Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 USDL 01-122
http://www.bls.gov/cpshome.htm
Establishment data: 691-6555 Transmission of material in this release is
http://www.bls.gov/ceshome.htm embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
Media contact: 691-5902 Friday, May 4, 2001.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: APRIL 2001
Employment declined in April, and the unemployment rate rose to 4.5
percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor
reported today. Payroll employment fell by 223,000, following a decline of
53,000 (as revised) in March. In April, large job losses continued in
manufacturing and in help supply services, and construction employment
declined after seasonal adjustment. Average hourly earnings rose by 5
cents over the month.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The number of unemployed persons rose by more than 300,000 in April to
6.4 million and has increased by about 870,000 since October. The
unemployment rate increased from 4.3 to 4.5 percent over the month and has
risen by 0.6 percentage point since October. In April, the jobless rates
were up for adult women (3.8 percent) and whites (4.0 percent). The rates
for other major worker groups--adult men (4.0 percent), teenagers (14.2
percent), blacks (8.2 percent), and Hispanics (6.5 percent)--were little
changed over the month, but all are up since October. (See tables A-1 and
A-2.)
The unemployment rate for college graduates age 25 and over rose for
the second consecutive month in April, but at 2.3 percent was still well
below the rates for groups with less education. (See table A-3.)
The number of unemployed persons who lost their jobs or completed
temporary jobs continued to increase in April, and at 3.2 million was up by
about three-quarters of a million from its October level. The number of
persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks also rose over the month, to
nearly 3.0 million. Since October, the number of these newly unemployed
has increased by about 450,000. (See tables A-6 and A-7.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Both total employment, at 135.4 million, and the employment-population
ratio, at 64.0 percent, declined in April. The civilian labor force was
essentially unchanged at 141.8 million, as was the labor force
participation rate at 67.1 percent. (See table A-1.)
In April, there were 7.3 million persons (not seasonally adjusted)
holding more than one job. Multiple jobholders represented 5.4 percent of
the employed, down from 5.7 percent a year ago. (See table A-10.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.1 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in April. These were people who wanted and
were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________| Mar.-
Category | 2000 | 2001 | 2001 | Apr.
|________|________|________ _________________|change
| IV | I | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 141,208| 141,858| 141,751| 141,868| 141,757| -111
Employment..........| 135,593| 135,864| 135,815| 135,780| 135,354| -426
Unemployment........| 5,616| 5,994| 5,936| 6,088| 6,402| 314
Not in labor force....| 69,358| 69,171| 69,275| 69,304| 69,592| 288
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 4.0| 4.2| 4.2| 4.3| 4.5| 0.2
Adult men...........| 3.4| 3.7| 3.5| 3.8| 4.0| .2
Adult women.........| 3.4| 3.6| 3.7| 3.6| 3.8| .2
Teenagers...........| 12.9| 13.7| 13.6| 13.8| 14.2| .4
White...............| 3.5| 3.7| 3.7| 3.7| 4.0| .3
Black...............| 7.5| 8.1| 7.5| 8.6| 8.2| -.4
Hispanic origin.....| 5.6| 6.2| 6.3| 6.3| 6.5| .2
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 131,836|p132,240| 132,303|p132,250|p132,027| p-223
Goods-producing 1/..| 25,623| p25,568| 25,563| p25,500| p25,336| p-164
Construction......| 6,732| p6,889| 6,888| p6,904| p6,840| p-64
Manufacturing.....| 18,350| p18,129| 18,124| p18,043| p17,939| p-104
Service-producing 1/| 106,213|p106,672| 106,740|p106,750|p106,691| p-59
Retail trade......| 23,225| p23,312| 23,355| p23,309| p23,331| p22
Services..........| 40,752| p40,940| 40,938| p40,965| p40,844| p-121
Government........| 20,435| p20,566| 20,589| p20,600| p20,638| p38
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 2/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.3| p34.3| 34.2| p34.3| p34.3| p.0
Manufacturing.......| 41.0| p40.8| 40.7| p40.7| p40.7| p.0
Overtime..........| 4.2| p3.9| 3.9| p3.8| p3.8| p.0
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 2/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 151.2| p151.6| 151.3| p151.7| p151.3| p-0.4
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 2/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $13.95| p$14.10| $14.11| p$14.17| p$14.22| p$0.05
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 478.13| p483.16| 482.56| p486.03| p487.75| p1.72
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
- 3 -
12 months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched
for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. In April, the number of
discouraged workers was 346,000. Discouraged workers, a subset of the
marginally attached, were not currently looking for work specifically
because they believed no jobs were available for them. (See table A-10.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Nonfarm payroll employment declined for the second straight month,
falling by 223,000 in April. Manufacturing and help supply services both
posted sharp job losses, and construction employment fell after seasonal
adjustment. There was little or no job growth in most other industries
over the month. (See table B-1.)
In the goods-producing sector, manufacturing employment fell by 104,000
in April. Declines since last June have totaled 554,000, and two-thirds of
those job losses have occurred in the past 4 months. Manufacturing
employment declines continued to be widespread in April. Large losses
continued in electrical equipment (31,000), with electronic components
accounting for two-thirds of the decline. Large declines also occurred in
industrial machinery (16,000) and fabricated metals (13,000). In
nondurable goods manufacturing, job losses continued in apparel, textiles,
printing and publishing, and rubber and miscellaneous plastics.
In April, seasonal hiring was weaker than normal in construction, and,
as a result, employment decreased by 64,000 on a seasonally adjusted basis.
This decline may reflect, in part, the heavy rains over much of the
country's interior. Since last October, construction has added an average
of 16,000 jobs a month, compared with a monthly average of 23,000 for the
period of October 1999 to October 2000.
In mining, employment in oil and gas extraction continued to increase
in April and has risen by 17,000 thus far this year.
In the service-producing sector, the services industry lost 121,000
jobs in April, despite job gains in health services (14,000), social
services (14,000), and computer services (7,000). Help supply services
experienced another sharp job decline (108,000). This industry, which
provides just-in-time workers to other businesses, has lost 370,000 jobs
since September. Seasonal hiring in amusement and recreation services and
hotels was well below normal this month, resulting in employment declines
of 30,000 and 13,000, respectively.
In retail trade, eating and drinking places added 41,000 jobs in April,
reversing a loss in March. Food stores also added jobs in April. Partly
offsetting these increases were job losses in general merchandise, apparel,
building materials and garden supplies, and furniture stores. Employment
in furniture stores, which had trended up in 2000, has shown no increase
this year.
Wholesale trade experienced job losses for the fifth straight month in
April; employment in the industry has declined by 27,000 over this period.
Finance, insurance, and real estate added 8,000 jobs in April. The gains
were primarily in depository institutions and insurance carriers. The
number of jobs in mortgage banks was little changed, and employment in
security brokerages declined.
- 4 -
Local government employment increased by 32,000 in April; the gain was
split evenly between education and noneducation agencies.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in April at 34.3 hours, seasonally
adjusted. Both the manufacturing workweek and manufacturing overtime also
were unchanged at 40.7 and 3.8 hours, respectively. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.3 percent over the month
to 151.3 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index fell by
0.8 percent to 100.3 in April. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls increased by 5 cents in April to $14.22,
seasonally adjusted. April's increase was equal to the monthly average for
the first 3 months of this year. Over the month, average weekly earnings
increased by 0.4 percent to $487.75. Over the year, average hourly
earnings rose by 4.3 percent and average weekly earnings grew by 3.4
percent. (See table B-3.)
______________________________
The Employment Situation for May 2001 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, June 1, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).
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| Revisions in the Establishment Survey Data |
| |
| With the release of May data on June 1, BLS will introduce revisions |
|in the establishment-based series on nonfarm payroll employment, hours,|
|and earnings to reflect the annual benchmark adjustments for March 2000|
|and updated seasonal adjustment factors. Unadjusted data since April |
|1999 and seasonally adjusted data since January 1996 are subject to |
|revision. Seasonal adjustment factors for March through October 2001 |
|will be available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ceshome.htm |
|on May 25, one week prior to the release of the May estimates. |
| |
| Concurrent with the release of March 2000 benchmark revisions, BLS |
|also will implement the next phase of a new probability-based sample |
|design for the establishment survey. The redesign began last year with|
|the wholesale trade industry. Estimates for the mining, construction, |
|and manufacturing industries will incorporate the new sample design |
|with the June 1 release. |
| |
| Further information is available by calling (202) 691-6555. |
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Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 2000,
the sample included about 300,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
- 6 -
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
- 7 -
period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
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monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.7 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $26.00 per issue or
$50.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone: 1-800-877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 209,216 211,171 211,348 209,216 210,743 210,889 211,026 211,171 211,348
Civilian labor force............................ 140,403 141,751 141,073 141,114 141,489 141,955 141,751 141,868 141,757
Participation rate........................ 67.1 67.1 66.7 67.4 67.1 67.3 67.2 67.2 67.1
Employed...................................... 135,215 135,298 135,122 135,517 135,836 135,999 135,815 135,780 135,354
Employment-population ratio............... 64.6 64.1 63.9 64.8 64.5 64.5 64.4 64.3 64.0
Agriculture................................. 3,330 2,921 3,163 3,360 3,274 3,179 3,135 3,161 3,192
Nonagricultural industries.................. 131,885 132,377 131,959 132,157 132,562 132,819 132,680 132,618 132,162
Unemployed.................................... 5,188 6,453 5,951 5,597 5,653 5,956 5,936 6,088 6,402
Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 4.6 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.5
Not in labor force.............................. 68,813 69,421 70,275 68,102 69,254 68,934 69,275 69,304 69,592
Persons who currently want a job.............. 4,422 4,103 4,451 4,354 4,532 4,417 4,455 4,174 4,368
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 100,487 101,504 101,593 100,487 101,260 101,357 101,428 101,504 101,593
Civilian labor force............................ 74,747 75,266 75,314 75,166 75,582 75,815 75,547 75,516 75,741
Participation rate........................ 74.4 74.2 74.1 74.8 74.6 74.8 74.5 74.4 74.6
Employed...................................... 71,979 71,607 71,987 72,257 72,534 72,589 72,359 72,201 72,245
Employment-population ratio............... 71.6 70.5 70.9 71.9 71.6 71.6 71.3 71.1 71.1
Unemployed.................................... 2,768 3,659 3,326 2,909 3,048 3,226 3,187 3,315 3,496
Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 4.9 4.4 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.6
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 92,303 93,285 93,410 92,303 93,117 93,184 93,227 93,285 93,410
Civilian labor force............................ 70,616 71,251 71,409 70,776 71,289 71,492 71,288 71,261 71,575
Participation rate........................ 76.5 76.4 76.4 76.7 76.6 76.7 76.5 76.4 76.6
Employed...................................... 68,389 68,171 68,644 68,473 68,848 68,916 68,761 68,534 68,706
Employment-population ratio............... 74.1 73.1 73.5 74.2 73.9 74.0 73.8 73.5 73.6
Agriculture................................. 2,252 1,987 2,121 2,248 2,232 2,122 2,154 2,150 2,117
Nonagricultural industries.................. 66,136 66,184 66,523 66,225 66,616 66,795 66,607 66,383 66,589
Unemployed.................................... 2,227 3,080 2,765 2,303 2,441 2,576 2,527 2,728 2,869
Unemployment rate......................... 3.2 4.3 3.9 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.8 4.0
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 108,729 109,667 109,756 108,729 109,483 109,532 109,598 109,667 109,756
Civilian labor force............................ 65,656 66,484 65,759 65,948 65,907 66,140 66,204 66,352 66,016
Participation rate........................ 60.4 60.6 59.9 60.7 60.2 60.4 60.4 60.5 60.1
Employed...................................... 63,236 63,691 63,135 63,260 63,302 63,410 63,456 63,578 63,109
Employment-population ratio............... 58.2 58.1 57.5 58.2 57.8 57.9 57.9 58.0 57.5
Unemployed.................................... 2,420 2,793 2,624 2,688 2,605 2,730 2,749 2,774 2,907
Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 100,809 101,779 101,870 100,809 101,612 101,643 101,686 101,779 101,870
Civilian labor force............................ 61,790 62,731 62,091 61,856 61,819 62,126 62,220 62,412 62,132
Participation rate........................ 61.3 61.6 61.0 61.4 60.8 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.0
Employed...................................... 59,785 60,447 59,915 59,651 59,708 59,894 59,932 60,178 59,741
Employment-population ratio............... 59.3 59.4 58.8 59.2 58.8 58.9 58.9 59.1 58.6
Agriculture................................. 867 791 844 871 822 852 839 819 847
Nonagricultural industries.................. 58,917 59,656 59,071 58,780 58,886 59,042 59,093 59,359 58,895
Unemployed.................................... 2,005 2,285 2,175 2,205 2,111 2,232 2,288 2,233 2,390
Unemployment rate......................... 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population............. 16,104 16,108 16,068 16,104 16,014 16,063 16,113 16,108 16,068
Civilian labor force............................ 7,998 7,769 7,573 8,482 8,381 8,337 8,243 8,195 8,050
Participation rate........................ 49.7 48.2 47.1 52.7 52.3 51.9 51.2 50.9 50.1
Employed...................................... 7,042 6,680 6,563 7,393 7,280 7,188 7,122 7,067 6,907
Employment-population ratio............... 43.7 41.5 40.8 45.9 45.5 44.7 44.2 43.9 43.0
Agriculture................................. 210 143 198 241 220 205 143 191 229
Nonagricultural industries.................. 6,832 6,537 6,365 7,152 7,060 6,983 6,980 6,876 6,678
Unemployed.................................... 956 1,088 1,010 1,089 1,101 1,149 1,121 1,127 1,143
Unemployment rate......................... 12.0 14.0 13.3 12.8 13.1 13.8 13.6 13.8 14.2
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 174,092 175,416 175,533 174,092 175,145 175,246 175,326 175,416 175,533
Civilian labor force............................ 117,281 118,166 117,572 117,800 117,945 118,276 118,287 118,243 118,145
Participation rate.......................... 67.4 67.4 67.0 67.7 67.3 67.5 67.5 67.4 67.3
Employed...................................... 113,458 113,445 113,162 113,710 113,811 114,015 113,902 113,853 113,434
Employment-population ratio................. 65.2 64.7 64.5 65.3 65.0 65.1 65.0 64.9 64.6
Unemployed.................................... 3,823 4,721 4,410 4,090 4,134 4,261 4,385 4,389 4,711
Unemployment rate........................... 3.3 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.0
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 59,958 60,400 60,476 60,052 60,349 60,494 60,487 60,358 60,598
Participation rate.......................... 76.9 76.8 76.8 77.0 76.8 77.0 76.9 76.7 77.0
Employed...................................... 58,327 58,075 58,430 58,377 58,581 58,571 58,561 58,366 58,488
Employment-population ratio................. 74.8 73.8 74.2 74.9 74.6 74.5 74.5 74.2 74.3
Unemployed.................................... 1,631 2,326 2,047 1,675 1,768 1,923 1,926 1,991 2,110
Unemployment rate........................... 2.7 3.9 3.4 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.5
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 50,532 51,195 50,623 50,581 50,527 50,794 50,854 50,910 50,697
Participation rate.......................... 60.6 60.9 60.2 60.6 60.2 60.5 60.6 60.6 60.3
Employed...................................... 49,101 49,564 49,005 48,994 48,973 49,270 49,155 49,318 48,907
Employment-population ratio................. 58.9 59.0 58.3 58.7 58.4 58.7 58.5 58.7 58.2
Unemployed.................................... 1,431 1,631 1,618 1,587 1,554 1,524 1,699 1,593 1,790
Unemployment rate........................... 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.5
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 6,791 6,571 6,473 7,167 7,069 6,988 6,945 6,975 6,850
Participation rate.......................... 53.4 51.6 50.7 56.4 55.7 55.1 54.6 54.8 53.7
Employed...................................... 6,030 5,806 5,728 6,339 6,257 6,174 6,186 6,169 6,039
Employment-population ratio................. 47.4 45.6 44.9 49.8 49.3 48.7 48.7 48.5 47.3
Unemployed.................................... 761 765 746 828 812 814 760 806 812
Unemployment rate........................... 11.2 11.6 11.5 11.6 11.5 11.7 10.9 11.6 11.8
Men....................................... 12.6 12.3 12.5 12.9 12.2 13.3 12.6 11.8 12.8
Women..................................... 9.7 10.9 10.4 10.1 10.7 9.8 9.2 11.2 10.8
BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 25,135 25,441 25,472 25,135 25,408 25,382 25,412 25,441 25,472
Civilian labor force............................ 16,504 16,699 16,576 16,586 16,742 16,773 16,691 16,789 16,666
Participation rate.......................... 65.7 65.6 65.1 66.0 65.9 66.1 65.7 66.0 65.4
Employed...................................... 15,412 15,264 15,334 15,376 15,470 15,372 15,440 15,348 15,299
Employment-population ratio................. 61.3 60.0 60.2 61.2 60.9 60.6 60.8 60.3 60.1
Unemployed.................................... 1,092 1,435 1,242 1,210 1,272 1,401 1,251 1,441 1,367
Unemployment rate........................... 6.6 8.6 7.5 7.3 7.6 8.4 7.5 8.6 8.2
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 7,324 7,349 7,346 7,338 7,437 7,430 7,374 7,404 7,369
Participation rate.......................... 72.8 72.0 71.9 72.9 72.9 73.0 72.4 72.6 72.2
Employed...................................... 6,858 6,722 6,775 6,843 6,897 6,918 6,887 6,776 6,761
Employment-population ratio................. 68.1 65.9 66.3 68.0 67.6 68.0 67.6 66.4 66.2
Unemployed.................................... 467 627 572 495 540 512 487 628 608
Unemployment rate........................... 6.4 8.5 7.8 6.7 7.3 6.9 6.6 8.5 8.2
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 8,293 8,450 8,377 8,272 8,333 8,340 8,336 8,418 8,353
Participation rate.......................... 65.8 66.2 65.5 65.7 65.4 65.4 65.3 65.9 65.3
Employed...................................... 7,830 7,916 7,940 7,784 7,861 7,731 7,854 7,885 7,892
Employment-population ratio................. 62.2 62.0 62.1 61.8 61.7 60.6 61.5 61.7 61.7
Unemployed.................................... 463 534 437 488 472 609 482 533 460
Unemployment rate........................... 5.6 6.3 5.2 5.9 5.7 7.3 5.8 6.3 5.5
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 886 900 853 976 972 1,002 981 968 944
Participation rate.......................... 35.8 36.5 34.5 39.5 39.5 40.8 39.8 39.2 38.2
Employed...................................... 724 626 620 749 712 723 699 688 646
Employment-population ratio................. 29.3 25.4 25.1 30.3 28.9 29.4 28.4 27.9 26.1
Unemployed.................................... 162 274 234 227 260 280 282 280 299
Unemployment rate........................... 18.3 30.5 27.4 23.3 26.7 27.9 28.8 28.9 31.6
Men....................................... 18.4 27.5 30.8 23.7 30.1 26.9 31.7 27.7 34.9
Women..................................... 18.2 33.3 24.4 22.8 23.4 28.9 25.7 30.2 28.6
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 22,231 22,889 22,957 22,231 22,749 22,769 22,830 22,889 22,957
Civilian labor force............................ 15,268 15,820 15,712 15,327 15,671 15,540 15,653 15,770 15,775
Participation rate.......................... 68.7 69.1 68.4 68.9 68.9 68.2 68.6 68.9 68.7
Employed...................................... 14,466 14,737 14,761 14,463 14,772 14,612 14,673 14,782 14,747
Employment-population ratio................. 65.1 64.4 64.3 65.1 64.9 64.2 64.3 64.6 64.2
Unemployed.................................... 802 1,083 951 864 899 927 980 988 1,028
Unemployment rate........................... 5.3 6.8 6.1 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.5
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Educational attainment
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 28,069 27,564 28,326 28,069 27,693 27,957 27,191 27,564 28,326
Civilian labor force.................... 12,007 12,008 12,379 11,986 11,822 12,008 12,074 12,103 12,371
Percent of population............... 42.8 43.6 43.7 42.7 42.7 43.0 44.4 43.9 43.7
Employed.............................. 11,286 11,053 11,581 11,254 11,077 11,193 11,140 11,267 11,558
Employment-population ratio......... 40.2 40.1 40.9 40.1 40.0 40.0 41.0 40.9 40.8
Unemployed............................ 721 955 798 732 745 816 934 836 813
Unemployment rate................... 6.0 8.0 6.4 6.1 6.3 6.8 7.7 6.9 6.6
High school graduates, no college(2)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 58,015 57,660 57,456 58,015 57,899 58,092 57,617 57,660 57,456
Civilian labor force.................... 37,699 37,554 37,186 37,563 37,187 37,415 37,309 37,189 37,053
Percent of population............... 65.0 65.1 64.7 64.7 64.2 64.4 64.8 64.5 64.5
Employed.............................. 36,474 35,996 35,828 36,296 35,906 35,986 35,895 35,746 35,650
Employment-population ratio......... 62.9 62.4 62.4 62.6 62.0 61.9 62.3 62.0 62.0
Unemployed............................ 1,226 1,557 1,358 1,267 1,281 1,429 1,414 1,443 1,403
Unemployment rate................... 3.3 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8
Less than a bachelor's degree(3)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 43,896 45,182 44,653 43,896 44,596 44,313 45,263 45,182 44,653
Civilian labor force.................... 32,522 33,386 32,891 32,686 33,045 33,102 33,079 33,241 33,044
Percent of population............... 74.1 73.9 73.7 74.5 74.1 74.7 73.1 73.6 74.0
Employed.............................. 31,684 32,424 31,937 31,827 32,141 32,121 32,197 32,360 32,065
Employment-population ratio......... 72.2 71.8 71.5 72.5 72.1 72.5 71.1 71.6 71.8
Unemployed............................ 838 961 954 859 904 981 882 881 978
Unemployment rate................... 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.0
College graduates
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 44,864 45,979 46,045 44,864 45,839 45,790 46,167 45,979 46,045
Civilian labor force.................... 36,074 36,622 36,633 36,049 36,460 36,476 36,602 36,642 36,646
Percent of population............... 80.4 79.7 79.6 80.4 79.5 79.7 79.3 79.7 79.6
Employed.............................. 35,581 35,916 35,909 35,473 35,894 35,909 36,032 35,916 35,802
Employment-population ratio......... 79.3 78.1 78.0 79.1 78.3 78.4 78.0 78.1 77.8
Unemployed............................ 493 706 724 576 566 567 570 726 845
Unemployment rate................... 1.4 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.3
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over................. 135,215 135,298 135,122 135,517 135,836 135,999 135,815 135,780 135,354
Married men, spouse present..................... 43,186 43,125 43,386 43,321 43,293 43,134 43,340 43,385 43,516
Married women, spouse present................... 33,944 34,216 33,830 33,795 33,635 34,249 34,059 34,080 33,662
Women who maintain families..................... 8,382 8,113 8,200 8,330 8,501 8,426 8,373 8,049 8,160
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty........... 40,745 42,029 41,836 40,748 41,078 41,430 41,770 42,023 41,841
Technical, sales, and administrative support.... 39,561 39,551 39,053 39,554 39,853 40,086 39,781 39,433 39,014
Service occupations............................. 18,734 18,325 18,331 18,665 18,550 18,158 18,283 18,289 18,258
Precision production, craft, and repair......... 14,530 14,776 14,760 14,595 14,848 14,889 14,970 14,895 14,834
Operators, fabricators, and laborers............ 18,212 17,637 17,917 18,412 18,171 18,092 17,889 17,999 18,127
Farming, forestry, and fishing.................. 3,432 2,979 3,225 3,452 3,357 3,372 3,252 3,321 3,238
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers....................... 2,048 1,725 1,906 2,042 2,019 1,983 1,839 1,910 1,902
Self-employed workers......................... 1,247 1,165 1,218 1,257 1,198 1,182 1,291 1,231 1,223
Unpaid family workers......................... 36 31 39 43 34 25 29 36 47
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers....................... 122,992 123,572 123,186 123,209 123,813 124,035 124,069 123,814 123,395
Government.................................. 19,434 19,363 19,118 19,168 19,352 18,843 19,103 19,134 18,854
Private industries.......................... 103,558 104,208 104,068 104,041 104,461 105,192 104,966 104,680 104,541
Private households........................ 982 918 820 977 879 859 823 881 812
Other industries.......................... 102,576 103,291 103,249 103,064 103,582 104,333 104,143 103,800 103,729
Self-employed workers......................... 8,794 8,661 8,677 8,727 8,600 8,698 8,617 8,784 8,608
Unpaid family workers......................... 99 145 96 96 121 110 142 138 93
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 3,043 3,338 3,108 3,135 3,234 3,327 3,273 3,164 3,201
Slack work or business conditions........... 1,827 2,040 2,049 1,862 1,964 2,035 2,043 1,914 2,097
Could only find part-time work.............. 986 961 863 1,002 896 954 933 907 873
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 19,509 19,467 19,143 18,606 18,993 18,568 19,021 18,647 18,713
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 2,933 3,182 2,972 3,021 3,088 3,227 3,143 3,007 3,061
Slack work or business conditions........... 1,768 1,954 1,953 1,791 1,882 1,971 1,970 1,828 1,985
Could only find part-time work.............. 957 940 850 975 877 945 910 877 864
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 18,948 18,966 18,576 18,043 18,437 18,040 18,509 18,132 18,176
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Category
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over......................... 5,597 6,088 6,402 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.5
Men, 20 years and over......................... 2,303 2,728 2,869 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.8 4.0
Women, 20 years and over....................... 2,205 2,233 2,390 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... 1,089 1,127 1,143 12.8 13.1 13.8 13.6 13.8 14.2
Married men, spouse present.................... 795 1,102 1,094 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5
Married women, spouse present.................. 921 949 1,004 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.9
Women who maintain families.................... 553 532 548 6.2 5.1 6.4 6.1 6.2 6.3
Full-time workers.............................. 4,461 4,907 5,048 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.3
Part-time workers.............................. 1,122 1,167 1,338 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.8 5.5
OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty.......... 701 852 908 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.1
Technical, sales, and administrative support... 1,434 1,534 1,661 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.7 4.1
Precision production, craft, and repair........ 542 532 703 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.5 4.5
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........... 1,285 1,431 1,328 6.5 6.4 7.1 7.3 7.4 6.8
Farming, forestry, and fishing................. 254 333 262 6.9 6.3 6.5 7.2 9.1 7.5
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 4,410 4,968 5,090 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.6
Goods-producing industries................... 1,233 1,513 1,533 4.3 4.4 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.3
Mining..................................... 17 19 32 3.0 3.6 2.2 4.6 3.5 5.1
Construction............................... 400 488 577 5.4 6.5 6.8 7.0 6.2 7.1
Manufacturing.............................. 816 1,006 924 4.0 3.6 4.2 4.5 5.0 4.6
Durable goods............................ 489 606 522 3.9 3.4 4.2 4.2 5.0 4.3
Nondurable goods......................... 327 400 402 4.1 4.0 4.3 5.0 5.0 5.1
Service-producing industries................. 3,177 3,455 3,557 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.4
Transportation and public utilities........ 234 246 333 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.9 3.1 4.1
Wholesale and retail trade................. 1,377 1,471 1,467 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate........ 202 212 222 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7
Services................................... 1,364 1,525 1,534 3.8 3.6 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.1
Government workers............................. 337 408 437 1.7 2.2 2.2 1.5 2.1 2.3
Agricultural wage and salary workers........... 185 244 193 8.3 8.9 9.0 9.2 11.3 9.2
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks................................ 2,139 2,447 2,532 2,500 2,440 2,613 2,797 2,674 2,958
5 to 14 weeks.................................... 1,666 2,282 1,799 1,835 1,852 1,977 1,669 1,992 1,977
15 weeks and over................................ 1,383 1,724 1,620 1,274 1,326 1,371 1,490 1,517 1,499
15 to 26 weeks................................ 778 1,002 897 660 675 731 793 814 759
27 weeks and over............................. 605 721 723 614 651 640 697 703 740
Average (mean) duration, in weeks................ 13.1 13.5 13.1 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.9 13.0 12.6
Median duration, in weeks........................ 7.3 7.7 7.0 6.0 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.5 5.8
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks.............................. 41.2 37.9 42.5 44.6 43.4 43.8 47.0 43.2 46.0
5 to 14 weeks.................................. 32.1 35.4 30.2 32.7 33.0 33.2 28.0 32.2 30.7
15 weeks and over.............................. 26.7 26.7 27.2 22.7 23.6 23.0 25.0 24.5 23.3
15 to 26 weeks............................... 15.0 15.5 15.1 11.8 12.0 12.3 13.3 13.2 11.8
27 weeks and over............................ 11.7 11.2 12.2 10.9 11.6 10.7 11.7 11.4 11.5
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 2,248 3,336 2,982 2,402 2,514 2,742 2,853 2,963 3,199
On temporary layoff............................. 692 1,208 1,000 723 937 1,032 945 991 1,053
Not on temporary layoff......................... 1,556 2,128 1,981 1,679 1,577 1,711 1,908 1,972 2,146
Permanent job losers.......................... 1,081 1,474 1,455 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs.......... 475 654 526 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers....................................... 778 841 722 812 746 838 820 814 749
Reentrants........................................ 1,802 1,940 1,836 1,967 1,899 1,956 1,927 1,908 2,005
New entrants...................................... 361 336 411 411 466 446 372 386 462
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed.................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 43.3 51.7 50.1 43.0 44.7 45.8 47.8 48.8 49.9
On temporary layoff............................ 13.3 18.7 16.8 12.9 16.7 17.2 15.8 16.3 16.4
Not on temporary layoff........................ 30.0 33.0 33.3 30.0 28.0 28.6 32.0 32.5 33.5
Job leavers...................................... 15.0 13.0 12.1 14.5 13.3 14.0 13.7 13.4 11.7
Reentrants....................................... 34.7 30.1 30.9 35.2 33.8 32.7 32.3 31.4 31.3
New entrants..................................... 6.9 5.2 6.9 7.3 8.3 7.4 6.2 6.4 7.2
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 1.6 2.4 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3
Job leavers...................................... .6 .6 .5 .6 .5 .6 .6 .6 .5
Reentrants....................................... 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4
New entrants..................................... .3 .2 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
1 Not available.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Measure
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of
the civilian labor force................................ 1.0 1.2 1.1 .9 .9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as
a percent of the civilian labor force................... 1.6 2.4 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor
force (official unemployment rate)...................... 3.7 4.6 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.5
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent
of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.... 3.9 4.8 4.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all
other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the
civilian labor force plus all marginally
attached workers........................................ 4.5 5.3 5.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers,
plus total employed part time for economic reasons,
as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers............................. 6.7 7.6 7.2 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of
this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work
but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job.
Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to
settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment
measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Age and sex
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 5,597 6,088 6,402 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.5
16 to 24 years.................................. 2,128 2,263 2,349 9.4 9.2 9.6 9.5 10.0 10.4
16 to 19 years................................ 1,089 1,127 1,143 12.8 13.1 13.8 13.6 13.8 14.2
16 to 17 years.............................. 490 502 518 14.9 15.8 17.4 17.2 16.0 16.7
18 to 19 years.............................. 596 624 626 11.5 11.6 11.5 11.0 12.3 12.6
20 to 24 years................................ 1,039 1,135 1,206 7.3 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.8 8.3
25 years and over............................... 3,461 3,844 4,043 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.4
25 to 54 years................................ 2,979 3,373 3,472 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.5
55 years and over............................. 431 481 517 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.8
Men, 16 years and over.......................... 2,909 3,315 3,496 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.6
16 to 24 years................................ 1,161 1,285 1,293 9.7 9.7 10.3 10.8 10.9 10.9
16 to 19 years.............................. 606 587 627 13.8 14.1 15.0 15.5 13.8 15.1
16 to 17 years............................ 273 250 305 16.0 18.4 20.5 18.5 15.6 18.7
18 to 19 years............................ 335 338 326 12.4 11.7 11.8 13.1 12.7 12.8
20 to 24 years.............................. 555 698 666 7.4 7.2 7.6 8.2 9.3 8.7
25 years and over............................. 1,754 2,046 2,208 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.5
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,485 1,745 1,900 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.5
55 years and over........................... 265 294 298 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9
Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,688 2,774 2,907 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.4
16 to 24 years................................ 967 978 1,055 8.9 8.7 8.8 8.1 8.9 9.8
16 to 19 years.............................. 483 540 516 11.8 12.1 12.4 11.6 13.7 13.3
16 to 17 years............................ 217 252 213 13.7 13.2 14.1 15.7 16.4 14.5
18 to 19 years............................ 261 285 300 10.5 11.6 11.3 8.7 11.9 12.4
20 to 24 years.............................. 484 438 539 7.2 6.7 6.7 6.1 6.3 7.8
25 years and over............................. 1,707 1,798 1,834 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.3
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,494 1,628 1,572 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4
55 years and over........................... 166 188 219 2.0 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.6
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr.
2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force...................................... 68,813 70,275 25,740 26,279 43,073 43,996
Persons who currently want a job................................ 4,422 4,451 1,907 1,942 2,515 2,509
Searched for work and available to work now(1)............... 1,215 1,124 597 541 618 583
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2).................... 330 346 198 214 132 132
Reasons other than discouragement(3).................... 885 778 399 327 486 452
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)...................................... 7,737 7,280 4,060 3,829 3,677 3,450
Percent of total employed..................................... 5.7 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.8 5.5
Primary job full time, secondary job part time................ 4,256 4,122 2,453 2,343 1,803 1,779
Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,596 1,573 509 529 1,087 1,045
Primary and secondary jobs both full time..................... 348 274 228 196 120 78
Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................ 1,501 1,282 859 748 642 534
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the
reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and
other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation
problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001p 2001p 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001p 2001p
Total......................... 131,258 130,710 131,280 131,952 131,419 131,878 132,167 132,303 132,250 132,027
Total private.................... 110,211 109,814 110,271 110,913 110,752 111,443 111,657 111,714 111,650 111,389
Goods-producing......................... 25,491 24,945 24,989 25,136 25,725 25,569 25,641 25,563 25,500 25,336
Mining................................ 532 538 543 551 539 540 547 551 553 557
Metal mining........................ 44.0 42.3 41.6 41.5 45 44 43 43 42 42
Coal mining......................... 79.8 78.6 79.0 79.6 80 78 79 79 79 80
Oil and gas extraction.............. 297.5 317.5 319.4 323.5 303 311 317 321 324 328
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 110.4 100.0 103.4 106.8 111 107 108 108 108 107
Construction.......................... 6,532 6,366 6,479 6,700 6,694 6,717 6,874 6,888 6,904 6,840
General building contractors........ 1,461.8 1,473.8 1,476.7 1,497.2 1,497 1,527 1,545 1,547 1,544 1,533
Heavy construction, except building. 872.4 774.3 819.6 889.2 899 867 902 911 925 903
Special trade contractors........... 4,198.0 4,117.9 4,182.6 4,313.3 4,298 4,323 4,427 4,430 4,435 4,404
Manufacturing......................... 18,427 18,041 17,967 17,885 18,492 18,312 18,220 18,124 18,043 17,939
Production workers................ 12,646 12,302 12,249 12,185 12,689 12,515 12,442 12,367 12,300 12,223
Durable goods........................ 11,091 10,869 10,817 10,758 11,104 11,037 10,952 10,903 10,841 10,768
Production workers................ 7,585 7,390 7,352 7,311 7,584 7,520 7,453 7,416 7,362 7,308
Lumber and wood products............ 819.6 778.2 775.3 777.0 830 802 796 793 787 786
Furniture and fixtures.............. 556.6 540.4 537.2 533.7 557 552 547 541 537 534
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 565.9 546.0 549.1 556.9 567 561 567 562 560 558
Primary metal industries............ 698.7 671.9 665.6 660.3 699 683 676 671 665 661
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 226.6 214.4 213.1 211.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Fabricated metal products........... 1,531.9 1,503.6 1,493.9 1,482.1 1,534 1,530 1,517 1,505 1,495 1,482
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,128.5 2,108.1 2,094.0 2,076.5 2,126 2,124 2,118 2,106 2,091 2,075
Computer and office equipment..... 361.1 359.0 358.1 355.0 364 362 363 360 360 358
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,687.9 1,715.0 1,702.8 1,672.1 1,691 1,728 1,725 1,714 1,706 1,675
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 650.2 693.7 688.1 666.4 651 696 697 694 689 668
Transportation equipment............ 1,862.5 1,768.0 1,763.6 1,765.6 1,859 1,813 1,760 1,769 1,761 1,762
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 1,026.9 948.3 942.4 943.9 1,026 988 942 951 942 941
Aircraft and parts................ 460.6 455.9 457.6 457.4 461 456 452 454 457 458
Instruments and related products.... 843.1 852.1 850.8 850.0 844 851 855 854 852 851
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 396.3 385.4 384.9 383.8 397 393 391 388 387 384
Nondurable goods..................... 7,336 7,172 7,150 7,127 7,388 7,275 7,268 7,221 7,202 7,171
Production workers................ 5,061 4,912 4,897 4,874 5,105 4,995 4,989 4,951 4,938 4,915
Food and kindred products........... 1,637.8 1,636.2 1,631.2 1,631.5 1,678 1,666 1,671 1,670 1,668 1,669
Tobacco products.................... 34.7 37.2 34.8 34.4 37 37 36 35 36 37
Textile mill products............... 547.5 511.4 509.5 506.0 548 525 521 514 511 506
Apparel and other textile products.. 664.2 611.2 610.7 604.9 665 625 626 614 612 603
Paper and allied products........... 659.0 647.4 644.5 642.2 662 656 654 649 647 645
Printing and publishing............. 1,550.7 1,546.3 1,542.4 1,535.9 1,554 1,554 1,555 1,549 1,546 1,539
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,028.1 1,013.0 1,014.4 1,011.8 1,030 1,022 1,022 1,016 1,016 1,013
Petroleum and coal products......... 130.7 123.6 124.1 126.7 132 128 127 128 127 127
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 1,008.7 977.3 970.4 966.4 1,007 991 986 977 970 965
Leather and leather products........ 75.0 68.5 68.4 67.0 75 71 70 69 69 67
Service-producing....................... 105,767 105,765 106,291 106,816 105,694 106,309 106,526 106,740 106,750 106,691
Transportation and public utilities... 6,936 7,020 7,044 7,064 6,970 7,086 7,077 7,096 7,098 7,096
Transportation...................... 4,482 4,516 4,540 4,559 4,509 4,581 4,572 4,584 4,589 4,584
Railroad transportation........... 220.9 213.0 213.7 215.8 221 217 214 217 216 216
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 513.0 513.2 518.0 517.8 498 500 500 502 505 502
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,812.7 1,811.0 1,820.8 1,831.1 1,839 1,847 1,852 1,853 1,856 1,854
Water transportation.............. 197.3 195.0 198.1 203.9 200 206 205 205 206 207
Transportation by air............. 1,257.4 1,297.1 1,301.7 1,301.4 1,270 1,321 1,312 1,318 1,316 1,314
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 12.4 12.3 12.0 12.5 12 12 12 12 12 13
Transportation services........... 467.8 474.5 475.3 476.9 469 478 477 477 478 478
Communications and public utilities. 2,454 2,504 2,504 2,505 2,461 2,505 2,505 2,512 2,509 2,512
Communications.................... 1,600.6 1,654.2 1,656.3 1,657.8 1,604 1,653 1,651 1,658 1,659 1,661
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 853.6 849.4 847.5 847.3 857 852 854 854 850 851
Wholesale trade....................... 7,034 7,023 7,038 7,055 7,055 7,085 7,074 7,072 7,070 7,066
Durable goods....................... 4,189 4,174 4,174 4,181 4,201 4,201 4,192 4,193 4,188 4,189
Nondurable goods.................... 2,845 2,849 2,864 2,874 2,854 2,884 2,882 2,879 2,882 2,877
Retail trade.......................... 22,940 22,787 22,862 23,101 23,197 23,245 23,272 23,355 23,309 23,331
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 1,047.4 960.3 985.9 1,024.0 1,032 1,019 1,015 1,015 1,013 1,004
General merchandise stores.......... 2,698.0 2,638.1 2,627.8 2,632.4 2,791 2,742 2,702 2,730 2,721 2,703
Department stores................. 2,359.9 2,299.2 2,289.7 2,292.0 2,443 2,411 2,364 2,389 2,369 2,355
Food stores......................... 3,480.1 3,508.6 3,495.6 3,516.9 3,522 3,523 3,533 3,547 3,543 3,556
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,403.5 2,397.5 2,406.0 2,424.2 2,410 2,428 2,426 2,427 2,421 2,426
New and used car dealers.......... 1,104.6 1,116.2 1,119.1 1,120.3 1,106 1,121 1,122 1,122 1,121 1,121
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,162.9 1,186.9 1,190.3 1,192.1 1,195 1,217 1,224 1,231 1,231 1,224
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 1,101.4 1,124.6 1,124.6 1,118.8 1,113 1,137 1,136 1,134 1,134 1,129
Eating and drinking places.......... 8,077.3 7,887.5 7,979.6 8,137.6 8,097 8,111 8,132 8,153 8,123 8,164
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,969.3 3,083.7 3,052.0 3,055.4 3,037 3,068 3,104 3,118 3,123 3,125
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,579 7,633 7,663 7,685 7,610 7,661 7,676 7,690 7,708 7,716
Finance............................. 3,699 3,747 3,759 3,759 3,709 3,747 3,748 3,755 3,767 3,769
Depository institutions........... 2,045.1 2,029.4 2,032.7 2,035.7 2,052 2,035 2,033 2,033 2,036 2,041
Commercial banks................ 1,457.9 1,438.4 1,440.4 1,442.4 1,464 1,445 1,441 1,441 1,443 1,447
Savings institutions............ 242.7 235.9 235.7 235.9 243 237 237 236 236 236
Nondepository institutions........ 686.1 696.1 703.0 704.5 686 689 691 698 703 705
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 325.0 325.6 330.5 332.5 323 321 323 327 331 332
Security and commodity brokers.... 727.5 772.8 772.5 769.1 732 773 775 777 778 775
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 240.6 248.4 250.9 249.8 239 250 249 247 250 248
Insurance........................... 2,359 2,369 2,375 2,379 2,365 2,362 2,369 2,376 2,378 2,386
Insurance carriers................ 1,592.2 1,592.4 1,595.0 1,597.2 1,597 1,585 1,591 1,597 1,597 1,603
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 766.8 777.0 780.1 781.9 768 777 778 779 781 783
Real estate......................... 1,521 1,517 1,529 1,547 1,536 1,552 1,559 1,559 1,563 1,561
Services2............................. 40,231 40,406 40,675 40,872 40,195 40,797 40,917 40,938 40,965 40,844
Agricultural services............... 810.7 698.1 737.9 841.6 801 810 826 824 826 827
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,851.9 1,845.7 1,871.2 1,893.2 1,902 1,948 1,949 1,951 1,955 1,942
Personal services................... 1,337.7 1,364.1 1,359.2 1,358.8 1,272 1,292 1,285 1,285 1,293 1,289
Business services................... 9,638.3 9,520.5 9,524.8 9,448.0 9,735 9,751 9,775 9,744 9,672 9,561
Services to buildings............. 998.8 1,003.8 1,004.0 1,004.7 1,001 1,009 1,016 1,017 1,012 1,007
Personnel supply services......... 3,787.1 3,505.0 3,503.6 3,428.3 3,885 3,744 3,722 3,689 3,617 3,510
Help supply services............ 3,381.7 3,094.9 3,095.0 3,021.0 3,485 3,338 3,302 3,278 3,201 3,093
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,923.6 2,010.8 2,020.3 2,025.6 1,927 1,996 1,999 2,009 2,018 2,025
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,194.0 1,220.4 1,228.9 1,231.9 1,195 1,215 1,228 1,224 1,230 1,231
Miscellaneous repair services....... 382.2 378.5 380.0 383.1 383 383 384 383 382 384
Motion pictures..................... 627.6 635.5 640.7 646.2 634 639 640 637 642 651
Amusement and recreation services... 1,722.3 1,584.1 1,647.2 1,752.3 1,752 1,787 1,809 1,803 1,811 1,781
Health services..................... 10080.2 10262.6 10299.2 10312.5 10,093 10,229 10,260 10,287 10,314 10,328
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,919.6 1,965.3 1,971.2 1,976.4 1,925 1,960 1,966 1,971 1,975 1,980
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,783.6 1,798.3 1,805.4 1,807.0 1,789 1,796 1,801 1,802 1,808 1,812
Hospitals......................... 3,994.4 4,070.8 4,083.7 4,086.6 3,999 4,053 4,063 4,076 4,087 4,094
Home health care services......... 640.2 640.6 646.2 644.8 641 642 644 644 647 645
Legal services...................... 997.9 1,015.2 1,017.7 1,016.3 1,004 1,015 1,018 1,021 1,023 1,024
Educational services................ 2,475.8 2,538.5 2,568.0 2,571.2 2,329 2,389 2,388 2,407 2,425 2,424
Social services..................... 2,955.9 3,078.6 3,102.7 3,122.6 2,940 3,054 3,062 3,076 3,087 3,101
Child day care services........... 772.8 817.3 826.2 834.2 753 792 795 800 805 810
Residential care.................. 810.6 847.0 849.4 853.0 812 845 848 851 851 855
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 99.9 96.4 99.5 104.0 102 104 104 105 105 105
Membership organizations............ 2,427.6 2,428.3 2,440.4 2,435.3 2,439 2,450 2,450 2,448 2,452 2,446
Engineering and management services. 3,383.8 3,494.8 3,512.9 3,509.5 3,368 3,486 3,494 3,498 3,502 3,505
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 981.5 1,017.8 1,019.8 1,022.2 987 1,021 1,030 1,032 1,031 1,029
Management and public relations... 1,086.6 1,135.3 1,141.0 1,141.9 1,088 1,139 1,142 1,144 1,145 1,145
Services, nec....................... 53.4 52.8 53.0 53.2 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Government............................ 21,047 20,896 21,009 21,039 20,667 20,435 20,510 20,589 20,600 20,638
Federal............................. 2,881 2,605 2,608 2,608 2,885 2,566 2,616 2,619 2,615 2,614
Federal, except Postal Service.... 2,023.2 1,747.9 1,751.6 1,753.7 2,022 1,753 1,755 1,755 1,754 1,753
State............................... 4,874 4,886 4,928 4,939 4,744 4,769 4,759 4,794 4,800 4,807
Education......................... 2,132.7 2,123.5 2,158.0 2,163.2 1,990 1,990 1,982 2,009 2,013 2,019
Other State government............ 2,741.3 2,762.0 2,770.0 2,776.2 2,754 2,779 2,777 2,785 2,787 2,788
Local............................... 13,292 13,405 13,473 13,492 13,038 13,100 13,135 13,176 13,185 13,217
Education......................... 7,754.6 7,789.5 7,832.7 7,820.6 7,408 7,387 7,406 7,432 7,436 7,452
Other local government............ 5,537.5 5,615.2 5,640.1 5,670.9 5,630 5,713 5,729 5,744 5,749 5,765
1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
2 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001p 2001p 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001p 2001p
Total private.................... 34.6 34.0 34.0 34.1 34.6 34.1 34.3 34.2 34.3 34.3
Goods-producing......................... 41.1 39.6 40.1 39.3 41.5 39.8 40.4 40.0 40.4 40.3
Mining................................ 44.9 44.6 45.0 45.7 45.3 44.6 45.2 44.9 45.9 46.2
Construction.......................... 39.2 37.2 38.4 38.0 39.6 37.9 38.9 38.0 39.1 38.8
Manufacturing......................... 41.7 40.4 40.6 39.6 42.2 40.4 40.9 40.7 40.7 40.7
Overtime hours.................... 4.6 3.6 3.7 3.1 4.9 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.8
Durable goods........................ 42.4 40.7 41.0 39.8 42.8 40.7 41.1 41.0 41.0 41.0
Overtime hours.................... 4.8 3.7 3.7 3.0 5.1 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.8
Lumber and wood products............ 41.1 39.4 39.9 39.7 41.2 39.8 39.7 40.3 40.3 39.9
Furniture and fixtures.............. 39.9 38.6 38.6 37.7 40.6 38.8 39.1 39.3 38.9 39.0
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.2 41.1 41.8 41.9 43.6 41.7 42.4 42.2 42.6 42.5
Primary metal industries............ 44.5 42.2 42.1 41.6 44.9 42.5 42.6 42.2 42.1 42.4
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 45.2 42.7 42.7 42.9 45.0 43.2 43.0 42.8 42.9 42.7
Fabricated metal products........... 42.4 41.0 41.0 39.6 43.0 40.6 41.4 41.3 41.2 41.4
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.5 41.5 41.6 40.0 42.9 41.2 41.9 41.5 41.5 41.4
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 41.6 40.3 40.2 38.9 42.2 40.4 40.6 40.5 40.3 40.2
Transportation equipment............ 44.1 41.1 41.9 40.2 44.3 40.8 41.5 41.2 41.8 41.8
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.5 40.6 41.4 39.7 45.5 40.1 40.9 40.5 41.2 41.5
Instruments and related products.... 41.3 40.8 40.7 39.9 41.6 40.4 40.7 40.6 40.7 40.8
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 39.4 38.9 39.1 38.2 39.8 38.8 39.3 39.1 39.0 39.2
Nondurable goods..................... 40.8 39.9 40.1 39.2 41.3 40.0 40.5 40.2 40.3 40.2
Overtime hours.................... 4.2 3.6 3.7 3.2 4.6 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.8
Food and kindred products........... 41.0 40.3 40.6 39.8 41.9 40.7 41.3 41.1 41.2 41.1
Tobacco products.................... 39.7 37.9 37.3 37.2 40.8 38.6 38.8 39.1 38.2 38.8
Textile mill products............... 41.7 39.8 40.0 38.3 41.9 40.5 40.5 39.9 40.0 39.3
Apparel and other textile products.. 37.7 36.1 36.5 34.9 38.0 36.3 36.5 36.1 36.4 36.0
Paper and allied products........... 43.1 42.2 42.5 41.7 43.6 41.9 42.7 42.6 42.8 42.5
Printing and publishing............. 38.2 37.6 37.7 37.1 38.5 37.7 38.1 37.9 37.7 37.7
Chemicals and allied products....... 42.6 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.9 42.4 43.0 42.8 42.8 42.9
Petroleum and coal products......... 44.4 46.6 46.0 47.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.7 40.3 40.3 39.3 42.1 40.1 40.9 40.4 40.4 40.5
Leather and leather products........ 38.4 37.3 37.5 37.0 38.9 37.1 38.0 37.5 37.6 38.0
Service-producing....................... 33.0 32.6 32.6 32.9 32.8 32.7 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.8
Transportation and public utilities... 38.8 38.2 38.0 38.6 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.4 38.3 38.5
Wholesale trade....................... 38.9 38.0 38.2 38.6 38.6 38.4 38.5 38.3 38.6 38.4
Retail trade.......................... 28.9 28.4 28.5 28.9 28.8 28.7 29.1 28.9 28.9 28.9
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.7 36.3 36.0 36.9 36.3 36.2 36.2 36.3 36.3 36.5
Services.............................. 32.8 32.6 32.5 32.7 32.7 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.7
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001p 2001p 2000 2001 2001p 2001p
Total private.................... $13.69 $14.16 $14.18 $14.27 $473.67 $481.44 $482.12 $486.61
Seasonally adjusted............. 13.64 14.11 14.17 14.22 471.94 482.56 486.03 487.75
Goods-producing......................... 15.25 15.65 15.73 15.83 626.78 619.74 630.77 622.12
Mining................................ 17.29 17.26 17.29 17.35 776.32 769.80 778.05 792.90
Construction.......................... 17.66 18.26 18.29 18.24 692.27 679.27 702.34 693.12
Manufacturing......................... 14.28 14.65 14.69 14.79 595.48 591.86 596.41 585.68
Durable goods........................ 14.82 15.20 15.27 15.34 628.37 618.64 626.07 610.53
Lumber and wood products............ 11.73 11.91 11.94 12.04 482.10 469.25 476.41 477.99
Furniture and fixtures.............. 11.64 12.02 12.07 12.14 464.44 463.97 465.90 457.68
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 14.23 14.53 14.59 14.74 614.74 597.18 609.86 617.61
Primary metal industries............ 16.51 16.54 16.59 17.03 734.70 697.99 698.44 708.45
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 19.72 19.22 19.26 20.01 891.34 820.69 822.40 858.43
Fabricated metal products........... 13.75 14.10 14.15 14.15 583.00 578.10 580.15 560.34
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 15.42 16.03 16.06 16.06 655.35 665.25 668.10 642.40
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 13.70 14.04 14.11 14.22 569.92 565.81 567.22 553.16
Transportation equipment............ 18.82 19.43 19.57 19.64 829.96 798.57 819.98 789.53
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 19.36 20.01 20.19 20.37 880.88 812.41 835.87 808.69
Instruments and related products.... 14.40 14.96 15.03 15.15 594.72 610.37 611.72 604.49
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 11.58 11.99 12.02 12.08 456.25 466.41 469.98 461.46
Nondurable goods..................... 13.45 13.80 13.81 13.96 548.76 550.62 553.78 547.23
Food and kindred products........... 12.36 12.57 12.62 12.73 506.76 506.57 512.37 506.65
Tobacco products.................... 19.71 18.79 20.25 19.99 782.49 712.14 755.33 743.63
Textile mill products............... 10.94 11.02 11.02 11.10 456.20 438.60 440.80 425.13
Apparel and other textile products.. 9.05 9.22 9.30 9.38 341.19 332.84 339.45 327.36
Paper and allied products........... 16.15 16.42 16.42 16.68 696.07 692.92 697.85 695.56
Printing and publishing............. 14.20 14.57 14.60 14.55 542.44 547.83 550.42 539.81
Chemicals and allied products....... 17.77 18.34 18.26 18.55 757.00 781.28 779.70 790.23
Petroleum and coal products......... 21.77 22.02 21.76 21.58 966.59 1026.13 1000.96 1031.52
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 12.67 13.06 13.01 13.09 528.34 526.32 524.30 514.44
Leather and leather products........ 10.13 10.19 10.32 10.35 388.99 380.09 387.00 382.95
Service-producing....................... 13.20 13.72 13.72 13.82 435.60 447.27 447.27 454.68
Transportation and public utilities... 16.15 16.68 16.60 16.69 626.62 637.18 630.80 644.23
Wholesale trade....................... 15.14 15.66 15.60 15.81 588.95 595.08 595.92 610.27
Retail trade.......................... 9.42 9.71 9.73 9.77 272.24 275.76 277.31 282.35
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 15.12 15.64 15.69 15.85 554.90 567.73 564.84 584.87
Services.............................. 13.83 14.43 14.44 14.57 453.62 470.42 469.30 476.44
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. change
Industry 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001p 2001p from:
Mar. 2001-
Apr. 2001
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $13.64 $14.02 $14.02 $14.11 $14.17 $14.22 0.4
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.87 7.93 7.89 7.92 7.95 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 15.30 15.63 15.71 15.76 15.83 15.85 .1
Mining...................... 17.26 17.08 17.01 17.13 17.23 17.31 .5
Construction................ 17.78 18.14 18.33 18.36 18.42 18.33 -.5
Manufacturing............... 14.28 14.60 14.59 14.67 14.70 14.78 .5
Excluding overtime4....... 13.49 13.93 13.89 13.99 14.04 14.14 .7
Service-producing............. 13.11 13.53 13.51 13.62 13.67 13.73 .4
Transportation and public
utilities................ 16.12 16.51 16.51 16.66 16.63 16.65 .1
Wholesale trade............. 15.03 15.57 15.51 15.64 15.70 15.69 -.1
Retail trade................ 9.39 9.66 9.61 9.68 9.71 9.73 .2
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 14.98 15.34 15.43 15.58 15.66 15.69 .2
Services.................... 13.74 14.20 14.21 14.32 14.37 14.48 .8
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .4 percent from February 2001 to March 2001, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2000 2001 2001p 2001p 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001p 2001p
Total private.................... 151.0 147.3 148.3 149.7 151.7 150.6 151.9 151.3 151.7 151.3
Goods-producing......................... 116.0 108.3 109.9 108.6 118.3 112.2 114.6 112.8 113.7 112.5
Mining................................ 50.9 50.0 51.1 52.4 52.2 50.6 51.8 51.6 53.3 53.8
Construction.......................... 179.7 163.2 171.9 177.5 186.3 178.1 188.5 183.2 189.8 186.0
Manufacturing......................... 106.4 100.2 100.3 97.3 107.9 101.9 102.6 101.5 101.1 100.3
Durable goods........................ 112.1 105.0 105.0 101.6 113.1 106.7 107.0 106.1 105.4 104.7
Lumber and wood products............ 145.7 131.7 133.0 132.5 147.9 137.6 136.2 137.4 136.4 134.8
Furniture and fixtures.............. 138.9 129.4 128.8 125.1 141.4 132.6 132.7 131.9 129.6 129.3
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 114.9 103.9 106.3 108.5 116.2 108.7 112.0 110.7 111.0 110.2
Primary metal industries............ 92.5 84.1 82.8 81.2 93.3 86.2 85.3 83.8 82.8 82.8
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 71.7 64.0 63.4 63.4 71.5 66.7 64.8 64.5 63.9 63.2
Fabricated metal products........... 121.4 114.3 113.4 108.7 123.0 116.0 116.8 115.4 114.0 113.5
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 105.5 103.4 102.8 97.4 106.2 102.6 104.0 103.0 102.1 100.5
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 107.8 105.2 104.3 99.3 109.6 107.1 106.9 105.7 104.6 102.6
Transportation equipment............ 126.8 112.1 114.2 109.9 126.7 113.7 112.8 112.3 113.3 113.7
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 172.3 142.0 144.3 138.7 171.7 144.4 142.1 141.5 142.8 144.0
Instruments and related products.... 74.3 73.3 72.9 71.5 74.7 72.9 73.4 73.1 72.9 73.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 101.6 95.5 95.9 93.0 103.0 97.9 98.4 96.8 96.2 95.2
Nondurable goods..................... 98.6 93.6 93.8 91.4 100.7 95.4 96.6 95.2 95.1 94.4
Food and kindred products........... 112.5 110.8 111.5 109.3 118.4 114.2 116.4 116.0 116.2 116.2
Tobacco products.................... 45.6 47.4 42.3 42.1 50.5 47.8 46.1 44.5 45.4 48.0
Textile mill products............... 80.2 70.9 71.0 67.5 80.6 74.7 73.9 71.6 71.1 69.2
Apparel and other textile products.. 58.7 51.4 51.9 49.0 59.2 52.8 53.5 51.7 51.8 50.4
Paper and allied products........... 105.0 101.1 101.6 99.3 106.7 101.3 103.5 102.4 102.9 101.7
Printing and publishing............. 122.0 118.8 118.9 116.0 123.2 120.2 121.5 120.3 119.2 118.3
Chemicals and allied products....... 101.9 98.8 99.0 98.2 102.7 99.4 100.5 99.2 99.2 99.0
Petroleum and coal products......... 64.3 59.2 59.6 63.7 66.6 58.2 61.5 62.4 62.1 65.7
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 148.3 137.9 137.0 132.9 149.3 139.3 140.8 138.0 137.1 136.8
Leather and leather products........ 32.5 28.6 28.5 27.4 32.9 29.6 29.8 28.8 28.9 28.0
Service-producing....................... 166.7 164.7 165.6 168.2 166.6 167.9 168.7 168.6 168.7 168.7
Transportation and public utilities... 136.6 137.2 137.3 139.5 137.3 140.4 140.4 139.5 139.4 140.2
Wholesale trade....................... 133.5 130.2 131.1 132.7 133.0 133.2 133.5 132.4 133.1 132.3
Retail trade.......................... 143.5 139.4 140.3 144.0 144.9 144.4 146.5 146.1 145.6 146.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 140.2 139.9 139.5 143.4 139.3 140.3 140.7 141.4 141.7 142.7
Services.............................. 209.6 208.4 209.8 211.6 208.6 211.0 211.3 211.9 212.2 211.6
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1997.............. 57.3 59.7 62.8 63.2 57.7 57.7 61.2 60.1 61.5 65.3 62.1 61.2
1998.............. 63.2 56.6 60.5 58.7 58.3 59.7 53.9 58.1 56.2 53.8 59.0 57.4
1999.............. 54.1 58.8 53.9 59.6 52.8 57.9 58.8 53.8 57.3 60.7 60.8 59.0
2000.............. 60.8 54.1 60.7 56.5 45.9 56.2 58.7 51.4 53.7 55.2 50.6 53.4
2001.............. 52.4 46.5 p46.9 p45.2
Over 3-month span:
1997.............. 62.6 64.0 66.3 66.7 63.2 62.1 61.5 66.2 67.4 69.4 69.0 69.1
1998.............. 64.3 66.6 63.2 66.3 63.6 58.0 57.4 57.9 59.7 58.1 58.6 59.4
1999.............. 58.3 57.3 58.4 54.4 57.3 58.8 58.1 60.7 59.6 63.5 64.3 63.1
2000.............. 61.0 62.6 61.9 57.4 56.7 58.3 57.9 58.4 50.8 52.1 52.9 52.1
2001.............. 50.7 p46.1 p41.9
Over 6-month span:
1997.............. 66.3 67.0 66.6 66.3 65.6 67.1 66.3 68.5 69.0 70.4 69.7 70.4
1998.............. 69.8 67.4 65.2 61.8 62.9 61.4 59.0 58.4 57.4 59.7 59.3 59.1
1999.............. 60.0 58.0 57.6 58.6 54.4 59.7 60.4 62.1 64.0 62.8 65.2 64.6
2000.............. 65.6 60.8 61.0 61.9 59.3 56.0 54.4 57.2 54.5 51.5 50.6 p47.6
2001.............. p46.9
Over 12-month span:
1997.............. 69.0 67.3 68.3 69.7 69.5 70.1 70.1 70.4 70.5 70.1 69.4 70.4
1998.............. 69.7 67.3 67.3 65.9 63.9 62.5 61.5 62.1 61.0 59.8 59.8 58.1
1999.............. 60.3 58.3 57.6 59.4 59.6 60.5 61.9 61.0 62.6 62.9 62.5 63.2
2000.............. 64.9 63.8 60.8 59.8 57.9 55.2 54.5 54.2 p50.3 p48.0
2001..............
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1997.............. 49.6 52.5 56.1 54.0 51.4 54.3 50.7 53.6 56.5 61.9 60.4 55.4
1998.............. 57.9 50.7 53.6 50.7 47.1 50.0 37.8 50.0 45.7 39.9 41.7 43.9
1999.............. 45.0 41.0 42.8 46.4 40.3 46.4 54.7 38.1 46.4 51.8 51.4 50.4
2000.............. 52.2 47.8 51.1 51.1 45.7 51.1 57.6 36.3 38.8 45.7 42.8 40.6
2001.............. 38.8 30.6 p31.3 p33.8
Over 3-month span:
1997.............. 50.7 53.2 55.8 56.1 53.2 52.5 52.5 55.8 59.7 66.5 64.7 64.0
1998.............. 56.8 56.8 52.2 52.2 48.6 41.4 39.2 40.3 43.2 37.1 36.7 40.6
1999.............. 36.7 37.1 37.1 34.5 37.8 43.5 39.9 45.0 42.1 50.4 51.1 50.7
2000.............. 47.8 52.5 49.3 48.9 49.6 53.6 44.2 36.3 28.8 35.3 36.0 32.7
2001.............. 24.8 p20.1 p20.9
Over 6-month span:
1997.............. 53.2 53.2 52.5 52.9 51.8 53.2 54.7 61.2 61.2 64.4 64.7 63.7
1998.............. 60.1 54.3 50.4 39.9 43.5 42.1 38.8 36.7 36.0 39.9 34.5 32.7
1999.............. 35.6 33.5 33.5 37.1 32.7 38.8 41.0 45.7 48.2 43.2 48.6 51.1
2000.............. 51.4 47.5 50.4 53.6 45.0 38.1 33.5 35.3 29.9 24.5 23.4 p20.5
2001.............. p20.5
Over 12-month span:
1997.............. 54.7 52.5 54.0 54.0 55.4 56.8 57.2 57.9 58.3 56.8 56.8 57.2
1998.............. 55.0 51.8 51.8 46.8 40.6 39.9 37.8 38.1 37.1 36.0 34.2 33.5
1999.............. 37.4 32.4 31.7 35.3 36.0 37.1 38.8 39.6 42.4 42.4 42.4 46.0
2000.............. 47.8 44.6 39.2 39.2 34.2 29.9 29.1 26.6 p20.1 p17.6
2001..............
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: July 06, 2001
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_apr2001.htm
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