Technical information: USDL 00-95
Household data: (202) 691-6378
Transmission of material in this release is
Establishment data: 691-6555 embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
Media contact: 691-5902 Friday, April 7, 2000.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: MARCH 2000
Payroll employment rose in March and the unemployment rate was unchanged
at 4.1 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of
Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment grew by 416,000 over the
month. This included the addition of an estimated 117,000 temporary census
workers. Also, it is likely that some of the March gain in payroll employment
resulted from the fact that there were 5 weeks between the February and March
survey reference periods instead of the usual 4 weeks. Average hourly
earnings increased by 5 cents over the month and 3.7 percent over the year.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The number of unemployed persons, 5.7 million, was essentially unchanged
in March, and the unemployment rate held at 4.1 percent. The jobless rate
has been below 4.2 percent for 6 consecutive months. Jobless rates for the
major worker groups--adult men (3.3 percent), adult women (3.6 percent),
teenagers (13.3 percent), whites (3.6 percent), blacks (7.3 percent), and
Hispanics (6.3 percent)--showed little or no change over the month.
(See tables A-1 and A-2.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
The number of persons in the civilian labor force was little changed at
140.9 million in March. The labor force participation rate was 67.4 percent.
Total employment also was about unchanged in March, at 135.2 million
(seasonally adjusted). The employment-population ratio--the proportion of
the population age 16 and older with jobs--remained high at 64.7 percent.
(See table A-1.)
About 7.7 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one
job in March. These multiple jobholders represented 5.7 percent of the
total employed, down from 6.1 percent a year earlier. (See table A-10.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
The number of persons who were marginally attached to the labor force in
March totaled 1.2 million (not seasonally adjusted). These people wanted
and were available to work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior
12 months. They are not counted as unemployed because they had not actively
searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of dis-
couraged workers was 257,000 in March, about the same as a year earlier.
Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not currently
looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for
them. (See table A-10.)
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________| Feb.-
Category | 1999 | 2000 1/| 2000 | Mar.
|_________________|_________________ ________|change
| IV | I | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 139,880| 140,981| 140,910| 141,165| 140,867| -298
Employment..........| 134,153| 135,247| 135,221| 135,362| 135,159| -203
Unemployment........| 5,727| 5,733| 5,689| 5,804| 5,708| -96
Not in labor force....| 68,780| 67,933| 67,872| 67,742| 68,187| 445
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 4.1| 4.1| 4.0| 4.1| 4.1| .0
Adult men...........| 3.4| 3.3| 3.3| 3.4| 3.3| -0.1
Adult women.........| 3.6| 3.6| 3.7| 3.5| 3.6| .1
Teenagers...........| 13.8| 13.4| 12.6| 14.1| 13.3| -.8
White...............| 3.5| 3.5| 3.4| 3.6| 3.6| .0
Black...............| 8.1| 7.8| 8.2| 7.8| 7.3| -.5
Hispanic origin.....| 6.1| 5.9| 5.6| 5.7| 6.3| .6
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 129,606|p130,435| 130,292|p130,299|p130,715| p416
Goods-producing 2/..| 25,246| p25,421| 25,410| p25,383| p25,471| p88
Construction......| 6,359| p6,522| 6,504| p6,487| p6,576| p89
Manufacturing.....| 18,359| p18,366| 18,376| p18,364| p18,359| p-5
Service-producing 2/| 104,360|p105,014| 104,882|p104,916|p105,244| p328
Retail trade......| 22,922| p23,004| 23,018| p22,996| p22,999| p3
Services..........| 39,548| p39,869| 39,804| p39,826| p39,976| p150
Government........| 20,274| p20,427| 20,365| p20,387| p20,529| p142
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.5| p34.5| 34.6| p34.5| p34.5| p.0
Manufacturing.......| 41.7| p41.7| 41.7| p41.8| p41.6| p-0.2
Overtime..........| 4.6| p4.7| 4.7| p4.8| p4.6| p-.2
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 149.1| p150.3| 150.3| p150.0| p150.5| p0.5
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 3/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $13.41| p$13.55| $13.49| p$13.55| p$13.60| p$0.05
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 462.65| p467.81| 466.75| p467.48| p469.20| p1.72
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Beginning in January 2000, household data reflect revised popula-
tion controls used in the Current Population Survey.
2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
- 3 -
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 416,000 in March to 130.7 million,
seasonally adjusted. This increase included the addition of 117,000 temporary
census workers. Also, it is likely that some of the March payroll employment
gain resulted from a calendar anomaly. This year, there were 5 weeks instead
of the usual 4 between the February and March survey reference periods. The
last time this occurred was in 1972. Because this occurrence is so rare, the
payroll employment estimates for March cannot be adjusted for the differences
in the number of weeks between the survey reference periods, as is done for
other months. Thus, the estimates of employment change this month reflect
an additional week's growth. This effect is most pronounced in seasonal
industries that tend to add jobs at this time of year.
In the goods-producing sector, construction employment grew by 89,000
in March, with job gains widespread across the component industries. The
additional week between the February and March survey reference periods
likely contributed to the large employment increase. In mining, employment
in the oil and gas extraction industry continued to rise. Since last summer,
oil and gas extraction has added 16,000 jobs; slightly more than half of that
gain occurred in February and March. (See table B-1.)
Manufacturing employment was down by 5,000 over the month. This decrease
would have been larger had it not been for the return of 15,000 striking
workers in the aircraft industry. (February employment estimates have been
revised down by 15,000, as recent information indicates that the strikers were
off payrolls for the entire reference pay period that month. These workers
were back on payrolls in March.) Industrial machinery lost 6,000 jobs in
March, and there were smaller declines in many other manufacturing industries.
Employment in the fabricated metals industry continued on a growth trend that
began in September 1999.
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In the service-producing sector, the services industry added 150,000
jobs in March, following an unusually small gain in February (22,000, as
revised). Employment growth in services during the first quarter of the
year averaged 106,000 per month, slightly below the monthly average for
1999. In March, job gains were widespread among the services industries.
The largest employment increase was in business services (48,000), where
personnel supply services added 19,000 jobs. Employment in educational
services rose by 21,000 jobs in March. Two highly seasonal industries,
agricultural services and hotels, posted substantial job gains of 18,000
and 15,000, respectively.
Transportation and public utilities added 27,000 jobs in March. Nearly
all of the gain occurred in transportation, with trucking and air transpor-
tation adding 11,000 and 10,000 jobs, respectively. Both industries had lost
jobs in February. Employment continued to grow in the communications industry
in March, mainly in telephone communications. In contrast, public utilities
continued to lose jobs.
Employment in wholesale trade rose by 17,000 in March, in line with its
average monthly gain over the prior 12 months. Retail trade employment was
little changed in March. Job gains in furniture stores, building materials
stores, and automotive dealers and service stations were offset by losses
in general merchandise stores and in eating and drinking places. General
merchandise employment fell by 36,000 in the first quarter, and eating and
drinking places employment declined by 28,000.
Finance, insurance, and real estate lost 11,000 jobs in March, offsetting
its February gain. Employment in mortgage banking declined by 12,000 over
the month and has fallen by 35,000 since last May. In contrast, security and
commodity brokerages continued to add jobs in March.
Federal government employment grew by 106,000 in March. The Census Bureau
added 117,000 temporary workers for Census 2000, but employment declines
continued in other federal agencies. Local governments added 34,000 jobs in
March, following a decline in February.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in March at 34.5 hours, seasonally adjusted.
In manufacturing, both the average workweek and overtime hours fell by
0.2 hour to 41.6 hours and 4.6 hours, respectively. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.3 percent to 150.5
(1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index decreased
0.4 percent to 105.9. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls rose by 5 cents in March to $13.60, seasonally
adjusted. Over the month, average weekly earnings rose 0.4 percent to
$469.20, seasonally adjusted. Over the year, both average hourly earnings
and average weekly earnings rose by 3.7 percent. (See table B-3.)
______________________________
The Employment Situation for April 2000 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, May 5, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).
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| Planned Changes Affecting Establishment Survey Data |
| |
| Concurrent with the release of March 1999 benchmark revisions |
| on June 2, BLS will begin implementation of a new probability- |
| based sample design for the payroll survey. Estimates for the |
| wholesale trade major industry division only will incorporate the |
| new sample design with this release. Further information is |
| available on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm) or |
| by calling (202) 691-6555. |
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Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1999,
the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
- 6 -
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
- 7 -
period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
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monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.7 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $16.00 per issue or
$40.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone: 1-800-877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 207,036 208,907 209,053 207,036 208,666 208,832 208,782 208,907 209,053
Civilian labor force............................ 138,418 140,185 140,501 138,804 139,834 140,108 140,910 141,165 140,867
Participation rate........................ 66.9 67.1 67.2 67.0 67.0 67.1 67.5 67.6 67.4
Employed...................................... 132,299 133,954 134,494 132,976 134,098 134,420 135,221 135,362 135,159
Employment-population ratio............... 63.9 64.1 64.3 64.2 64.3 64.4 64.8 64.8 64.7
Agriculture................................. 3,022 2,973 3,079 3,290 3,310 3,279 3,371 3,408 3,359
Nonagricultural industries.................. 129,277 130,981 131,415 129,686 130,788 131,141 131,850 131,954 131,801
Unemployed.................................... 6,119 6,231 6,007 5,828 5,736 5,688 5,689 5,804 5,708
Unemployment rate......................... 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1
Not in labor force.............................. 68,618 68,723 68,552 68,232 68,832 68,724 67,872 67,742 68,187
Persons who currently want a job.............. 4,471 4,431 4,461 4,606 4,429 4,467 4,252 4,374 4,594
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 99,362 100,330 100,405 99,362 100,179 100,264 100,266 100,330 100,405
Civilian labor force............................ 73,785 74,808 74,790 74,218 74,728 74,930 75,304 75,594 75,198
Participation rate........................ 74.3 74.6 74.5 74.7 74.6 74.7 75.1 75.3 74.9
Employed...................................... 70,544 71,311 71,613 71,269 71,732 71,927 72,358 72,473 72,313
Employment-population ratio............... 71.0 71.1 71.3 71.7 71.6 71.7 72.2 72.2 72.0
Unemployed.................................... 3,242 3,497 3,177 2,949 2,996 3,003 2,946 3,121 2,885
Unemployment rate......................... 4.4 4.7 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.8
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 91,215 92,092 92,145 91,215 91,986 92,052 92,057 92,092 92,145
Civilian labor force............................ 69,781 70,704 70,689 69,934 70,388 70,529 70,917 71,120 70,822
Participation rate........................ 76.5 76.8 76.7 76.7 76.5 76.6 77.0 77.2 76.9
Employed...................................... 67,185 67,869 68,057 67,628 68,037 68,197 68,585 68,691 68,480
Employment-population ratio............... 73.7 73.7 73.9 74.1 74.0 74.1 74.5 74.6 74.3
Agriculture................................. 2,086 2,018 2,073 2,239 2,262 2,227 2,303 2,309 2,232
Nonagricultural industries.................. 65,099 65,851 65,984 65,389 65,775 65,970 66,282 66,382 66,249
Unemployed.................................... 2,597 2,835 2,632 2,306 2,351 2,332 2,332 2,429 2,342
Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 107,674 108,577 108,649 107,674 108,487 108,569 108,516 108,577 108,649
Civilian labor force............................ 64,632 65,377 65,711 64,586 65,106 65,178 65,606 65,572 65,668
Participation rate........................ 60.0 60.2 60.5 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.5 60.4 60.4
Employed...................................... 61,755 62,642 62,881 61,707 62,366 62,493 62,863 62,889 62,846
Employment-population ratio............... 57.4 57.7 57.9 57.3 57.5 57.6 57.9 57.9 57.8
Unemployed.................................... 2,877 2,734 2,830 2,879 2,740 2,685 2,743 2,683 2,823
Unemployment rate......................... 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 99,833 100,666 100,713 99,833 100,573 100,666 100,579 100,666 100,713
Civilian labor force............................ 60,780 61,576 61,892 60,554 61,052 61,154 61,576 61,575 61,671
Participation rate........................ 60.9 61.2 61.5 60.7 60.7 60.7 61.2 61.2 61.2
Employed...................................... 58,400 59,331 59,593 58,216 58,838 58,958 59,280 59,398 59,422
Employment-population ratio............... 58.5 58.9 59.2 58.3 58.5 58.6 58.9 59.0 59.0
Agriculture................................. 764 804 831 821 768 791 826 871 894
Nonagricultural industries.................. 57,635 58,526 58,762 57,395 58,070 58,167 58,454 58,526 58,528
Unemployed.................................... 2,381 2,245 2,298 2,338 2,214 2,196 2,297 2,178 2,249
Unemployment rate......................... 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.6
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population............. 15,988 16,149 16,196 15,988 16,107 16,114 16,147 16,149 16,196
Civilian labor force............................ 7,856 7,905 7,921 8,316 8,394 8,425 8,416 8,470 8,374
Participation rate........................ 49.1 48.9 48.9 52.0 52.1 52.3 52.1 52.4 51.7
Employed...................................... 6,715 6,754 6,844 7,132 7,223 7,265 7,356 7,273 7,257
Employment-population ratio............... 42.0 41.8 42.3 44.6 44.8 45.1 45.6 45.0 44.8
Agriculture................................. 172 151 175 230 280 261 242 228 233
Nonagricultural industries.................. 6,543 6,604 6,669 6,902 6,943 7,004 7,114 7,046 7,024
Unemployed.................................... 1,142 1,151 1,077 1,184 1,171 1,160 1,060 1,197 1,117
Unemployment rate......................... 14.5 14.6 13.6 14.2 14.0 13.8 12.6 14.1 13.3
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 172,597 173,886 173,983 172,597 173,709 173,821 173,812 173,886 173,983
Civilian labor force............................ 115,866 117,154 117,451 116,237 116,703 117,008 117,716 117,821 117,832
Participation rate.......................... 67.1 67.4 67.5 67.3 67.2 67.3 67.7 67.8 67.7
Employed...................................... 111,414 112,576 113,006 112,030 112,611 112,951 113,704 113,634 113,630
Employment-population ratio................. 64.6 64.7 65.0 64.9 64.8 65.0 65.4 65.3 65.3
Unemployed.................................... 4,451 4,578 4,446 4,207 4,092 4,057 4,011 4,187 4,202
Unemployment rate........................... 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.6
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 59,541 60,043 60,123 59,675 59,761 59,889 60,179 60,387 60,282
Participation rate.......................... 77.1 77.1 77.2 77.3 76.9 77.0 77.3 77.6 77.4
Employed...................................... 57,546 57,927 58,131 57,935 58,067 58,221 58,487 58,631 58,541
Employment-population ratio................. 74.5 74.4 74.6 75.0 74.7 74.8 75.2 75.3 75.1
Unemployed.................................... 1,995 2,116 1,993 1,740 1,694 1,668 1,693 1,756 1,742
Unemployment rate........................... 3.4 3.5 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 49,729 50,418 50,622 49,567 49,814 50,011 50,404 50,335 50,448
Participation rate.......................... 60.1 60.5 60.7 59.9 59.9 60.1 60.5 60.4 60.5
Employed...................................... 48,078 48,840 48,966 47,941 48,273 48,486 48,857 48,792 48,820
Employment-population ratio................. 58.1 58.6 58.7 57.9 58.0 58.2 58.7 58.6 58.6
Unemployed.................................... 1,650 1,578 1,656 1,626 1,541 1,525 1,547 1,544 1,628
Unemployment rate........................... 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 6,596 6,693 6,706 6,995 7,128 7,108 7,132 7,099 7,102
Participation rate.......................... 52.1 52.6 52.7 55.3 56.0 55.8 56.0 55.8 55.8
Employed...................................... 5,790 5,808 5,909 6,154 6,271 6,244 6,360 6,211 6,270
Employment-population ratio................. 45.8 45.6 46.5 48.7 49.2 49.0 50.0 48.8 49.3
Unemployed.................................... 806 885 797 841 857 864 772 888 832
Unemployment rate........................... 12.2 13.2 11.9 12.0 12.0 12.2 10.8 12.5 11.7
Men....................................... 13.7 15.5 12.1 12.8 12.8 13.3 12.4 14.4 11.3
Women..................................... 10.7 10.7 11.7 11.2 11.2 10.9 9.1 10.4 12.1
BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 24,729 25,076 25,105 24,729 25,019 25,051 25,047 25,076 25,105
Civilian labor force............................ 16,125 16,542 16,466 16,231 16,508 16,513 16,622 16,785 16,572
Participation rate.......................... 65.2 66.0 65.6 65.6 66.0 65.9 66.4 66.9 66.0
Employed...................................... 14,798 15,164 15,231 14,925 15,187 15,204 15,254 15,471 15,356
Employment-population ratio................. 59.8 60.5 60.7 60.4 60.7 60.7 60.9 61.7 61.2
Unemployed.................................... 1,327 1,378 1,236 1,306 1,321 1,309 1,368 1,314 1,216
Unemployment rate........................... 8.2 8.3 7.5 8.0 8.0 7.9 8.2 7.8 7.3
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 7,031 7,355 7,252 7,073 7,277 7,273 7,386 7,441 7,300
Participation rate.......................... 71.2 73.3 72.2 71.7 72.8 72.6 73.7 74.2 72.6
Employed...................................... 6,583 6,771 6,762 6,647 6,767 6,766 6,839 6,910 6,830
Employment-population ratio................. 66.7 67.5 67.3 67.4 67.7 67.5 68.2 68.9 68.0
Unemployed.................................... 448 584 490 426 510 507 547 532 469
Unemployment rate........................... 6.4 7.9 6.8 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.4 7.1 6.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 8,166 8,289 8,333 8,151 8,305 8,260 8,315 8,344 8,314
Participation rate.......................... 65.9 66.0 66.2 65.8 66.3 65.8 66.3 66.4 66.1
Employed...................................... 7,575 7,719 7,815 7,573 7,757 7,706 7,715 7,805 7,808
Employment-population ratio................. 61.2 61.4 62.1 61.1 61.9 61.4 61.5 62.1 62.1
Unemployed.................................... 590 570 518 578 548 554 600 539 506
Unemployment rate........................... 7.2 6.9 6.2 7.1 6.6 6.7 7.2 6.5 6.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 928 898 881 1,007 926 980 921 999 958
Participation rate.......................... 37.6 36.3 35.6 40.7 37.3 39.5 37.2 40.4 38.7
Employed...................................... 639 673 653 705 663 732 701 756 718
Employment-population ratio................. 25.9 27.2 26.4 28.5 26.7 29.5 28.3 30.6 29.0
Unemployed.................................... 289 225 228 302 263 248 220 243 240
Unemployment rate........................... 31.1 25.0 25.9 30.0 28.4 25.3 23.9 24.3 25.1
Men....................................... 34.7 21.9 22.6 32.4 31.0 27.5 24.0 22.3 21.3
Women..................................... 27.5 28.3 29.3 27.6 25.9 23.0 23.8 26.6 28.9
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 21,414 22,108 22,166 21,414 21,947 22,008 22,047 22,108 22,166
Civilian labor force............................ 14,523 15,187 15,304 14,542 14,887 14,984 15,251 15,249 15,313
Participation rate.......................... 67.8 68.7 69.0 67.9 67.8 68.1 69.2 69.0 69.1
Employed...................................... 13,595 14,267 14,283 13,673 13,979 14,095 14,395 14,382 14,355
Employment-population ratio................. 63.5 64.5 64.4 63.8 63.7 64.0 65.3 65.1 64.8
Unemployed.................................... 929 921 1,021 869 908 889 856 868 958
Unemployment rate........................... 6.4 6.1 6.7 6.0 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.7 6.3
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Educational attainment
Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 28,442 27,376 27,523 28,442 28,228 28,144 27,995 27,376 27,523
Civilian labor force.................... 12,119 11,638 11,801 12,039 12,132 11,956 11,895 11,971 11,726
Percent of population............... 42.6 42.5 42.9 42.3 43.0 42.5 42.5 43.7 42.6
Employed.............................. 11,265 10,829 10,896 11,280 11,347 11,243 11,106 11,257 10,918
Employment-population ratio......... 39.6 39.6 39.6 39.7 40.2 39.9 39.7 41.1 39.7
Unemployed............................ 854 809 905 759 785 713 789 714 808
Unemployment rate................... 7.0 7.0 7.7 6.3 6.5 6.0 6.6 6.0 6.9
High school graduates, no college(2)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 57,805 57,471 58,033 57,805 57,789 57,590 57,768 57,471 58,033
Civilian labor force.................... 37,734 37,403 37,742 37,687 37,671 37,362 37,617 37,603 37,671
Percent of population............... 65.3 65.1 65.0 65.2 65.2 64.9 65.1 65.4 64.9
Employed.............................. 36,302 35,932 36,364 36,368 36,445 36,071 36,305 36,294 36,401
Employment-population ratio......... 62.8 62.5 62.7 62.9 63.1 62.6 62.8 63.2 62.7
Unemployed............................ 1,432 1,471 1,377 1,319 1,226 1,291 1,311 1,309 1,270
Unemployment rate................... 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4
Less than a bachelor's degree(3)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 43,028 44,486 44,225 43,028 44,070 44,069 43,689 44,486 44,225
Civilian labor force.................... 31,826 32,946 32,898 31,866 32,312 32,404 32,397 32,544 32,967
Percent of population............... 74.0 74.1 74.4 74.1 73.3 73.5 74.2 73.2 74.5
Employed.............................. 30,835 31,911 31,929 30,966 31,444 31,586 31,564 31,595 32,090
Employment-population ratio......... 71.7 71.7 72.2 72.0 71.3 71.7 72.2 71.0 72.6
Unemployed............................ 991 1,036 969 900 868 818 833 949 878
Unemployment rate................... 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.7
College graduates
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 43,859 45,247 44,838 43,859 44,365 44,821 45,058 45,247 44,838
Civilian labor force.................... 35,124 36,242 36,017 35,130 35,264 35,824 36,205 36,265 36,060
Percent of population............... 80.1 80.1 80.3 80.1 79.5 79.9 80.4 80.1 80.4
Employed.............................. 34,483 35,643 35,446 34,479 34,655 35,186 35,540 35,678 35,481
Employment-population ratio......... 78.6 78.8 79.1 78.6 78.1 78.5 78.9 78.9 79.1
Unemployed............................ 641 599 572 651 609 638 665 587 579
Unemployment rate................... 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over................. 132,299 133,954 134,494 132,976 134,098 134,420 135,221 135,362 135,159
Married men, spouse present..................... 42,941 43,187 43,081 43,164 43,273 43,283 43,951 43,535 43,297
Married women, spouse present................... 33,300 33,848 33,915 33,176 33,635 33,762 34,166 33,882 33,780
Women who maintain families..................... 8,254 8,228 8,187 8,142 8,526 8,375 8,362 8,220 8,082
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty........... 40,138 40,745 40,717 40,005 40,363 40,800 40,924 40,806 40,595
Technical, sales, and administrative support.... 38,854 39,544 39,549 38,821 39,283 39,311 39,614 39,703 39,510
Service occupations............................. 17,965 18,271 18,636 18,034 17,633 17,706 18,155 18,344 18,711
Precision production, craft, and repair......... 14,543 14,505 14,491 14,591 14,903 14,940 14,610 14,681 14,520
Operators, fabricators, and laborers............ 17,763 17,828 17,965 18,135 18,476 18,299 18,385 18,279 18,334
Farming, forestry, and fishing.................. 3,035 3,060 3,135 3,438 3,407 3,367 3,574 3,630 3,562
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers....................... 1,721 1,749 1,841 1,905 2,049 2,018 2,024 2,025 2,043
Self-employed workers......................... 1,267 1,190 1,202 1,358 1,216 1,211 1,320 1,344 1,292
Unpaid family workers......................... 34 33 36 39 41 36 38 51 42
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers....................... 120,509 122,346 122,709 120,939 121,965 122,426 122,823 123,166 123,169
Government.................................. 18,867 19,666 19,677 18,778 18,902 18,959 19,013 19,394 19,598
Private industries.......................... 101,642 102,680 103,032 102,161 103,063 103,467 103,810 103,772 103,571
Private households........................ 929 983 1,002 926 944 948 952 1,016 998
Other industries.......................... 100,713 101,698 102,030 101,235 102,119 102,519 102,858 102,756 102,573
Self-employed workers......................... 8,642 8,555 8,600 8,730 8,686 8,662 8,802 8,793 8,704
Unpaid family workers......................... 126 79 106 127 108 98 92 74 107
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 3,703 3,296 3,306 3,509 3,274 3,320 3,219 3,139 3,124
Slack work or business conditions........... 2,160 1,979 1,955 2,018 1,930 1,951 1,893 1,807 1,820
Could only find part-time work.............. 1,269 1,027 1,029 1,181 1,032 1,025 1,012 1,023 953
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 19,398 19,849 19,540 18,622 18,651 18,618 18,889 19,031 18,770
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 3,499 3,138 3,169 3,325 3,105 3,157 3,066 2,985 3,003
Slack work or business conditions........... 2,055 1,874 1,888 1,927 1,815 1,843 1,801 1,705 1,766
Could only find part-time work.............. 1,225 1,015 1,008 1,128 1,013 1,018 986 1,005 922
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 18,841 19,290 19,002 18,031 18,083 18,061 18,347 18,406 18,184
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Category
Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over......................... 5,828 5,804 5,708 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1
Men, 20 years and over......................... 2,306 2,429 2,342 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3
Women, 20 years and over....................... 2,338 2,178 2,249 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.6
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... 1,184 1,197 1,117 14.2 14.0 13.8 12.6 14.1 13.3
Married men, spouse present.................... 935 928 865 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0
Married women, spouse present.................. 929 897 955 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7
Women who maintain families.................... 578 539 591 6.6 6.0 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.8
Full-time workers.............................. 4,626 4,595 4,489 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8
Part-time workers.............................. 1,209 1,191 1,243 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.9 5.1
OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty.......... 768 660 732 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8
Technical, sales, and administrative support... 1,501 1,526 1,435 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.5
Precision production, craft, and repair........ 559 644 570 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.7 4.2 3.8
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........... 1,180 1,185 1,245 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.4
Farming, forestry, and fishing................. 255 218 193 6.9 6.7 5.8 4.7 5.7 5.1
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 4,589 4,539 4,695 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3
Goods-producing industries................... 1,267 1,265 1,328 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.6
Mining..................................... 32 20 13 5.5 4.6 4.1 2.6 4.0 2.5
Construction............................... 508 562 505 7.0 5.7 6.6 6.4 7.5 6.9
Manufacturing.............................. 727 682 810 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.9
Durable goods............................ 393 368 381 3.1 3.7 3.6 2.8 3.0 3.0
Nondurable goods......................... 334 315 429 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.9 3.8 5.2
Service-producing industries................. 3,322 3,274 3,366 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.2
Transportation and public utilities........ 224 249 244 2.9 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.2 3.1
Wholesale and retail trade................. 1,467 1,467 1,485 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.4
Finance, insurance, and real estate........ 161 230 195 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.9 2.4
Services................................... 1,470 1,328 1,443 4.2 3.9 3.8 4.2 3.7 4.0
Government workers............................. 404 426 337 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.7
Agricultural wage and salary workers........... 197 140 121 9.4 8.3 7.1 5.0 6.5 5.6
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks................................ 2,253 2,517 2,527 2,521 2,601 2,620 2,447 2,603 2,824
5 to 14 weeks.................................... 2,190 2,313 2,003 1,884 1,760 1,694 1,754 1,864 1,719
15 weeks and over................................ 1,676 1,401 1,478 1,467 1,401 1,388 1,372 1,277 1,295
15 to 26 weeks................................ 929 772 815 752 725 693 667 673 657
27 weeks and over............................. 747 629 663 715 676 695 705 604 637
Average (mean) duration, in weeks................ 14.1 12.5 13.2 13.6 13.0 12.8 13.2 12.5 12.8
Median duration, in weeks........................ 8.0 6.6 7.0 6.8 6.2 5.9 5.7 6.1 6.0
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks.............................. 36.8 40.4 42.1 42.9 45.1 45.9 43.9 45.3 48.4
5 to 14 weeks.................................. 35.8 37.1 33.3 32.1 30.5 29.7 31.5 32.5 29.4
15 weeks and over.............................. 27.4 22.5 24.6 25.0 24.3 24.3 24.6 22.2 22.2
15 to 26 weeks............................... 15.2 12.4 13.6 12.8 12.6 12.2 12.0 11.7 11.3
27 weeks and over............................ 12.2 10.1 11.0 12.2 11.7 12.2 12.7 10.5 10.9
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason
Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 2,888 3,029 2,769 2,646 2,493 2,401 2,477 2,616 2,541
On temporary layoff............................. 1,047 1,134 983 833 851 795 739 838 781
Not on temporary layoff......................... 1,841 1,895 1,787 1,813 1,642 1,606 1,739 1,778 1,759
Permanent job losers.......................... 1,295 1,281 1,224 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs.......... 547 614 562 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers....................................... 788 777 837 774 821 825 776 759 824
Reentrants........................................ 2,048 2,067 2,019 2,007 1,935 2,036 2,043 1,975 1,979
New entrants...................................... 395 357 382 446 485 453 393 387 434
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed.................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 47.2 48.6 46.1 45.1 43.5 42.0 43.5 45.6 44.0
On temporary layoff............................ 17.1 18.2 16.4 14.2 14.8 13.9 13.0 14.6 13.5
Not on temporary layoff........................ 30.1 30.4 29.7 30.9 28.6 28.1 30.6 31.0 30.5
Job leavers...................................... 12.9 12.5 13.9 13.2 14.3 14.4 13.6 13.2 14.3
Reentrants....................................... 33.5 33.2 33.6 34.2 33.7 35.6 35.9 34.4 34.3
New entrants..................................... 6.5 5.7 6.4 7.6 8.5 7.9 6.9 6.7 7.5
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8
Job leavers...................................... .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .6
Reentrants....................................... 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4
New entrants..................................... .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Measure
Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of
the civilian labor force................................ 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 .9
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as
a percent of the civilian labor force................... 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor
force (official unemployment rate)...................... 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent
of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.... 4.6 4.6 4.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all
other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the
civilian labor force plus all marginally
attached workers........................................ 5.3 5.3 5.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers,
plus total employed part time for economic reasons,
as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers............................. 7.9 7.6 7.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of
this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work
but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job.
Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to
settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment
measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised
population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Age and sex
Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 5,828 5,804 5,708 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1
16 to 24 years.................................. 2,218 2,267 2,199 10.0 10.0 9.8 9.3 10.0 9.7
16 to 19 years................................ 1,184 1,197 1,117 14.2 14.0 13.8 12.6 14.1 13.3
16 to 17 years.............................. 553 529 510 16.6 16.5 16.5 14.0 15.9 15.3
18 to 19 years.............................. 632 653 607 12.7 12.3 12.1 11.4 12.8 12.1
20 to 24 years................................ 1,034 1,071 1,082 7.4 7.7 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.6
25 years and over............................... 3,626 3,520 3,531 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
25 to 54 years................................ 3,133 2,997 3,044 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0
55 years and over............................. 497 546 498 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.7
Men, 16 years and over.......................... 2,949 3,121 2,885 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.8
16 to 24 years................................ 1,165 1,236 1,106 10.1 10.2 10.6 9.7 10.3 9.2
16 to 19 years.............................. 643 691 543 15.0 14.9 15.2 14.0 15.5 12.4
16 to 17 years............................ 294 312 269 17.3 16.9 17.7 14.3 17.3 15.1
18 to 19 years............................ 350 367 274 13.5 13.6 13.5 13.7 13.9 10.5
20 to 24 years.............................. 522 544 563 7.2 7.5 7.8 7.2 7.3 7.4
25 years and over............................. 1,780 1,861 1,781 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,520 1,574 1,500 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8
55 years and over........................... 256 281 278 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8
Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,879 2,683 2,823 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.3
16 to 24 years................................ 1,053 1,032 1,093 9.9 9.8 8.9 8.9 9.6 10.2
16 to 19 years.............................. 541 505 574 13.4 13.0 12.2 11.1 12.6 14.4
16 to 17 years............................ 259 217 241 15.9 16.1 15.1 13.7 14.3 15.4
18 to 19 years............................ 282 286 334 11.7 10.8 10.5 8.9 11.6 13.7
20 to 24 years.............................. 512 526 520 7.7 7.9 7.0 7.6 7.8 7.7
25 years and over............................. 1,846 1,659 1,751 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,613 1,424 1,544 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.3
55 years and over........................... 241 266 219 3.1 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.3 2.7
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar.
1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force...................................... 68,618 68,552 25,577 25,614 43,042 42,938
Persons who currently want a job................................ 4,471 4,461 1,913 1,977 2,559 2,484
Searched for work and available to work now(1)............... 1,245 1,209 573 663 672 546
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2).................... 295 257 166 149 129 108
Reasons other than discouragement(3).................... 949 952 407 514 543 438
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)...................................... 8,027 7,707 4,239 4,010 3,788 3,697
Percent of total employed..................................... 6.1 5.7 6.0 5.6 6.1 5.9
Primary job full time, secondary job part time................ 4,458 4,241 2,622 2,476 1,836 1,765
Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,700 1,733 532 534 1,168 1,198
Primary and secondary jobs both full time..................... 309 318 194 194 114 123
Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................ 1,523 1,390 864 795 659 595
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the
reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and
other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation
problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Mar. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000p 2000p
Total1........................ 126,867 128,138 128,757 129,741 127,813 129,589 129,898 130,292 130,299 130,715
Total private.................... 106,385 107,856 108,064 108,808 107,726 109,320 109,583 109,927 109,912 110,186
Goods-producing......................... 24,773 24,813 24,768 24,955 25,285 25,257 25,283 25,410 25,383 25,471
Mining................................ 540 520 521 526 550 527 529 530 532 536
Metal mining........................ 49.1 48.1 47.6 47.1 50 49 48 49 48 48
Coal mining......................... 87.1 80.6 79.5 79.0 87 82 82 81 80 79
Oil and gas extraction.............. 300.2 291.1 293.2 296.0 305 288 291 292 296 301
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 103.4 99.9 100.4 103.4 108 108 108 108 108 108
Construction.......................... 5,806 6,019 5,979 6,143 6,232 6,369 6,393 6,504 6,487 6,576
General building contractors........ 1,358.1 1,409.8 1,399.1 1,417.5 1,429 1,450 1,454 1,474 1,478 1,488
Heavy construction, except building. 761.6 760.5 754.6 796.6 864 870 878 900 883 900
Special trade contractors........... 3,686.2 3,848.2 3,824.9 3,929.1 3,939 4,049 4,061 4,130 4,126 4,188
Manufacturing......................... 18,427 18,274 18,268 18,286 18,503 18,361 18,361 18,376 18,364 18,359
Production workers................ 12,666 12,540 12,547 12,560 12,714 12,613 12,613 12,627 12,614 12,606
Durable goods........................ 10,991 10,934 10,930 10,956 11,014 10,954 10,960 10,973 10,973 10,978
Production workers................ 7,522 7,472 7,481 7,499 7,527 7,487 7,485 7,505 7,508 7,505
Lumber and wood products............ 813.4 817.8 817.1 816.2 827 829 828 827 831 829
Furniture and fixtures.............. 535.9 543.7 544.8 546.6 535 544 543 543 545 546
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 556.4 557.4 555.8 563.1 569 571 574 577 574 576
Primary metal industries............ 693.1 688.0 686.9 687.7 693 686 687 686 687 688
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 222.7 221.6 220.3 221.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Fabricated metal products........... 1,488.5 1,492.2 1,493.4 1,496.4 1,490 1,489 1,489 1,491 1,493 1,496
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,144.1 2,115.8 2,117.2 2,114.5 2,139 2,118 2,120 2,115 2,116 2,110
Computer and office equipment..... 359.1 355.6 353.1 351.4 360 358 359 357 356 354
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,658.4 1,669.6 1,675.6 1,676.4 1,659 1,661 1,664 1,671 1,679 1,677
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 636.9 646.7 650.8 652.7 636 643 645 647 652 653
Transportation equipment............ 1,874.4 1,836.0 1,823.9 1,836.9 1,873 1,834 1,831 1,841 1,828 1,835
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 994.1 1,005.6 1,009.1 1,009.2 992 1,000 1,001 1,010 1,014 1,010
Aircraft and parts................ 509.7 464.7 447.2 459.4 511 467 464 463 447 460
Instruments and related products.... 843.1 828.1 828.8 830.5 844 833 833 830 830 832
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 383.8 385.7 386.4 387.4 385 389 391 392 390 389
Nondurable goods..................... 7,436 7,340 7,338 7,330 7,489 7,407 7,401 7,403 7,391 7,381
Production workers................ 5,144 5,068 5,066 5,061 5,187 5,126 5,128 5,122 5,106 5,101
Food and kindred products........... 1,654.0 1,650.9 1,645.0 1,641.2 1,693 1,686 1,686 1,689 1,678 1,677
Tobacco products.................... 38.1 39.9 39.0 34.3 39 39 38 38 38 35
Textile mill products............... 569.3 547.2 547.1 547.4 571 553 551 549 550 550
Apparel and other textile products.. 700.3 648.7 651.0 651.9 702 663 662 657 656 655
Paper and allied products........... 659.7 652.5 651.2 648.7 662 655 655 654 653 651
Printing and publishing............. 1,553.7 1,547.4 1,547.5 1,549.1 1,557 1,549 1,547 1,550 1,551 1,552
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,034.6 1,029.1 1,031.3 1,031.5 1,037 1,033 1,030 1,034 1,035 1,033
Petroleum and coal products......... 135.4 131.5 131.6 132.5 139 136 135 136 136 136
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 1,015.4 1,021.7 1,024.3 1,022.7 1,014 1,022 1,026 1,025 1,024 1,022
Leather and leather products........ 75.4 70.7 69.9 70.2 75 71 71 71 70 70
Service-producing1...................... 102,094 103,325 103,989 104,786 102,528 104,332 104,615 104,882 104,916 105,244
Transportation and public utilities... 6,685 6,828 6,830 6,867 6,732 6,862 6,897 6,902 6,892 6,919
Transportation...................... 4,336 4,439 4,439 4,471 4,378 4,474 4,501 4,507 4,493 4,517
Railroad transportation........... 232.4 222.3 221.4 222.8 235 226 227 226 225 225
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 491.4 498.9 501.5 506.1 476 487 487 491 490 492
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,758.9 1,805.9 1,799.9 1,814.0 1,796 1,839 1,845 1,849 1,840 1,851
Water transportation.............. 171.1 172.9 174.4 174.9 177 180 182 181 183 182
Transportation by air............. 1,206.7 1,258.6 1,260.3 1,268.3 1,218 1,257 1,273 1,277 1,271 1,281
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 13.7 12.9 12.8 12.8 14 13 13 13 13 13
Transportation services........... 461.9 467.6 468.4 472.0 462 472 474 470 471 473
Communications and public utilities. 2,349 2,389 2,391 2,396 2,354 2,388 2,396 2,395 2,399 2,402
Communications.................... 1,503.5 1,550.3 1,555.5 1,562.2 1,506 1,546 1,553 1,552 1,560 1,565
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 845.8 838.2 835.3 834.0 848 842 843 843 839 837
Wholesale trade....................... 6,909 7,049 7,062 7,095 6,947 7,070 7,088 7,108 7,119 7,136
Durable goods....................... 4,091 4,187 4,197 4,212 4,103 4,194 4,204 4,211 4,218 4,227
Nondurable goods.................... 2,818 2,862 2,865 2,883 2,844 2,876 2,884 2,897 2,901 2,909
Retail trade.......................... 22,174 22,627 22,447 22,557 22,611 22,902 22,973 23,018 22,996 22,999
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 949.8 960.9 961.2 997.0 982 1,004 1,007 1,012 1,018 1,031
General merchandise stores.......... 2,688.7 2,809.0 2,672.3 2,659.2 2,794 2,753 2,793 2,798 2,773 2,757
Department stores................. 2,396.0 2,501.1 2,376.7 2,363.9 2,489 2,450 2,479 2,477 2,467 2,449
Food stores......................... 3,443.6 3,464.3 3,446.7 3,433.5 3,490 3,480 3,482 3,481 3,480 3,479
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,370.0 2,412.4 2,408.8 2,430.5 2,392 2,424 2,432 2,445 2,439 2,452
New and used car dealers.......... 1,066.7 1,092.5 1,097.8 1,104.8 1,069 1,096 1,097 1,100 1,103 1,108
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,129.8 1,187.9 1,152.9 1,150.7 1,167 1,198 1,177 1,178 1,191 1,187
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 1,060.6 1,111.8 1,102.2 1,102.8 1,070 1,095 1,102 1,102 1,106 1,112
Eating and drinking places.......... 7,663.1 7,658.1 7,713.8 7,827.6 7,785 7,943 7,986 7,987 7,973 7,958
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,868.3 3,022.5 2,988.8 2,955.8 2,931 3,005 2,994 3,015 3,016 3,023
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,547 7,623 7,631 7,637 7,595 7,675 7,685 7,685 7,696 7,685
Finance............................. 3,681 3,714 3,715 3,712 3,690 3,723 3,727 3,726 3,728 3,721
Depository institutions........... 2,045.1 2,037.1 2,032.5 2,033.0 2,051 2,044 2,040 2,040 2,039 2,037
Commercial banks................ 1,463.5 1,456.6 1,452.6 1,453.5 1,469 1,460 1,458 1,458 1,457 1,458
Savings institutions............ 257.6 250.3 248.8 247.2 258 254 252 251 250 247
Nondepository institutions........ 711.9 704.8 703.5 694.6 712 711 713 708 706 695
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 367.8 349.9 347.9 338.4 368 357 357 353 351 339
Security and commodity brokers.... 661.0 702.3 707.3 713.0 664 697 702 705 711 718
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 262.5 269.6 271.9 271.4 263 271 272 273 272 271
Insurance........................... 2,388 2,404 2,405 2,405 2,392 2,411 2,416 2,406 2,412 2,408
Insurance carriers................ 1,627.5 1,630.6 1,630.0 1,628.6 1,632 1,636 1,639 1,632 1,636 1,632
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 760.0 773.1 774.8 776.0 760 775 777 774 776 776
Real estate......................... 1,478 1,505 1,511 1,520 1,513 1,541 1,542 1,553 1,556 1,556
Services3............................. 38,297 38,916 39,326 39,697 38,556 39,554 39,657 39,804 39,826 39,976
Agricultural services............... 663.5 666.2 664.3 712.3 747 774 765 788 783 801
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,715.4 1,699.4 1,713.3 1,744.0 1,789 1,812 1,807 1,800 1,805 1,820
Personal services................... 1,260.1 1,275.6 1,298.0 1,296.0 1,200 1,214 1,225 1,231 1,228 1,234
Business services................... 8,829.5 9,184.2 9,225.9 9,333.7 8,963 9,336 9,392 9,416 9,423 9,471
Services to buildings............. 966.7 986.3 992.0 1,005.8 973 1,003 1,000 999 1,005 1,013
Personnel supply services......... 3,235.5 3,350.3 3,349.7 3,424.9 3,343 3,501 3,513 3,505 3,516 3,535
Help supply services............ 2,864.0 2,960.2 2,951.6 3,017.5 2,967 3,097 3,108 3,100 3,109 3,122
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,738.5 1,849.8 1,859.8 1,869.7 1,734 1,829 1,842 1,852 1,859 1,867
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,173.8 1,188.3 1,198.8 1,198.3 1,176 1,197 1,198 1,202 1,205 1,199
Miscellaneous repair services....... 389.6 398.1 400.9 404.1 393 400 405 403 406 408
Motion pictures..................... 582.0 607.2 610.9 612.6 580 613 609 616 610 612
Amusement and recreation services... 1,514.9 1,503.0 1,544.7 1,601.0 1,660 1,734 1,725 1,759 1,759 1,760
Health services..................... 9,918.8 10024.8 10031.5 10057.0 9,932 10,026 10,038 10,057 10,060 10,072
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,845.7 1,891.0 1,893.1 1,903.4 1,850 1,885 1,886 1,895 1,899 1,908
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,750.2 1,754.3 1,755.2 1,759.7 1,754 1,756 1,759 1,760 1,761 1,763
Hospitals......................... 3,957.9 3,984.4 3,982.9 3,986.9 3,963 3,978 3,985 3,992 3,989 3,991
Home health care services......... 652.0 650.6 652.3 651.4 653 658 659 658 656 652
Legal services...................... 989.5 1,010.5 1,008.1 1,009.5 995 1,012 1,015 1,017 1,014 1,015
Educational services................ 2,385.8 2,243.9 2,437.3 2,468.5 2,243 2,298 2,304 2,297 2,300 2,321
Social services..................... 2,752.4 2,848.0 2,871.7 2,900.4 2,744 2,840 2,850 2,872 2,875 2,890
Child day care services........... 642.2 660.2 667.2 678.0 627 646 650 657 655 661
Residential care.................. 768.5 797.7 803.6 807.8 769 796 801 803 807 809
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 88.9 87.8 87.4 91.1 95 96 95 96 95 97
Membership organizations............ 2,378.7 2,382.2 2,396.5 2,405.5 2,392 2,411 2,418 2,420 2,419 2,419
Engineering and management services. 3,361.5 3,499.9 3,539.5 3,567.6 3,354 3,496 3,515 3,532 3,546 3,560
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 923.3 959.9 963.5 968.2 933 959 964 973 977 978
Management and public relations... 1,117.7 1,201.7 1,210.5 1,219.1 1,123 1,196 1,213 1,220 1,219 1,226
Services, nec....................... 54.7 59.2 59.5 58.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Government1........................... 20,482 20,282 20,693 20,933 20,087 20,269 20,315 20,365 20,387 20,529
Federal1............................ 2,697 2,644 2,689 2,799 2,710 2,648 2,645 2,665 2,703 2,809
Federal, except Postal Service1... 1,824.5 1,780.2 1,827.4 1,938.8 1,831 1,780 1,780 1,799 1,837 1,944
State............................... 4,800 4,643 4,823 4,854 4,680 4,729 4,730 4,727 4,726 4,728
Education......................... 2,086.1 1,908.7 2,079.6 2,109.7 1,948 1,967 1,969 1,967 1,963 1,966
Other State government............ 2,714.3 2,733.9 2,742.9 2,744.7 2,732 2,762 2,761 2,760 2,763 2,762
Local............................... 12,985 12,995 13,181 13,280 12,697 12,892 12,940 12,973 12,958 12,992
Education......................... 7,592.4 7,523.8 7,697.6 7,759.2 7,200 7,318 7,351 7,365 7,349 7,362
Other local government............ 5,392.3 5,470.8 5,483.0 5,520.8 5,497 5,574 5,589 5,608 5,609 5,630
1 Current employment levels in these series are affected by the hiring of temporary workers for Census 2000. Estimates
of these workers are 32,000, 72,000, and 189,000 in January, February, and March 2000, respectively. Preliminary
estimates for these series may be subject to larger than normal revisions.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Mar. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000p 2000p
Total private.................... 34.2 34.4 34.2 34.2 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.6 34.5 34.5
Goods-producing......................... 40.5 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 41.3 40.9 41.1 41.4 41.1
Mining................................ 42.2 44.3 44.1 43.7 42.9 44.2 44.2 44.9 44.6 44.5
Construction.......................... 37.7 38.3 38.7 38.7 38.5 40.0 38.9 39.4 40.0 39.5
Manufacturing......................... 41.4 41.6 41.5 41.5 41.5 41.7 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.6
Overtime hours.................... 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.6
Durable goods........................ 42.0 42.2 42.1 42.1 42.0 42.2 42.1 42.3 42.4 42.3
Overtime hours.................... 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8
Lumber and wood products............ 40.8 40.7 40.4 40.4 41.2 41.1 40.9 41.1 41.0 40.8
Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.0 40.1 39.8 40.1 40.3 39.9 40.0 40.2 40.4 40.4
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 42.2 42.4 42.4 42.4 42.9 43.9 43.3 43.6 43.5 43.2
Primary metal industries............ 43.9 44.6 44.4 44.1 43.9 44.3 44.4 44.5 44.5 44.2
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 43.9 45.3 45.3 44.5 43.9 45.3 45.5 45.1 45.5 44.6
Fabricated metal products........... 41.8 42.3 42.2 42.1 42.1 42.1 41.9 42.3 42.5 42.4
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.1 42.5 42.4 42.5 41.9 42.2 42.2 42.5 42.4 42.4
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 40.8 41.6 41.4 41.6 41.0 41.4 41.2 41.4 41.6 41.8
Transportation equipment............ 43.9 43.7 43.9 43.8 43.7 43.5 43.3 43.7 44.0 43.7
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.1 44.9 45.0 45.0 44.7 44.7 44.4 45.1 45.1 44.7
Instruments and related products.... 41.4 41.4 41.3 41.0 41.2 41.5 41.6 41.2 41.2 40.9
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.0 39.1 39.4 39.6 39.8 39.6 39.9 39.4 39.6 39.5
Nondurable goods..................... 40.6 40.7 40.6 40.5 40.8 41.0 40.9 40.9 41.0 40.7
Overtime hours.................... 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.3
Food and kindred products........... 41.1 41.3 40.9 40.7 41.7 41.9 41.6 41.6 41.5 41.3
Tobacco products.................... 38.1 39.1 39.3 38.7 38.8 42.8 43.5 40.4 40.7 39.6
Textile mill products............... 40.3 40.9 41.3 41.4 40.4 41.2 41.2 40.9 41.8 41.5
Apparel and other textile products.. 37.4 37.2 37.6 37.7 37.4 37.3 37.4 37.6 37.8 37.7
Paper and allied products........... 43.4 43.4 43.0 42.9 43.7 43.5 43.2 43.3 43.5 43.2
Printing and publishing............. 37.9 37.9 37.9 38.1 37.9 38.3 38.2 38.3 38.2 38.1
Chemicals and allied products....... 42.8 42.9 42.5 42.4 42.8 43.1 43.1 43.0 42.7 42.4
Petroleum and coal products......... 43.7 43.3 43.7 43.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.8 41.4 41.4 41.3 41.8 41.5 41.3 41.7 41.6 41.3
Leather and leather products........ 37.6 36.9 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.6 36.8 37.5 38.1 37.8
Service-producing....................... 32.6 32.8 32.6 32.6 32.8 32.8 32.9 32.9 32.8 32.9
Transportation and public utilities... 38.8 38.2 38.2 38.0 39.1 38.2 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.3
Wholesale trade....................... 38.2 38.5 38.2 38.2 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.4 38.5
Retail trade.......................... 28.6 28.5 28.5 28.6 29.0 28.9 29.1 29.2 29.0 29.1
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.0 36.7 36.0 36.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Services.............................. 32.4 32.7 32.6 32.5 32.6 32.8 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
Mar. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 2000 2000p 2000p
Total private.................... $13.12 $13.58 $13.59 $13.62 $448.70 $467.15 $464.78 $465.80
Seasonally adjusted............. 13.11 13.49 13.55 13.60 452.30 466.75 467.48 469.20
Goods-producing......................... 14.53 15.04 15.05 15.13 588.47 613.63 614.04 617.30
Mining................................ 17.01 17.24 17.15 17.22 717.82 763.73 756.32 752.51
Construction.......................... 16.79 17.34 17.37 17.47 632.98 664.12 672.22 676.09
Manufacturing......................... 13.73 14.19 14.19 14.24 568.42 590.30 588.89 590.96
Durable goods........................ 14.20 14.72 14.73 14.78 596.40 621.18 620.13 622.24
Lumber and wood products............ 11.31 11.66 11.61 11.64 461.45 474.56 469.04 470.26
Furniture and fixtures.............. 11.10 11.46 11.50 11.57 444.00 459.55 457.70 463.96
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.70 13.98 13.99 14.05 578.14 592.75 593.18 595.72
Primary metal industries............ 15.53 16.22 16.29 16.42 681.77 723.41 723.28 724.12
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 18.56 19.23 19.39 19.80 814.78 871.12 878.37 881.10
Fabricated metal products........... 13.33 13.69 13.65 13.69 557.19 579.09 576.03 576.35
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.81 15.39 15.39 15.38 623.50 654.08 652.54 653.65
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 13.27 13.74 13.71 13.77 541.42 571.58 567.59 572.83
Transportation equipment............ 17.66 18.64 18.65 18.76 775.27 814.57 818.74 821.69
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.98 19.07 19.11 19.21 810.90 856.24 859.95 864.45
Instruments and related products.... 13.97 14.38 14.41 14.49 578.36 595.33 595.13 594.09
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 11.19 11.54 11.56 11.55 447.60 451.21 455.46 457.38
Nondurable goods..................... 13.03 13.39 13.38 13.42 529.02 544.97 543.23 543.51
Food and kindred products........... 11.93 12.24 12.25 12.33 490.32 505.51 501.03 501.83
Tobacco products.................... 19.33 17.16 17.32 18.54 736.47 670.96 680.68 717.50
Textile mill products............... 10.62 10.84 10.84 10.86 427.99 443.36 447.69 449.60
Apparel and other textile products.. 8.78 9.02 9.01 9.05 328.37 335.54 338.78 341.19
Paper and allied products........... 15.78 16.05 16.03 16.08 684.85 696.57 689.29 689.83
Printing and publishing............. 13.73 14.10 14.13 14.19 520.37 534.39 535.53 540.64
Chemicals and allied products....... 17.18 17.81 17.80 17.78 735.30 764.05 756.50 753.87
Petroleum and coal products......... 21.59 21.68 22.03 22.30 943.48 938.74 962.71 976.74
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 12.20 12.55 12.53 12.52 509.96 519.57 518.74 517.08
Leather and leather products........ 9.55 9.99 9.87 9.96 359.08 368.63 370.13 374.50
Service-producing....................... 12.67 13.13 13.14 13.15 413.04 430.66 428.36 428.69
Transportation and public utilities... 15.51 15.95 16.06 16.04 601.79 609.29 613.49 609.52
Wholesale trade....................... 14.34 15.06 14.96 14.94 547.79 579.81 571.47 570.71
Retail trade.......................... 9.00 9.33 9.34 9.36 257.40 265.91 266.19 267.70
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 14.53 14.97 14.91 14.94 523.08 549.40 536.76 537.84
Services.............................. 13.33 13.81 13.81 13.83 431.89 451.59 450.21 449.48
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. change
Industry 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000p 2000p from:
Feb. 2000-
Mar. 2000
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $13.11 $13.40 $13.44 $13.49 $13.55 $13.60 0.4
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.86 7.86 7.87 7.88 7.88 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 14.61 14.99 15.03 15.10 15.18 15.23 .3
Mining...................... 17.00 16.93 17.01 17.01 17.06 17.19 .8
Construction................ 16.92 17.31 17.42 17.44 17.55 17.61 .3
Manufacturing............... 13.71 14.06 14.09 14.15 14.21 14.24 .2
Excluding overtime4....... 13.00 13.32 13.35 13.42 13.45 13.50 .4
Service-producing............. 12.63 12.90 12.95 12.98 13.04 13.09 .4
Transportation and public
utilities................ 15.53 15.81 15.94 15.87 16.02 16.07 .3
Wholesale trade............. 14.42 14.81 14.88 14.99 14.95 15.01 .4
Retail trade................ 8.98 9.20 9.26 9.26 9.31 9.34 .3
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 14.51 14.73 14.75 14.88 14.84 14.92 .5
Services.................... 13.27 13.55 13.60 13.64 13.70 13.75 .4
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .0 percent from January 2000 to February 2000, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
Mar. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000p 2000p
Total private.................... 143.5 146.2 145.9 147.0 146.8 149.2 149.4 150.3 150.0 150.5
Goods-producing......................... 110.5 111.4 111.3 112.3 114.2 115.5 114.5 116.2 116.2 116.2
Mining................................ 48.6 49.6 49.2 49.0 50.5 50.4 50.8 51.4 51.0 51.0
Construction.......................... 151.3 159.3 159.3 165.1 169.1 179.0 174.5 181.4 181.6 183.5
Manufacturing......................... 105.8 105.2 105.0 105.0 106.5 106.0 105.7 106.3 106.3 105.9
Durable goods........................ 110.1 110.0 110.0 110.2 110.4 110.2 109.8 110.7 111.0 110.6
Lumber and wood products............ 143.9 143.8 142.7 142.3 147.9 147.6 146.6 147.6 147.4 146.3
Furniture and fixtures.............. 134.5 136.0 135.5 136.9 135.2 136.1 135.8 136.2 137.2 137.5
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 110.8 110.9 110.4 111.8 115.4 118.1 117.0 118.9 117.5 117.0
Primary metal industries............ 89.9 91.0 90.5 90.1 90.0 90.0 90.4 90.6 90.8 90.3
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 68.0 70.2 69.9 69.0 68.2 69.9 70.2 70.0 70.2 69.3
Fabricated metal products........... 116.3 117.9 117.6 117.8 117.0 116.9 116.5 117.8 118.6 118.6
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 105.6 105.0 105.2 105.1 104.4 103.7 103.8 104.6 104.9 104.4
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 104.8 106.5 106.2 107.0 105.1 105.8 105.0 106.0 106.6 107.6
Transportation equipment............ 126.4 123.8 124.6 124.6 125.3 122.7 122.2 124.4 125.1 123.7
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 165.1 167.0 167.9 167.8 162.7 165.0 164.1 169.4 169.1 166.1
Instruments and related products.... 75.4 73.8 73.5 73.0 74.7 75.1 74.5 73.5 73.1 72.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 100.4 97.9 98.8 99.5 100.0 100.3 101.8 100.5 100.3 99.6
Nondurable goods..................... 99.9 98.5 98.2 98.0 101.2 100.4 100.1 100.2 100.0 99.3
Food and kindred products........... 114.0 114.2 112.6 111.8 118.8 119.0 118.3 118.3 116.9 116.2
Tobacco products.................... 54.0 55.6 54.3 45.2 55.7 57.3 58.2 52.0 54.4 47.1
Textile mill products............... 80.7 78.5 79.3 79.5 81.1 80.1 79.8 78.9 80.6 80.0
Apparel and other textile products.. 61.3 56.2 57.2 57.4 61.5 57.7 57.7 57.7 57.9 57.7
Paper and allied products........... 105.6 104.9 103.7 103.1 107.0 105.4 105.1 104.9 105.4 104.5
Printing and publishing............. 121.7 120.5 120.6 121.5 121.9 122.0 121.4 121.8 121.8 121.8
Chemicals and allied products....... 101.8 102.9 102.1 102.1 101.8 103.2 103.4 103.7 102.6 102.2
Petroleum and coal products......... 74.1 66.2 65.4 65.2 76.4 72.4 72.0 70.0 68.6 67.3
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 148.9 149.6 149.8 149.2 148.8 149.4 149.5 150.9 150.5 149.1
Leather and leather products........ 32.5 29.2 29.1 29.3 32.4 30.0 29.4 30.0 29.9 29.6
Service-producing....................... 158.3 161.8 161.5 162.6 161.5 164.4 165.0 165.6 165.2 165.9
Transportation and public utilities... 131.6 132.1 132.2 132.3 133.8 132.7 134.0 134.5 134.2 134.5
Wholesale trade....................... 129.8 133.0 132.1 132.9 131.3 133.2 134.0 134.7 134.2 135.1
Retail trade.......................... 136.8 139.6 138.2 139.3 141.9 143.3 144.7 145.5 144.4 145.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 137.4 140.9 138.4 138.2 139.3 139.7 140.6 140.7 139.6 140.2
Services.............................. 196.1 201.0 202.2 204.1 198.8 205.0 204.8 205.5 205.7 206.5
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1996.............. 49.6 64.9 59.4 55.1 61.9 60.8 57.0 62.5 57.3 63.5 59.7 61.2
1997.............. 56.2 61.0 61.9 62.8 58.8 56.3 60.7 61.0 59.4 65.4 63.6 62.1
1998.............. 63.8 57.9 58.8 60.5 55.9 57.9 58.0 55.8 54.6 52.9 59.1 58.6
1999.............. 54.4 58.3 52.1 58.8 51.5 57.0 57.6 50.0 55.1 57.2 57.9 57.7
2000.............. 57.7 p52.5 p57.9
Over 3-month span:
1996.............. 62.6 62.5 63.3 63.1 63.1 64.3 64.3 62.2 64.6 64.2 66.2 63.2
1997.............. 63.8 63.6 67.7 67.3 62.6 61.7 61.4 66.2 67.3 69.9 70.8 71.2
1998.............. 66.7 66.2 64.5 63.9 61.4 58.7 60.0 58.4 57.6 57.6 59.0 60.4
1999.............. 60.7 55.9 59.6 54.6 56.3 56.2 56.2 59.0 57.4 59.6 60.8 60.5
2000.............. p59.7 p60.7
Over 6-month span:
1996.............. 62.6 65.2 64.5 65.2 64.7 64.6 67.0 65.4 65.9 66.7 66.9 66.7
1997.............. 67.4 68.3 65.6 67.0 65.6 64.9 66.3 68.4 69.7 71.3 71.3 71.9
1998.............. 70.6 66.9 65.9 62.4 62.6 61.1 58.0 59.8 60.0 60.8 60.8 58.0
1999.............. 61.1 58.8 57.3 59.0 55.2 57.4 56.9 61.5 61.0 59.7 p61.4 p62.2
2000..............
Over 12-month span:
1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 68.7 66.9
1997.............. 69.0 67.3 68.3 69.7 69.5 70.1 70.1 70.4 70.5 69.7 69.8 71.3
1998.............. 70.4 68.3 67.1 64.0 62.1 61.7 61.8 63.8 59.8 59.0 59.3 58.6
1999.............. 60.1 57.3 57.0 57.6 58.7 59.0 58.8 p57.9 p61.0
2000..............
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1996.............. 42.4 55.4 46.8 41.0 55.8 51.4 47.1 56.5 48.9 55.0 50.7 54.0
1997.............. 50.0 52.9 53.6 56.1 52.2 53.2 51.1 55.4 53.6 62.2 61.2 55.4
1998.............. 58.6 51.8 50.4 50.4 40.6 46.8 40.3 45.3 42.1 36.3 39.9 45.0
1999.............. 40.3 42.4 39.6 44.6 36.3 45.3 57.2 38.5 42.8 48.9 50.7 49.3
2000.............. 51.1 p47.8 p47.5
Over 3-month span:
1996.............. 46.8 46.0 43.5 46.0 48.2 51.1 51.8 49.6 53.2 52.5 55.0 50.7
1997.............. 51.8 51.4 57.6 56.8 54.3 51.8 53.6 55.4 59.7 68.3 65.8 64.4
1998.............. 59.4 57.9 51.8 44.2 41.7 34.9 37.4 37.1 38.1 34.2 35.6 35.3
1999.............. 37.4 31.7 37.1 30.2 33.8 43.9 43.2 44.6 38.5 46.4 50.0 50.4
2000.............. p48.6 p49.3
Over 6-month span:
1996.............. 41.4 46.0 45.7 47.1 46.0 48.6 52.9 50.4 51.8 51.4 52.5 51.8
1997.............. 54.7 54.0 51.4 54.3 52.5 52.2 55.4 61.2 61.5 64.7 66.2 65.1
1998.............. 59.7 49.3 48.2 36.7 36.7 36.7 28.4 31.3 33.5 35.3 32.7 28.1
1999.............. 33.1 29.1 28.1 36.0 30.9 34.5 36.3 44.6 45.7 41.4 p47.1 p48.2
2000..............
Over 12-month span:
1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.3 50.7
1997.............. 54.7 52.5 54.0 54.0 55.4 56.8 57.2 57.9 58.3 56.5 55.4 57.2
1998.............. 54.0 49.3 46.0 40.6 35.6 33.8 30.9 32.0 26.6 26.6 25.5 26.3
1999.............. 32.7 25.9 28.4 29.5 29.9 31.7 34.9 p33.5 p38.8
2000..............
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: May 05, 2000
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_mar2000.htm
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