| 5,727| 5,733| 5,804| 5,708| 5,524| -184
Not in labor force....| 68,780| 67,933| 67,742| 68,187| 67,986| -201
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 4.1| 4.1| 4.1| 4.1| 3.9| -0.2
Adult men...........| 3.4| 3.3| 3.4| 3.3| 3.2| -.1
Adult women.........| 3.6| 3.6| 3.5| 3.6| 3.5| -.1
Teenagers...........| 13.8| 13.4| 14.1| 13.3| 12.7| -.6
White...............| 3.5| 3.5| 3.6| 3.6| 3.5| -.1
Black...............| 8.1| 7.8| 7.8| 7.3| 7.2| -.1
Hispanic origin.....| 6.1| 5.9| 5.7| 6.3| 5.4| -.9
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 129,606|p130,463| 130,319|p130,777|p131,117| p340
Goods-producing 2/..| 25,246| p25,421| 25,382| p25,471| p25,431| p-40
Construction......| 6,359| p6,521| 6,484| p6,574| p6,519| p-55
Manufacturing.....| 18,359| p18,368| 18,366| p18,361| p18,372| p11
Service-producing 2/| 104,360|p105,042| 104,937|p105,306|p105,686| p380
Retail trade......| 22,922| p23,025| 23,016| p23,041| p23,160| p119
Services..........| 39,548| p39,869| 39,822| p39,980| p40,101| p121
Government........| 20,274| p20,429| 20,382| p20,540| p20,647| p107
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.5| p34.5| 34.5| p34.5| p34.6| p0.1
Manufacturing.......| 41.7| p41.7| 41.8| p41.7| p42.1| p.4
Overtime..........| 4.6| p4.7| 4.8| p4.6| p4.9| p.3
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 149.1| p150.4| 150.1| p150.7| p151.5| p0.8
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 3/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $13.41| p$13.54| $13.54| p$13.58| p$13.64| p$0.06
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 462.65| p467.46| 467.13| p468.51| p471.94| p3.43
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Beginning in January 2000, household data reflect revised popula-
tion controls used in the Current Population Survey.
2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
- 3 -
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 340,000 in April to 131.1 million.
This follows an increase of 458,000 (as revised) in March. Job gains in
both months reflect, in part, the hiring of temporary workers for Census
2000--117,000 in March and 73,000 in April. Among private-sector
industries, large job gains occurred in services and retail trade in April,
while construction employment declined. (See table B-1.)
Employment in the services industry grew by 121,000 in April, in line
with its average monthly gain for the prior 12 months. Business services
added 55,000 jobs in April, following a similarly strong gain in March.
Within business services, help supply services added 46,000 jobs over the
month, bringing its total gain since January to 94,000. Employment in
computer services grew by 8,000; while still adding jobs at a rapid pace,
the industry has experienced smaller employment gains since August 1999.
Motion pictures rebounded from losses in the prior 2 months by adding 9,000
jobs. Employment also rose over the month in amusement and recreation
services and in hotels. Engineering and management services employment
showed little change in April.
Retail trade added 119,000 jobs in April. The largest employment gains
were in eating and drinking places (80,000) and food stores (20,000).
Eating and drinking places had shown virtually no change in employment
during the first quarter of the year; employment in food stores has had
almost no growth for several years. Building materials and garden supplies
stores lost 8,000 jobs in April, following an above-average gain in March.
Employment in wholesale trade was little changed in April.
Transportation added 27,000 jobs over the month, with the largest
increases in trucking and warehousing, local and interurban transit, and
transportation services. The gain of 10,000 jobs in trucking follows
relatively weak growth in the first quarter.
Finance, insurance, and real estate employment was up by 7,000 in
April. In finance, security brokerages added 8,000 jobs, while employment
declines continued in mortgage brokerages. Since May 1999, mortgage
brokerages have lost 33,000 jobs. In April, employment in both insurance
and real estate was about unchanged.
Government added 107,000 jobs in April, largely due to the hiring of an
additional 73,000 temporary workers by the federal government for Census
2000. Employment in local education increased by 33,000 in April, after
seasonal adjustment, following little growth in the first quarter.
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In the goods-producing sector, construction employment declined by
55,000 in April, seasonally adjusted, following a substantial rise in
March. Because the March survey reference period was relatively late in
the month, some of the spring hiring that usually occurs between March and
April was captured in March this year instead of April. Taking March and
April together, construction employment rose by an average of 18,000 a
month.
Manufacturing employment was up by 11,000 in April, following a
somewhat larger loss in March (after adjustment for the return of 15,000
workers from strike). In April, the largest employment increase was in
electrical equipment (8,000), which has added 21,000 jobs thus far in 2000.
Fabricated metals and food products each added 5,000 jobs in April.
Aircraft manufacturing employment continued on its downward trend with the
loss of 4,000 jobs.
Mining added 4,000 jobs, as employment in oil and gas extraction
continued to rise. Since its most recent low point in August 1999, oil and
gas employment has grown by 20,000.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour in April to 34.6 hours,
seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek increased by 0.4 hour to
42.1 hours. Manufacturing overtime rose by 0.3 hour to 4.9 hours.
(See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.5 percent to 151.5
(1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index was up by 1.1
percent to 107.2. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls rose by 6 cents in April to $13.64, seasonally
adjusted. Over the month, average weekly earnings increased by 0.7 percent
to $471.94. Over the year, average hourly earnings rose by 3.8 percent and
average weekly earnings grew by 4.4 percent. (See table B-3.)
______________________________
The Employment Situation for May 2000 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, June 2, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).
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| Revisions in the Establishment Survey Data |
| |
| With the release of May data in June, BLS will introduce |
|revisions in the establishment-based series on nonfarm payroll |
|employment, hours, and earnings to reflect the annual benchmark |
|adjustments for March 1999 and updated seasonal adjustment factors.|
|Unadjusted data since April 1998 and seasonally adjusted data since|
|January 1995 are subject to revision. Seasonal adjustment factors |
|for March through October 2000 will be available on the Internet |
|on May 26, one week prior to the release of the May estimates |
|(http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm). |
| |
| Concurrent with the release of the March 1999 benchmark revi- |
|sions, BLS also will begin implementation of a new probability- |
|based sample design for the establishment survey. Only wholesale |
|trade will incorporate the new sample design with this release. |
|Further information on these revisions is available by calling |
|(202) 691-6555. |
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Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1999,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
- 6 -
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
- 7 -
period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
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monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.7 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $16.00 per issue or
$40.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone: 1-800-877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 207,236 209,053 209,216 207,236 208,832 208,782 208,907 209,053 209,216
Civilian labor force............................ 138,240 140,501 140,403 139,086 140,108 140,910 141,165 140,867 141,230
Participation rate........................ 66.7 67.2 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.5 67.6 67.4 67.5
Employed...................................... 132,552 134,494 135,215 133,054 134,420 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706
Employment-population ratio............... 64.0 64.3 64.6 64.2 64.4 64.8 64.8 64.7 64.9
Agriculture................................. 3,320 3,079 3,330 3,341 3,279 3,371 3,408 3,359 3,355
Nonagricultural industries.................. 129,232 131,415 131,885 129,713 131,141 131,850 131,954 131,801 132,351
Unemployed.................................... 5,688 6,007 5,188 6,032 5,688 5,689 5,804 5,708 5,524
Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 4.3 3.7 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9
Not in labor force.............................. 68,996 68,552 68,813 68,150 68,724 67,872 67,742 68,187 67,986
Persons who currently want a job.............. 4,797 4,461 4,422 4,740 4,467 4,252 4,374 4,594 4,352
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 99,465 100,405 100,487 99,465 100,264 100,266 100,330 100,405 100,487
Civilian labor force............................ 73,837 74,790 74,747 74,270 74,930 75,304 75,594 75,198 75,189
Participation rate........................ 74.2 74.5 74.4 74.7 74.7 75.1 75.3 74.9 74.8
Employed...................................... 70,877 71,613 71,979 71,208 71,927 72,358 72,473 72,313 72,307
Employment-population ratio............... 71.3 71.3 71.6 71.6 71.7 72.2 72.2 72.0 72.0
Unemployed.................................... 2,959 3,177 2,768 3,062 3,003 2,946 3,121 2,885 2,882
Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 4.2 3.7 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.8
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 91,302 92,145 92,303 91,302 92,052 92,057 92,092 92,145 92,303
Civilian labor force............................ 69,848 70,689 70,616 69,992 70,529 70,917 71,120 70,822 70,761
Participation rate........................ 76.5 76.7 76.5 76.7 76.6 77.0 77.2 76.9 76.7
Employed...................................... 67,463 68,057 68,389 67,562 68,197 68,585 68,691 68,480 68,481
Employment-population ratio............... 73.9 73.9 74.1 74.0 74.1 74.5 74.6 74.3 74.2
Agriculture................................. 2,339 2,073 2,252 2,305 2,227 2,303 2,309 2,232 2,213
Nonagricultural industries.................. 65,124 65,984 66,136 65,257 65,970 66,282 66,382 66,249 66,269
Unemployed.................................... 2,385 2,632 2,227 2,430 2,332 2,332 2,429 2,342 2,280
Unemployment rate......................... 3.4 3.7 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 107,771 108,649 108,729 107,771 108,569 108,516 108,577 108,649 108,729
Civilian labor force............................ 64,403 65,711 65,656 64,816 65,178 65,606 65,572 65,668 66,041
Participation rate........................ 59.8 60.5 60.4 60.1 60.0 60.5 60.4 60.4 60.7
Employed...................................... 61,675 62,881 63,236 61,846 62,493 62,863 62,889 62,846 63,399
Employment-population ratio............... 57.2 57.9 58.2 57.4 57.6 57.9 57.9 57.8 58.3
Unemployed.................................... 2,729 2,830 2,420 2,970 2,685 2,743 2,683 2,823 2,642
Unemployment rate......................... 4.2 4.3 3.7 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.0
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 99,923 100,713 100,809 99,923 100,666 100,579 100,666 100,713 100,809
Civilian labor force............................ 60,604 61,892 61,790 60,765 61,154 61,576 61,575 61,671 61,920
Participation rate........................ 60.7 61.5 61.3 60.8 60.7 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.4
Employed...................................... 58,354 59,593 59,785 58,336 58,958 59,280 59,398 59,422 59,757
Employment-population ratio............... 58.4 59.2 59.3 58.4 58.6 58.9 59.0 59.0 59.3
Agriculture................................. 777 831 867 803 791 826 871 894 899
Nonagricultural industries.................. 57,577 58,762 58,917 57,533 58,167 58,454 58,526 58,528 58,858
Unemployed.................................... 2,250 2,298 2,005 2,429 2,196 2,297 2,178 2,249 2,163
Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 3.7 3.2 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population............. 16,011 16,196 16,104 16,011 16,114 16,147 16,149 16,196 16,104
Civilian labor force............................ 7,787 7,921 7,998 8,329 8,425 8,416 8,470 8,374 8,549
Participation rate........................ 48.6 48.9 49.7 52.0 52.3 52.1 52.4 51.7 53.1
Employed...................................... 6,735 6,844 7,042 7,156 7,265 7,356 7,273 7,257 7,467
Employment-population ratio............... 42.1 42.3 43.7 44.7 45.1 45.6 45.0 44.8 46.4
Agriculture................................. 204 175 210 233 261 242 228 233 243
Nonagricultural industries.................. 6,531 6,669 6,832 6,923 7,004 7,114 7,046 7,024 7,224
Unemployed.................................... 1,052 1,077 956 1,173 1,160 1,060 1,197 1,117 1,082
Unemployment rate......................... 13.5 13.6 12.0 14.1 13.8 12.6 14.1 13.3 12.7
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 172,730 173,983 174,092 172,730 173,821 173,812 173,886 173,983 174,092
Civilian labor force............................ 115,633 117,451 117,281 116,344 117,008 117,716 117,821 117,832 117,988
Participation rate.......................... 66.9 67.5 67.4 67.4 67.3 67.7 67.8 67.7 67.8
Employed...................................... 111,439 113,006 113,458 111,886 112,951 113,704 113,634 113,630 113,915
Employment-population ratio................. 64.5 65.0 65.2 64.8 65.0 65.4 65.3 65.3 65.4
Unemployed.................................... 4,194 4,446 3,823 4,458 4,057 4,011 4,187 4,202 4,073
Unemployment rate........................... 3.6 3.8 3.3 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 59,548 60,123 59,958 59,651 59,889 60,179 60,387 60,282 60,048
Participation rate.......................... 77.1 77.2 76.9 77.2 77.0 77.3 77.6 77.4 77.0
Employed...................................... 57,758 58,131 58,327 57,834 58,221 58,487 58,631 58,541 58,386
Employment-population ratio................. 74.8 74.6 74.8 74.9 74.8 75.2 75.3 75.1 74.9
Unemployed.................................... 1,790 1,993 1,631 1,817 1,668 1,693 1,756 1,742 1,662
Unemployment rate........................... 3.0 3.3 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 49,486 50,622 50,532 49,674 50,011 50,404 50,335 50,448 50,726
Participation rate.......................... 59.8 60.7 60.6 60.0 60.1 60.5 60.4 60.5 60.8
Employed...................................... 47,862 48,966 49,101 47,885 48,486 48,857 48,792 48,820 49,150
Employment-population ratio................. 57.8 58.7 58.9 57.8 58.2 58.7 58.6 58.6 58.9
Unemployed.................................... 1,624 1,656 1,431 1,789 1,525 1,547 1,544 1,628 1,576
Unemployment rate........................... 3.3 3.3 2.8 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 6,599 6,706 6,791 7,019 7,108 7,132 7,099 7,102 7,214
Participation rate.......................... 52.1 52.7 53.4 55.4 55.8 56.0 55.8 55.8 56.7
Employed...................................... 5,819 5,909 6,030 6,167 6,244 6,360 6,211 6,270 6,379
Employment-population ratio................. 45.9 46.5 47.4 48.7 49.0 50.0 48.8 49.3 50.2
Unemployed.................................... 780 797 761 852 864 772 888 832 835
Unemployment rate........................... 11.8 11.9 11.2 12.1 12.2 10.8 12.5 11.7 11.6
Men....................................... 12.2 12.1 12.6 12.6 13.3 12.4 14.4 11.3 13.0
Women..................................... 11.4 11.7 9.7 11.6 10.9 9.1 10.4 12.1 10.0
BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 24,765 25,105 25,135 24,765 25,051 25,047 25,076 25,105 25,135
Civilian labor force............................ 16,159 16,466 16,504 16,288 16,513 16,622 16,785 16,572 16,636
Participation rate.......................... 65.2 65.6 65.7 65.8 65.9 66.4 66.9 66.0 66.2
Employed...................................... 14,979 15,231 15,412 15,011 15,204 15,254 15,471 15,356 15,444
Employment-population ratio................. 60.5 60.7 61.3 60.6 60.7 60.9 61.7 61.2 61.4
Unemployed.................................... 1,180 1,236 1,092 1,277 1,309 1,368 1,314 1,216 1,191
Unemployment rate........................... 7.3 7.5 6.6 7.8 7.9 8.2 7.8 7.3 7.2
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 7,092 7,252 7,324 7,118 7,273 7,386 7,441 7,300 7,351
Participation rate.......................... 71.7 72.2 72.8 72.0 72.6 73.7 74.2 72.6 73.0
Employed...................................... 6,661 6,762 6,858 6,670 6,766 6,839 6,910 6,830 6,864
Employment-population ratio................. 67.4 67.3 68.1 67.5 67.5 68.2 68.9 68.0 68.2
Unemployed.................................... 431 490 467 448 507 547 532 469 487
Unemployment rate........................... 6.1 6.8 6.4 6.3 7.0 7.4 7.1 6.4 6.6
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 8,222 8,333 8,293 8,223 8,260 8,315 8,344 8,314 8,291
Participation rate.......................... 66.3 66.2 65.8 66.3 65.8 66.3 66.4 66.1 65.8
Employed...................................... 7,681 7,815 7,830 7,657 7,706 7,715 7,805 7,808 7,807
Employment-population ratio................. 61.9 62.1 62.2 61.7 61.4 61.5 62.1 62.1 62.0
Unemployed.................................... 541 518 463 566 554 600 539 506 484
Unemployment rate........................... 6.6 6.2 5.6 6.9 6.7 7.2 6.5 6.1 5.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 845 881 886 947 980 921 999 958 993
Participation rate.......................... 34.1 35.6 35.8 38.3 39.5 37.2 40.4 38.7 40.2
Employed...................................... 637 653 724 684 732 701 756 718 773
Employment-population ratio................. 25.7 26.4 29.3 27.6 29.5 28.3 30.6 29.0 31.3
Unemployed.................................... 208 228 162 263 248 220 243 240 220
Unemployment rate........................... 24.6 25.9 18.3 27.8 25.3 23.9 24.3 25.1 22.2
Men....................................... 30.2 22.6 18.4 32.0 27.5 24.0 22.3 21.3 22.0
Women..................................... 19.7 29.3 18.2 23.8 23.0 23.8 26.6 28.9 22.4
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 21,483 22,166 22,231 21,483 22,008 22,047 22,108 22,166 22,231
Civilian labor force............................ 14,434 15,304 15,268 14,535 14,984 15,251 15,249 15,313 15,355
Participation rate.......................... 67.2 69.0 68.7 67.7 68.1 69.2 69.0 69.1 69.1
Employed...................................... 13,474 14,283 14,466 13,541 14,095 14,395 14,382 14,355 14,524
Employment-population ratio................. 62.7 64.4 65.1 63.0 64.0 65.3 65.1 64.8 65.3
Unemployed.................................... 960 1,021 802 994 889 856 868 958 831
Unemployment rate........................... 6.7 6.7 5.3 6.8 5.9 5.6 5.7 6.3 5.4
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Educational attainment
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 27,991 27,523 28,069 27,991 28,144 27,995 27,376 27,523 28,069
Civilian labor force.................... 11,971 11,801 12,007 11,896 11,956 11,895 11,971 11,726 11,945
Percent of population............... 42.8 42.9 42.8 42.5 42.5 42.5 43.7 42.6 42.6
Employed.............................. 11,170 10,896 11,286 11,092 11,243 11,106 11,257 10,918 11,218
Employment-population ratio......... 39.9 39.6 40.2 39.6 39.9 39.7 41.1 39.7 40.0
Unemployed............................ 802 905 721 804 713 789 714 808 727
Unemployment rate................... 6.7 7.7 6.0 6.8 6.0 6.6 6.0 6.9 6.1
High school graduates, no college(2)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 57,945 58,033 58,015 57,945 57,590 57,768 57,471 58,033 58,015
Civilian labor force.................... 37,551 37,742 37,699 37,508 37,362 37,617 37,603 37,671 37,666
Percent of population............... 64.8 65.0 65.0 64.7 64.9 65.1 65.4 64.9 64.9
Employed.............................. 36,253 36,364 36,474 36,173 36,071 36,305 36,294 36,401 36,401
Employment-population ratio......... 62.6 62.7 62.9 62.4 62.6 62.8 63.2 62.7 62.7
Unemployed............................ 1,297 1,377 1,226 1,335 1,291 1,311 1,309 1,270 1,265
Unemployment rate................... 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4
Less than a bachelor's degree(3)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 43,059 44,225 43,896 43,059 44,069 43,689 44,486 44,225 43,896
Civilian labor force.................... 31,889 32,898 32,522 32,051 32,404 32,397 32,544 32,967 32,684
Percent of population............... 74.1 74.4 74.1 74.4 73.5 74.2 73.2 74.5 74.5
Employed.............................. 30,953 31,929 31,684 31,111 31,586 31,564 31,595 32,090 31,843
Employment-population ratio......... 71.9 72.2 72.2 72.3 71.7 72.2 71.0 72.6 72.5
Unemployed............................ 936 969 838 940 818 833 949 878 841
Unemployment rate................... 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6
College graduates
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 44,289 44,838 44,864 44,289 44,821 45,058 45,247 44,838 44,864
Civilian labor force.................... 35,418 36,017 36,074 35,467 35,824 36,205 36,265 36,060 36,099
Percent of population............... 80.0 80.3 80.4 80.1 79.9 80.4 80.1 80.4 80.5
Employed.............................. 34,776 35,446 35,581 34,745 35,186 35,540 35,678 35,481 35,545
Employment-population ratio......... 78.5 79.1 79.3 78.5 78.5 78.9 78.9 79.1 79.2
Unemployed............................ 642 572 493 722 638 665 587 579 553
Unemployment rate................... 1.8 1.6 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over................. 132,552 134,494 135,215 133,054 134,420 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706
Married men, spouse present..................... 43,104 43,081 43,186 43,210 43,283 43,951 43,535 43,297 43,272
Married women, spouse present................... 33,351 33,915 33,944 33,284 33,762 34,166 33,882 33,780 33,877
Women who maintain families..................... 8,163 8,187 8,382 8,081 8,375 8,362 8,220 8,082 8,307
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty........... 40,526 40,717 40,745 40,458 40,800 40,924 40,806 40,595 40,665
Technical, sales, and administrative support.... 38,711 39,549 39,561 38,816 39,311 39,614 39,703 39,510 39,680
Service occupations............................. 17,779 18,636 18,734 17,904 17,706 18,155 18,344 18,711 18,885
Precision production, craft, and repair......... 14,533 14,491 14,530 14,508 14,940 14,610 14,681 14,520 14,501
Operators, fabricators, and laborers............ 17,550 17,965 18,212 17,775 18,299 18,385 18,279 18,334 18,453
Farming, forestry, and fishing.................. 3,454 3,135 3,432 3,508 3,367 3,574 3,630 3,562 3,477
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers....................... 1,925 1,841 2,048 1,930 2,018 2,024 2,025 2,043 2,054
Self-employed workers......................... 1,367 1,202 1,247 1,399 1,211 1,320 1,344 1,292 1,272
Unpaid family workers......................... 28 36 36 33 36 38 51 42 43
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers....................... 120,331 122,709 122,992 120,925 122,426 122,823 123,166 123,169 123,623
Government.................................. 18,952 19,677 19,434 18,778 18,959 19,013 19,394 19,598 19,280
Private industries.......................... 101,379 103,032 103,558 102,147 103,467 103,810 103,772 103,571 104,343
Private households........................ 899 1,002 982 935 948 952 1,016 998 1,019
Other industries.......................... 100,479 102,030 102,576 101,212 102,519 102,858 102,756 102,573 103,324
Self-employed workers......................... 8,839 8,600 8,794 8,801 8,662 8,802 8,793 8,704 8,750
Unpaid family workers......................... 62 106 99 65 98 92 74 107 103
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 3,316 3,306 3,043 3,403 3,320 3,219 3,139 3,124 3,124
Slack work or business conditions........... 1,926 1,955 1,827 1,937 1,951 1,893 1,807 1,820 1,844
Could only find part-time work.............. 1,082 1,029 986 1,117 1,025 1,012 1,023 953 1,016
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 19,788 19,540 19,509 18,752 18,618 18,889 19,031 18,770 18,474
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 3,130 3,169 2,933 3,225 3,157 3,066 2,985 3,003 3,021
Slack work or business conditions........... 1,835 1,888 1,768 1,845 1,843 1,801 1,705 1,766 1,782
Could only find part-time work.............. 1,051 1,008 957 1,087 1,018 986 1,005 922 989
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 19,181 19,002 18,948 18,159 18,061 18,347 18,406 18,184 17,943
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Category
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over......................... 6,032 5,708 5,524 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9
Men, 20 years and over......................... 2,430 2,342 2,280 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2
Women, 20 years and over....................... 2,429 2,249 2,163 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... 1,173 1,117 1,082 14.1 13.8 12.6 14.1 13.3 12.7
Married men, spouse present.................... 1,004 865 776 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.8
Married women, spouse present.................. 981 955 897 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6
Women who maintain families.................... 614 591 559 7.1 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.8 6.3
Full-time workers.............................. 4,807 4,489 4,427 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8
Part-time workers.............................. 1,221 1,243 1,093 5.0 4.9 4.6 4.9 5.1 4.6
OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty.......... 787 732 685 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7
Technical, sales, and administrative support... 1,542 1,435 1,373 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.3
Precision production, craft, and repair........ 575 570 525 3.8 4.0 3.7 4.2 3.8 3.5
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........... 1,228 1,245 1,313 6.5 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.4 6.6
Farming, forestry, and fishing................. 270 193 262 7.1 5.8 4.7 5.7 5.1 7.0
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 4,688 4,695 4,375 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.0
Goods-producing industries................... 1,278 1,328 1,232 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.3
Mining..................................... 50 13 17 8.4 4.1 2.6 4.0 2.5 2.8
Construction............................... 520 505 383 7.3 6.6 6.4 7.5 6.9 5.2
Manufacturing.............................. 708 810 832 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.9 4.0
Durable goods............................ 401 381 499 3.2 3.6 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.9
Nondurable goods......................... 307 429 333 3.9 3.5 3.9 3.8 5.2 4.1
Service-producing industries................. 3,410 3,366 3,144 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.2 3.9
Transportation and public utilities........ 220 244 224 2.9 3.0 3.7 3.2 3.1 2.9
Wholesale and retail trade................. 1,455 1,485 1,369 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.4 4.9
Finance, insurance, and real estate........ 261 195 211 3.2 2.1 2.5 2.9 2.4 2.6
Services................................... 1,474 1,443 1,340 4.1 3.8 4.2 3.7 4.0 3.7
Government workers............................. 455 337 327 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.7 1.7
Agricultural wage and salary workers........... 203 121 189 9.5 7.1 5.0 6.5 5.6 8.4
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks................................ 2,378 2,527 2,139 2,741 2,620 2,447 2,603 2,824 2,455
5 to 14 weeks.................................... 1,671 2,003 1,666 1,868 1,694 1,754 1,864 1,719 1,868
15 weeks and over................................ 1,638 1,478 1,383 1,474 1,388 1,372 1,277 1,295 1,250
15 to 26 weeks................................ 928 815 778 794 693 667 673 657 670
27 weeks and over............................. 711 663 605 680 695 705 604 637 580
Average (mean) duration, in weeks................ 14.0 13.2 13.1 13.2 12.8 13.2 12.5 12.8 12.4
Median duration, in weeks........................ 7.4 7.0 7.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 6.1 6.0 6.0
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks.............................. 41.8 42.1 41.2 45.1 45.9 43.9 45.3 48.4 44.1
5 to 14 weeks.................................. 29.4 33.3 32.1 30.7 29.7 31.5 32.5 29.4 33.5
15 weeks and over.............................. 28.8 24.6 26.7 24.2 24.3 24.6 22.2 22.2 22.4
15 to 26 weeks............................... 16.3 13.6 15.0 13.1 12.2 12.0 11.7 11.3 12.0
27 weeks and over............................ 12.5 11.0 11.7 11.2 12.2 12.7 10.5 10.9 10.4
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 2,633 2,769 2,248 2,695 2,401 2,477 2,616 2,541 2,306
On temporary layoff............................. 835 983 692 843 795 739 838 781 703
Not on temporary layoff......................... 1,797 1,787 1,556 1,852 1,606 1,739 1,778 1,759 1,602
Permanent job losers.......................... 1,263 1,224 1,081 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs.......... 534 562 475 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers....................................... 754 837 778 810 825 776 759 824 833
Reentrants........................................ 1,874 2,019 1,802 2,039 2,036 2,043 1,975 1,979 1,961
New entrants...................................... 427 382 361 473 453 393 387 434 408
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed.................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 46.3 46.1 43.3 44.8 42.0 43.5 45.6 44.0 41.9
On temporary layoff............................ 14.7 16.4 13.3 14.0 13.9 13.0 14.6 13.5 12.8
Not on temporary layoff........................ 31.6 29.7 30.0 30.8 28.1 30.6 31.0 30.5 29.1
Job leavers...................................... 13.3 13.9 15.0 13.5 14.4 13.6 13.2 14.3 15.1
Reentrants....................................... 33.0 33.6 34.7 33.9 35.6 35.9 34.4 34.3 35.6
New entrants..................................... 7.5 6.4 6.9 7.9 7.9 6.9 6.7 7.5 7.4
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6
Job leavers...................................... .5 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6
Reentrants....................................... 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
New entrants..................................... .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Measure
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of
the civilian labor force................................ 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .9
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as
a percent of the civilian labor force................... 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor
force (official unemployment rate)...................... 4.1 4.3 3.7 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent
of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.... 4.3 4.5 3.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all
other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the
civilian labor force plus all marginally
attached workers........................................ 5.0 5.1 4.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers,
plus total employed part time for economic reasons,
as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers............................. 7.4 7.4 6.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of
this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work
but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job.
Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to
settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment
measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised
population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Age and sex
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 6,032 5,708 5,524 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9
16 to 24 years.................................. 2,211 2,199 2,115 10.0 9.8 9.3 10.0 9.7 9.3
16 to 19 years................................ 1,173 1,117 1,082 14.1 13.8 12.6 14.1 13.3 12.7
16 to 17 years.............................. 557 510 481 16.6 16.5 14.0 15.9 15.3 14.6
18 to 19 years.............................. 612 607 597 12.4 12.1 11.4 12.8 12.1 11.4
20 to 24 years................................ 1,038 1,082 1,033 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.2
25 years and over............................... 3,822 3,531 3,411 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9
25 to 54 years................................ 3,286 3,044 2,964 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0
55 years and over............................. 507 498 427 2.9 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.4
Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,062 2,885 2,882 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.8
16 to 24 years................................ 1,195 1,106 1,153 10.5 10.6 9.7 10.3 9.2 9.6
16 to 19 years.............................. 632 543 603 14.8 15.2 14.0 15.5 12.4 13.6
16 to 17 years............................ 316 269 270 18.3 17.7 14.3 17.3 15.1 15.8
18 to 19 years............................ 321 274 337 12.6 13.5 13.7 13.9 10.5 12.4
20 to 24 years.............................. 563 563 550 7.9 7.8 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.3
25 years and over............................. 1,871 1,781 1,735 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,597 1,500 1,462 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7
55 years and over........................... 265 278 268 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.7
Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,970 2,823 2,642 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.0
16 to 24 years................................ 1,016 1,093 962 9.5 8.9 8.9 9.6 10.2 8.9
16 to 19 years.............................. 541 574 479 13.4 12.2 11.1 12.6 14.4 11.6
16 to 17 years............................ 241 241 211 14.8 15.1 13.7 14.3 15.4 13.3
18 to 19 years............................ 291 334 260 12.1 10.5 8.9 11.6 13.7 10.4
20 to 24 years.............................. 475 520 483 7.1 7.0 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.2
25 years and over............................. 1,951 1,751 1,676 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.0
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,689 1,544 1,502 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.2
55 years and over........................... 242 219 159 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.0
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr.
1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force...................................... 68,996 68,813 25,628 25,740 43,368 43,073
Persons who currently want a job................................ 4,797 4,422 2,052 1,907 2,745 2,515
Searched for work and available to work now(1)............... 1,257 1,215 625 597 632 618
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2).................... 245 330 156 198 88 132
Reasons other than discouragement(3).................... 1,012 885 468 399 544 486
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)...................................... 7,648 7,737 4,012 4,060 3,635 3,677
Percent of total employed..................................... 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.8
Primary job full time, secondary job part time................ 4,269 4,256 2,442 2,453 1,827 1,803
Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,615 1,596 496 509 1,119 1,087
Primary and secondary jobs both full time..................... 282 348 214 228 67 120
Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................ 1,446 1,501 841 859 605 642
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the
reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and
other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation
problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000p 2000p
Total1........................ 127,990 128,778 129,807 130,940 128,134 129,898 130,292 130,319 130,777 131,117
Total private.................... 107,522 108,090 108,863 109,914 108,035 109,583 109,927 109,937 110,237 110,470
Goods-producing......................... 25,043 24,768 24,956 25,208 25,288 25,283 25,410 25,382 25,471 25,431
Mining................................ 532 521 526 533 538 529 530 532 536 540
Metal mining........................ 48.7 47.5 47.4 47.2 49 48 49 48 48 48
Coal mining......................... 85.9 79.7 79.2 79.4 86 82 81 80 79 79
Oil and gas extraction.............. 289.1 293.7 296.2 299.1 294 291 292 296 301 305
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 108.4 100.4 103.0 107.7 109 108 108 108 108 108
Construction.......................... 6,104 5,976 6,141 6,369 6,277 6,393 6,504 6,484 6,574 6,519
General building contractors........ 1,393.0 1,400.2 1,421.2 1,448.0 1,428 1,454 1,474 1,480 1,492 1,482
Heavy construction, except building. 845.8 753.1 798.7 869.6 874 878 900 881 903 889
Special trade contractors........... 3,865.0 3,822.5 3,920.8 4,051.7 3,975 4,061 4,130 4,123 4,179 4,148
Manufacturing......................... 18,407 18,271 18,289 18,306 18,473 18,361 18,376 18,366 18,361 18,372
Production workers................ 12,650 12,549 12,558 12,570 12,696 12,613 12,627 12,617 12,602 12,612
Durable goods........................ 10,982 10,930 10,955 10,972 10,993 10,960 10,973 10,973 10,977 10,987
Production workers................ 7,518 7,481 7,496 7,512 7,519 7,485 7,505 7,507 7,501 7,509
Lumber and wood products............ 814.1 816.6 814.5 816.6 824 828 827 830 827 826
Furniture and fixtures.............. 536.3 544.9 545.3 545.9 536 543 543 545 545 546
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 568.7 555.8 564.0 573.8 570 574 577 574 577 575
Primary metal industries............ 690.4 687.2 688.6 686.7 691 687 686 687 689 688
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 221.7 220.5 221.5 220.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Fabricated metal products........... 1,486.5 1,492.8 1,495.9 1,499.9 1,489 1,489 1,491 1,493 1,496 1,501
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,136.8 2,119.0 2,115.2 2,113.3 2,132 2,120 2,115 2,118 2,111 2,112
Computer and office equipment..... 359.3 353.2 350.3 347.2 361 359 357 356 352 350
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,654.6 1,675.5 1,676.4 1,680.5 1,658 1,664 1,671 1,679 1,677 1,685
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 633.9 650.8 652.2 654.9 635 645 647 652 652 656
Transportation equipment............ 1,865.1 1,824.0 1,837.1 1,834.8 1,864 1,831 1,841 1,828 1,835 1,832
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 997.8 1,009.0 1,008.7 1,011.9 996 1,001 1,010 1,014 1,009 1,010
Aircraft and parts................ 502.1 447.0 459.4 455.0 503 464 463 447 460 456
Instruments and related products.... 842.1 828.0 829.9 831.3 842 833 830 829 831 832
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 387.6 386.3 387.7 389.0 387 391 392 390 389 390
Nondurable goods..................... 7,425 7,341 7,334 7,334 7,480 7,401 7,403 7,393 7,384 7,385
Production workers................ 5,132 5,068 5,062 5,058 5,177 5,128 5,122 5,110 5,101 5,103
Food and kindred products........... 1,649.0 1,647.8 1,643.1 1,643.6 1,689 1,686 1,689 1,680 1,679 1,684
Tobacco products.................... 36.4 39.0 34.8 35.5 38 38 38 38 35 38
Textile mill products............... 566.8 547.4 547.3 546.9 567 551 549 550 549 548
Apparel and other textile products.. 696.1 651.7 653.9 654.5 698 662 657 657 657 655
Paper and allied products........... 658.6 651.3 649.5 648.6 662 655 654 653 652 651
Printing and publishing............. 1,552.7 1,546.9 1,547.7 1,549.1 1,555 1,547 1,550 1,551 1,551 1,552
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,034.2 1,031.2 1,031.4 1,031.8 1,038 1,030 1,034 1,034 1,033 1,034
Petroleum and coal products......... 137.9 131.8 132.6 134.0 139 135 136 136 136 135
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 1,018.5 1,024.1 1,023.2 1,021.0 1,019 1,026 1,025 1,024 1,022 1,019
Leather and leather products........ 75.1 69.9 70.0 69.1 75 71 71 70 70 69
Service-producing1...................... 102,947 104,010 104,851 105,732 102,846 104,615 104,882 104,937 105,306 105,686
Transportation and public utilities... 6,719 6,835 6,866 6,905 6,750 6,897 6,902 6,898 6,914 6,937
Transportation...................... 4,371 4,445 4,469 4,511 4,397 4,501 4,507 4,499 4,512 4,539
Railroad transportation........... 234.1 222.8 220.6 222.7 234 227 226 226 222 223
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 493.6 501.1 503.7 510.5 483 487 491 490 489 495
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,775.6 1,801.0 1,811.7 1,831.8 1,800 1,845 1,849 1,841 1,848 1,858
Water transportation.............. 177.5 176.1 178.1 183.7 180 182 181 185 185 187
Transportation by air............. 1,211.4 1,260.4 1,267.9 1,270.6 1,220 1,273 1,277 1,271 1,280 1,283
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 13.4 12.8 12.8 12.9 14 13 13 13 13 13
Transportation services........... 465.6 470.3 473.9 478.6 466 474 470 473 475 480
Communications and public utilities. 2,348 2,390 2,397 2,394 2,353 2,396 2,395 2,399 2,402 2,398
Communications.................... 1,505.9 1,555.8 1,562.6 1,560.4 1,508 1,553 1,552 1,561 1,565 1,562
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 841.8 834.4 834.0 833.1 845 843 843 838 837 836
Wholesale trade....................... 6,948 7,064 7,101 7,126 6,965 7,088 7,108 7,121 7,142 7,145
Durable goods....................... 4,111 4,197 4,213 4,225 4,113 4,204 4,211 4,218 4,228 4,232
Nondurable goods.................... 2,837 2,867 2,888 2,901 2,852 2,884 2,897 2,903 2,914 2,913
Retail trade.......................... 22,476 22,466 22,599 22,892 22,724 22,973 23,018 23,016 23,041 23,160
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 992.8 960.7 996.2 1,037.8 982 1,007 1,012 1,017 1,030 1,022
General merchandise stores.......... 2,702.0 2,674.1 2,668.7 2,679.2 2,799 2,793 2,798 2,775 2,766 2,766
Department stores................. 2,409.9 2,380.5 2,376.0 2,381.7 2,499 2,479 2,477 2,470 2,461 2,463
Food stores......................... 3,447.2 3,450.8 3,432.4 3,454.6 3,492 3,482 3,481 3,484 3,478 3,498
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,388.9 2,412.4 2,432.2 2,447.4 2,399 2,432 2,445 2,442 2,454 2,455
New and used car dealers.......... 1,072.5 1,097.9 1,104.5 1,108.1 1,074 1,097 1,100 1,103 1,108 1,109
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,135.0 1,154.3 1,158.6 1,170.6 1,163 1,177 1,178 1,193 1,195 1,204
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 1,069.3 1,103.0 1,105.3 1,107.0 1,081 1,102 1,102 1,107 1,115 1,119
Eating and drinking places.......... 7,852.6 7,720.4 7,850.0 8,028.2 7,863 7,986 7,987 7,980 7,981 8,061
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,887.9 2,990.3 2,955.5 2,967.1 2,945 2,994 3,015 3,018 3,022 3,035
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,583 7,633 7,640 7,664 7,611 7,685 7,685 7,698 7,689 7,696
Finance............................. 3,688 3,719 3,717 3,721 3,697 3,727 3,726 3,732 3,726 3,732
Depository institutions........... 2,043.4 2,031.7 2,030.0 2,029.6 2,050 2,040 2,040 2,038 2,034 2,036
Commercial banks................ 1,462.3 1,452.4 1,451.4 1,449.3 1,467 1,458 1,458 1,457 1,456 1,455
Savings institutions............ 257.2 248.4 246.9 247.2 257 252 251 250 247 247
Nondepository institutions........ 715.3 705.3 700.6 698.8 716 713 708 708 701 699
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 370.1 348.6 343.4 342.3 370 357 353 352 344 341
Security and commodity brokers.... 665.4 708.0 712.7 719.4 668 702 705 712 717 725
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 264.2 274.2 273.8 273.6 263 272 273 274 274 272
Insurance........................... 2,392 2,405 2,406 2,407 2,395 2,416 2,406 2,412 2,410 2,412
Insurance carriers................ 1,629.1 1,630.2 1,629.5 1,629.2 1,631 1,639 1,632 1,636 1,633 1,634
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 762.6 774.8 776.2 777.3 764 777 774 776 777 778
Real estate......................... 1,503 1,509 1,517 1,536 1,519 1,542 1,553 1,554 1,553 1,552
Services3............................. 38,753 39,324 39,701 40,119 38,697 39,657 39,804 39,822 39,980 40,101
Agricultural services............... 760.2 663.5 711.2 807.2 755 765 788 782 799 798
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,744.0 1,712.6 1,745.4 1,788.6 1,791 1,807 1,800 1,805 1,822 1,835
Personal services................... 1,266.8 1,298.5 1,295.3 1,300.0 1,204 1,225 1,231 1,228 1,234 1,235
Business services................... 8,923.1 9,227.2 9,344.4 9,424.6 9,010 9,392 9,416 9,424 9,482 9,537
Services to buildings............. 977.3 989.9 1,000.6 1,001.5 978 1,000 999 1,003 1,008 1,004
Personnel supply services......... 3,289.2 3,357.0 3,445.3 3,519.2 3,350 3,513 3,505 3,523 3,556 3,613
Help supply services............ 2,912.5 2,961.4 3,042.6 3,107.6 2,975 3,108 3,100 3,119 3,148 3,194
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,750.8 1,859.9 1,870.4 1,876.5 1,749 1,842 1,852 1,859 1,868 1,876
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,177.5 1,196.6 1,194.8 1,196.9 1,178 1,198 1,202 1,202 1,196 1,196
Miscellaneous repair services....... 396.0 401.2 403.6 406.3 396 405 403 406 407 407
Motion pictures..................... 584.9 610.8 608.3 612.1 587 609 616 609 608 617
Amusement and recreation services... 1,648.8 1,547.1 1,603.8 1,744.0 1,668 1,725 1,759 1,762 1,763 1,778
Health services..................... 9,937.7 10031.2 10055.7 10063.8 9,951 10,038 10,057 10,059 10,071 10,078
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,852.4 1,892.0 1,902.1 1,907.1 1,856 1,886 1,895 1,898 1,907 1,912
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,748.5 1,755.3 1,758.9 1,757.8 1,753 1,759 1,760 1,762 1,763 1,763
Hospitals......................... 3,959.8 3,983.0 3,986.1 3,982.8 3,966 3,985 3,992 3,989 3,990 3,987
Home health care services......... 655.9 652.4 652.5 653.4 656 659 658 656 653 654
Legal services...................... 992.4 1,008.1 1,008.7 1,005.0 998 1,015 1,017 1,014 1,014 1,010
Educational services................ 2,398.1 2,434.7 2,468.7 2,481.3 2,254 2,304 2,297 2,298 2,321 2,332
Social services..................... 2,771.2 2,872.1 2,899.4 2,913.3 2,755 2,850 2,872 2,876 2,889 2,900
Child day care services........... 646.4 667.7 677.3 677.4 628 650 657 655 660 659
Residential care.................. 772.1 803.9 808.8 814.9 772 801 803 807 810 816
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 92.8 87.3 90.9 96.0 94 95 96 95 96 98
Membership organizations............ 2,380.3 2,398.0 2,409.3 2,408.1 2,392 2,418 2,420 2,420 2,422 2,420
Engineering and management services. 3,386.1 3,537.5 3,565.1 3,573.0 3,370 3,515 3,532 3,544 3,558 3,561
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 929.8 962.6 966.9 973.9 939 964 973 976 977 980
Management and public relations... 1,132.5 1,209.7 1,218.9 1,224.0 1,133 1,213 1,220 1,218 1,225 1,226
Services, nec....................... 55.7 59.6 59.2 60.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Government1........................... 20,468 20,688 20,944 21,026 20,099 20,315 20,365 20,382 20,540 20,647
Federal1............................ 2,681 2,688 2,808 2,881 2,688 2,645 2,665 2,702 2,818 2,887
Federal, except Postal Service1... 1,810.0 1,827.3 1,947.8 2,021.8 1,809 1,780 1,799 1,836 1,953 2,022
State............................... 4,809 4,822 4,859 4,869 4,688 4,730 4,727 4,725 4,733 4,739
Education......................... 2,085.5 2,078.9 2,110.0 2,111.7 1,955 1,969 1,967 1,962 1,967 1,969
Other State government............ 2,723.5 2,742.7 2,749.2 2,757.7 2,733 2,761 2,760 2,763 2,766 2,770
Local............................... 12,978 13,178 13,277 13,276 12,723 12,940 12,973 12,955 12,989 13,021
Education......................... 7,555.8 7,695.7 7,762.1 7,743.3 7,206 7,351 7,365 7,347 7,365 7,398
Other local government............ 5,421.9 5,481.8 5,514.9 5,533.0 5,517 5,589 5,608 5,608 5,624 5,623
1 Current employment levels in these series are affected by the hiring of temporary workers for Census 2000. Estimates
of these workers are 32,000, 72,000, 189,000, and 262,000 in January, February, March, and April 2000, respectively.
Preliminary estimates for these series may be subject to larger than normal revisions.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000p 2000p
Total private.................... 34.3 34.2 34.2 34.6 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.5 34.5 34.6
Goods-producing......................... 40.9 40.8 40.9 41.1 40.9 40.9 41.1 41.3 41.2 41.4
Mining................................ 43.3 44.2 43.9 44.7 43.8 44.2 44.9 44.7 44.7 45.0
Construction.......................... 38.6 38.6 38.8 39.1 38.6 38.9 39.4 39.9 39.6 39.4
Manufacturing......................... 41.6 41.5 41.5 41.7 41.6 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.7 42.1
Overtime hours.................... 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.9
Durable goods........................ 42.2 42.1 42.2 42.4 42.1 42.1 42.3 42.4 42.3 42.7
Overtime hours.................... 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 5.1
Lumber and wood products............ 41.2 40.4 40.4 41.0 41.2 40.9 41.1 41.0 40.8 40.9
Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.2 39.8 40.0 40.1 40.4 40.0 40.2 40.4 40.3 40.8
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.2 42.4 42.5 43.1 43.1 43.3 43.6 43.5 43.3 43.4
Primary metal industries............ 44.1 44.4 44.3 44.4 44.0 44.4 44.5 44.5 44.4 44.8
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 44.6 45.3 44.9 44.9 44.5 45.5 45.1 45.5 45.0 44.7
Fabricated metal products........... 42.1 42.2 42.1 42.4 41.8 41.9 42.3 42.5 42.4 43.0
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.2 42.4 42.5 42.5 41.9 42.2 42.5 42.4 42.4 42.9
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 41.1 41.4 41.7 41.8 41.1 41.2 41.4 41.6 41.9 42.3
Transportation equipment............ 44.2 44.0 43.9 44.1 44.0 43.3 43.7 44.1 43.8 44.3
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.6 45.0 45.0 45.5 45.1 44.4 45.1 45.1 44.7 45.5
Instruments and related products.... 41.5 41.3 41.2 41.2 41.6 41.6 41.2 41.2 41.1 41.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 39.9 39.3 39.5 39.5 39.6 39.9 39.4 39.5 39.4 39.8
Nondurable goods..................... 40.7 40.6 40.6 40.8 40.9 40.9 40.9 41.0 40.8 41.3
Overtime hours.................... 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.6
Food and kindred products........... 41.2 40.9 40.9 41.0 41.9 41.6 41.6 41.5 41.5 41.9
Tobacco products.................... 38.4 39.3 38.9 39.6 38.6 43.5 40.4 40.7 39.8 40.4
Textile mill products............... 40.9 41.3 41.4 41.6 41.0 41.2 40.9 41.8 41.5 41.8
Apparel and other textile products.. 37.6 37.6 37.7 37.8 37.5 37.4 37.6 37.8 37.7 38.1
Paper and allied products........... 43.6 43.0 42.9 43.1 43.6 43.2 43.3 43.5 43.2 43.6
Printing and publishing............. 38.1 38.0 38.1 38.3 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.3 38.1 38.6
Chemicals and allied products....... 42.7 42.6 42.5 42.7 43.0 43.1 43.0 42.8 42.5 42.9
Petroleum and coal products......... 42.7 43.4 43.9 43.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.8 41.3 41.3 41.7 41.5 41.3 41.7 41.5 41.3 42.1
Leather and leather products........ 37.9 37.5 37.8 38.2 38.1 36.8 37.5 38.1 38.0 38.7
Service-producing....................... 32.6 32.6 32.6 33.0 32.8 32.9 32.9 32.8 32.9 32.9
Transportation and public utilities... 38.6 38.1 38.0 38.7 39.0 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.6
Wholesale trade....................... 38.3 38.2 38.2 38.9 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.4 38.5 38.8
Retail trade.......................... 28.7 28.5 28.6 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.0 29.1 29.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.9 36.1 35.9 36.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Services.............................. 32.4 32.6 32.5 32.9 32.5 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.8
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 2000 2000p 2000p
Total private.................... $13.16 $13.58 $13.60 $13.71 $451.39 $464.44 $465.12 $474.37
Seasonally adjusted............. 13.14 13.54 13.58 13.64 452.02 467.13 468.51 471.94
Goods-producing......................... 14.64 15.04 15.12 15.24 598.78 613.63 618.41 626.36
Mining................................ 16.93 17.13 17.17 17.22 733.07 757.15 753.76 769.73
Construction.......................... 16.85 17.37 17.48 17.60 650.41 670.48 678.22 688.16
Manufacturing......................... 13.80 14.19 14.22 14.30 574.08 588.89 590.13 596.31
Durable goods........................ 14.27 14.73 14.76 14.83 602.19 620.13 622.87 628.79
Lumber and wood products............ 11.37 11.62 11.62 11.72 468.44 469.45 469.45 480.52
Furniture and fixtures.............. 11.14 11.50 11.57 11.61 447.83 457.70 462.80 465.56
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.75 14.00 14.06 14.23 594.00 593.60 597.55 613.31
Primary metal industries............ 15.62 16.30 16.36 16.55 688.84 723.72 724.75 734.82
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 18.59 19.40 19.59 19.86 829.11 878.82 879.59 891.71
Fabricated metal products........... 13.36 13.65 13.67 13.69 562.46 576.03 575.51 580.46
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.85 15.40 15.42 15.44 626.67 652.96 655.35 656.20
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 13.31 13.70 13.68 13.78 547.04 567.18 570.46 576.00
Transportation equipment............ 17.88 18.65 18.77 18.87 790.30 820.60 824.00 832.17
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 18.31 19.10 19.23 19.38 834.94 859.50 865.35 881.79
Instruments and related products.... 14.07 14.41 14.42 14.47 583.91 595.13 594.10 596.16
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 11.25 11.55 11.57 11.63 448.88 453.92 457.02 459.39
Nondurable goods..................... 13.09 13.37 13.40 13.49 532.76 542.82 544.04 550.39
Food and kindred products........... 12.07 12.24 12.29 12.42 497.28 500.62 502.66 509.22
Tobacco products.................... 19.99 17.40 18.83 19.05 767.62 683.82 732.49 754.38
Textile mill products............... 10.68 10.85 10.86 10.93 436.81 448.11 449.60 454.69
Apparel and other textile products.. 8.83 9.02 9.05 9.04 332.01 339.15 341.19 341.71
Paper and allied products........... 15.83 16.02 16.04 16.19 690.19 688.86 688.12 697.79
Printing and publishing............. 13.73 14.13 14.19 14.21 523.11 536.94 540.64 544.24
Chemicals and allied products....... 17.27 17.78 17.75 17.96 737.43 757.43 754.38 766.89
Petroleum and coal products......... 21.49 22.08 22.27 21.94 917.62 958.27 977.65 952.20
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 12.23 12.51 12.52 12.63 511.21 516.66 517.08 526.67
Leather and leather products........ 9.59 9.86 9.91 10.05 363.46 369.75 374.60 383.91
Service-producing....................... 12.69 13.13 13.13 13.23 413.69 428.04 428.04 436.59
Transportation and public utilities... 15.57 16.02 16.01 16.14 601.00 610.36 608.38 624.62
Wholesale trade....................... 14.48 14.95 14.94 15.13 554.58 571.09 570.71 588.56
Retail trade.......................... 9.03 9.34 9.36 9.42 259.16 266.19 267.70 273.18
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 14.61 14.92 14.96 15.15 524.50 538.61 537.06 556.01
Services.............................. 13.32 13.80 13.81 13.89 431.57 449.88 448.83 456.98
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. change
Industry 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000p 2000p from:
Mar. 2000-
Apr. 2000
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $13.14 $13.44 $13.49 $13.54 $13.58 $13.64 0.4
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.83 7.87 7.88 7.87 7.84 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 14.67 15.03 15.10 15.17 15.21 15.28 .5
Mining...................... 16.87 17.01 17.01 17.04 17.14 17.21 .4
Construction................ 16.97 17.42 17.44 17.55 17.62 17.72 .6
Manufacturing............... 13.79 14.09 14.15 14.21 14.22 14.30 .6
Excluding overtime4....... 13.09 13.35 13.42 13.45 13.48 13.51 .2
Service-producing............. 12.65 12.95 12.98 13.03 13.07 13.13 .5
Transportation and public
utilities................ 15.60 15.94 15.87 15.98 16.04 16.11 .4
Wholesale trade............. 14.44 14.88 14.99 14.94 15.01 15.00 -.1
Retail trade................ 9.03 9.26 9.26 9.31 9.34 9.39 .5
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 14.58 14.75 14.88 14.85 14.94 14.98 .3
Services.................... 13.28 13.60 13.64 13.69 13.73 13.79 .4
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was -.4 percent from February 2000 to March 2000, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000p 2000p
Total private.................... 145.6 146.0 147.2 150.5 147.0 149.4 150.3 150.1 150.7 151.5
Goods-producing......................... 113.1 111.3 112.5 114.6 114.2 114.5 116.2 116.2 116.4 116.8
Mining................................ 49.1 49.4 49.5 51.1 50.4 50.8 51.4 51.3 51.5 52.4
Construction.......................... 164.8 159.1 165.4 174.7 169.2 174.5 181.4 181.1 184.0 180.8
Manufacturing......................... 106.2 105.1 105.2 105.8 106.5 105.7 106.3 106.4 106.0 107.2
Durable goods........................ 110.8 110.0 110.3 111.0 110.4 109.8 110.7 111.0 110.7 112.0
Lumber and wood products............ 145.3 142.4 142.1 145.0 147.5 146.6 147.6 147.2 146.0 146.4
Furniture and fixtures.............. 135.1 135.5 136.4 136.9 135.6 135.8 136.2 137.2 136.8 139.2
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 116.2 110.2 112.3 116.4 116.2 117.0 118.9 117.5 117.3 117.5
Primary metal industries............ 90.1 90.5 90.7 90.6 89.9 90.4 90.6 90.8 90.9 91.4
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 68.9 69.9 69.7 69.5 69.1 70.2 70.0 70.2 69.9 69.4
Fabricated metal products........... 116.9 117.7 118.0 119.1 116.2 116.5 117.8 118.5 118.6 120.7
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 105.4 105.3 105.1 104.9 104.1 103.8 104.6 104.9 104.4 105.5
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 105.3 106.3 107.4 108.0 105.6 105.0 106.0 106.7 107.8 109.4
Transportation equipment............ 126.5 124.7 124.6 125.2 125.5 122.2 124.4 125.3 123.9 125.0
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 167.5 168.1 167.9 170.5 164.8 164.1 169.4 169.1 166.1 169.8
Instruments and related products.... 75.6 73.5 73.3 73.5 75.8 74.5 73.5 73.1 72.9 74.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 101.2 98.5 99.4 99.7 100.3 101.8 100.5 100.0 99.4 100.4
Nondurable goods..................... 99.9 98.3 98.2 98.6 101.2 100.1 100.2 100.1 99.4 100.6
Food and kindred products........... 113.4 113.0 112.4 112.6 118.9 118.3 118.3 117.2 117.0 118.7
Tobacco products.................... 51.4 54.5 45.1 48.0 55.4 58.2 52.0 54.4 47.3 54.0
Textile mill products............... 81.5 79.4 79.6 80.0 81.6 79.8 78.9 80.8 80.0 80.4
Apparel and other textile products.. 61.4 57.2 57.8 58.0 61.4 57.7 57.7 57.9 58.0 58.5
Paper and allied products........... 105.9 103.7 103.0 103.2 106.7 105.1 104.9 105.4 104.3 105.0
Printing and publishing............. 121.8 120.8 121.6 122.1 121.9 121.4 121.8 122.1 121.8 123.5
Chemicals and allied products....... 101.3 102.2 102.0 102.1 102.4 103.4 103.7 102.8 101.9 102.7
Petroleum and coal products......... 74.2 65.1 65.1 64.5 74.5 72.0 70.0 69.0 66.6 66.7
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 149.6 149.6 149.3 150.4 148.5 149.5 150.9 150.0 149.1 151.6
Leather and leather products........ 32.6 29.2 29.5 29.5 32.8 29.4 30.0 29.9 29.8 29.7
Service-producing....................... 160.2 161.6 162.7 166.6 161.6 165.0 165.6 165.3 166.0 167.0
Transportation and public utilities... 131.3 132.0 132.4 135.7 133.6 134.0 134.5 134.0 134.8 136.3
Wholesale trade....................... 130.9 132.2 133.0 136.0 131.6 134.0 134.7 134.4 135.2 136.1
Retail trade.......................... 139.5 138.4 139.7 143.4 142.6 144.7 145.5 144.6 145.4 145.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 137.8 138.6 138.0 141.3 139.1 140.6 140.7 140.0 139.8 140.8
Services.............................. 198.8 202.4 204.0 208.7 198.9 204.8 205.5 205.8 206.6 208.0
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1996.............. 49.6 64.9 59.4 55.1 61.9 60.8 57.0 62.5 57.3 63.5 59.7 61.2
1997.............. 56.2 61.0 61.9 62.8 58.8 56.3 60.7 61.0 59.4 65.4 63.6 62.1
1998.............. 63.8 57.9 58.8 60.5 55.9 57.9 58.0 55.8 54.6 52.9 59.1 58.6
1999.............. 54.4 58.3 52.1 58.8 51.5 57.0 57.6 50.0 55.1 57.2 57.9 57.7
2000.............. 57.7 54.1 p57.2 p55.3
Over 3-month span:
1996.............. 62.6 62.5 63.3 63.1 63.1 64.3 64.3 62.2 64.6 64.2 66.2 63.2
1997.............. 63.8 63.6 67.7 67.3 62.6 61.7 61.4 66.2 67.3 69.9 70.8 71.2
1998.............. 66.7 66.2 64.5 63.9 61.4 58.7 60.0 58.4 57.6 57.6 59.0 60.4
1999.............. 60.7 55.9 59.6 54.6 56.3 56.2 56.2 59.0 57.4 59.6 60.8 60.5
2000.............. 60.5 p61.5 p60.3
Over 6-month span:
1996.............. 62.6 65.2 64.5 65.2 64.7 64.6 67.0 65.4 65.9 66.7 66.9 66.7
1997.............. 67.4 68.3 65.6 67.0 65.6 64.9 66.3 68.4 69.7 71.3 71.3 71.9
1998.............. 70.6 66.9 65.9 62.4 62.6 61.1 58.0 59.8 60.0 60.8 60.8 58.0
1999.............. 61.1 58.8 57.3 59.0 55.2 57.4 56.9 61.5 61.0 59.7 62.9 p64.2
2000.............. p64.3
Over 12-month span:
1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 68.7 66.9
1997.............. 69.0 67.3 68.3 69.7 69.5 70.1 70.1 70.4 70.5 69.7 69.8 71.3
1998.............. 70.4 68.3 67.1 64.0 62.1 61.7 61.8 63.8 59.8 59.0 59.3 58.6
1999.............. 60.1 57.3 57.0 57.6 58.7 59.0 58.8 57.9 p61.9 p62.5
2000..............
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1996.............. 42.4 55.4 46.8 41.0 55.8 51.4 47.1 56.5 48.9 55.0 50.7 54.0
1997.............. 50.0 52.9 53.6 56.1 52.2 53.2 51.1 55.4 53.6 62.2 61.2 55.4
1998.............. 58.6 51.8 50.4 50.4 40.6 46.8 40.3 45.3 42.1 36.3 39.9 45.0
1999.............. 40.3 42.4 39.6 44.6 36.3 45.3 57.2 38.5 42.8 48.9 50.7 49.3
2000.............. 51.1 49.3 p45.0 p52.5
Over 3-month span:
1996.............. 46.8 46.0 43.5 46.0 48.2 51.1 51.8 49.6 53.2 52.5 55.0 50.7
1997.............. 51.8 51.4 57.6 56.8 54.3 51.8 53.6 55.4 59.7 68.3 65.8 64.4
1998.............. 59.4 57.9 51.8 44.2 41.7 34.9 37.4 37.1 38.1 34.2 35.6 35.3
1999.............. 37.4 31.7 37.1 30.2 33.8 43.9 43.2 44.6 38.5 46.4 50.0 50.4
2000.............. 49.6 p49.6 p48.2
Over 6-month span:
1996.............. 41.4 46.0 45.7 47.1 46.0 48.6 52.9 50.4 51.8 51.4 52.5 51.8
1997.............. 54.7 54.0 51.4 54.3 52.5 52.2 55.4 61.2 61.5 64.7 66.2 65.1
1998.............. 59.7 49.3 48.2 36.7 36.7 36.7 28.4 31.3 33.5 35.3 32.7 28.1
1999.............. 33.1 29.1 28.1 36.0 30.9 34.5 36.3 44.6 45.7 41.4 47.8 p50.7
2000.............. p52.5
Over 12-month span:
1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.3 50.7
1997.............. 54.7 52.5 54.0 54.0 55.4 56.8 57.2 57.9 58.3 56.5 55.4 57.2
1998.............. 54.0 49.3 46.0 40.6 35.6 33.8 30.9 32.0 26.6 26.6 25.5 26.3
1999.............. 32.7 25.9 28.4 29.5 29.9 31.7 34.9 32.7 p40.3 p40.6
2000..............
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: June 06, 2000
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_apr2000.htm
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