Technical information: USDL 00-163
Household data: (202) 691-6378
Transmission of material in this release is
Establishment data: 691-6555 embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
Media contact: 691-5902 Friday, June 2, 2000.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: MAY 2000
Boosted by the hiring of 357,000 temporary workers to assist with Census
2000, total nonfarm payroll employment grew by 231,000 in May, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today.
Private-sector payroll employment declined by 116,000 over the month, and
the unemployment rate edged back up to its March level of 4.1 percent.
Average hourly earnings increased by 1 cent over the month and by 3.5 percent
over the year.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
Both the number of unemployed persons, 5.8 million, and the unemployment
rate, 4.1 percent, rose in May. The rate had dipped to 3.9 percent in
April and has been below 4.2 percent since October 1999. Unemployment rates
increased in May for adult women (3.8 percent) and blacks (8.0 percent).
Rates for other major worker groups--adult men (3.4 percent), teenagers
(12.5 percent), whites (3.5 percent), and Hispanics (5.8 percent)--showed
little or no change. (See tables A-1 and A-2.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Total employment declined by 991,000 in May to 134.7 million, seasonally
adjusted, and the employment-population ratio--the proportion of the
population age 16 and older with jobs--fell to 64.3 percent. The civilian
labor force, 140.5 million, and the labor force participation rate,
67.1 percent, also declined over the month. (See table A-1.)
About 7.7 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one
job in May. These multiple job-holders represented 5.7 percent of total
employment, compared to 5.9 percent a year earlier. (See table A-10.)
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| The establishment data in this release have been revised as |
| a result of the annual benchmarking process, the introduction of |
| probability-based sample estimates for wholesale trade, and the |
| updating of seasonal adjustment factors. More information on the |
| revisions is contained in the note beginning on page 5. |
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Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
___________________________________________________________________________
| Quarterly | Monthly data |
| averages | |
|_________________|__________________________| Apr.-
Category | 1999 | 2000 1/| 2000 | May
|_________________|_________________ ________|change
| IV | I | Mar. | Apr. | May |
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|____________________________________________________
Civilian labor force..| 139,880| 140,981| 140,867| 141,230| 140,489| -741
Employment..........| 134,153| 135,247| 135,159| 135,706| 134,715| -991
Unemployment........| 5,727| 5,733| 5,708| 5,524| 5,774| 250
Not in labor force....| 68,780| 67,933| 68,187| 67,986| 68,882| 896
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Unemployment rates
|____________________________________________________
All workers...........| 4.1| 4.1| 4.1| 3.9| 4.1| 0.2
Adult men...........| 3.4| 3.3| 3.3| 3.2| 3.4| .2
Adult women.........| 3.6| 3.6| 3.6| 3.5| 3.8| .3
Teenagers...........| 13.8| 13.4| 13.3| 12.7| 12.5| -.2
White...............| 3.5| 3.5| 3.6| 3.5| 3.5| .0
Black...............| 8.1| 7.8| 7.3| 7.2| 8.0| .8
Hispanic origin.....| 6.1| 5.9| 6.3| 5.4| 5.8| .4
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
ESTABLISHMENT DATA 2/| Employment
|____________________________________________________
Nonfarm employment....| 129,783| 130,626| 131,009|p131,423|p131,654| p231
Goods-producing 3/..| 25,524| 25,680| 25,738| p25,717| p25,670| p-47
Construction......| 6,513| 6,665| 6,726| p6,692| p6,663| p-29
Manufacturing.....| 18,482| 18,481| 18,476| p18,486| p18,469| p-17
Service-producing 3/| 104,259| 104,946| 105,271|p105,706|p105,984| p278
Retail trade......| 22,897| 22,993| 23,027| p23,203| p23,136| p-67
Services..........| 39,598| 39,949| 40,090| p40,203| p40,220| p17
Government........| 20,276| 20,431| 20,547| p20,665| p21,012| p347
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Hours of work 4/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 34.5| 34.5| 34.5| p34.5| p34.4| p-0.1
Manufacturing.......| 41.7| 41.7| 41.7| p42.2| p41.4| p-.8
Overtime..........| 4.7| 4.6| 4.6| p4.9| p4.5| p-.4
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 4/
|____________________________________________________
Total private.........| 149.6| 150.7| 151.0| p151.6| p150.7| p-0.9
|________|________|________|________|________|_______
| Earnings 4/
|____________________________________________________
Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| $13.41| $13.54| $13.58| p$13.64| p$13.65| p$0.01
Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private.......| 462.65| 467.47| 468.51| p470.58| p469.56| p-1.02
______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______
1/ Beginning in January 2000, household data reflect revised popula-
tion controls used in the Current Population Survey.
2/ Establishment data have been revised to reflect March 1999
benchmarks,
the introduction of probability-based sample estimates for wholesale trade,
and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors.
3/ Includes other industries, not shown separately.
4/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers.
p=preliminary.
- 3 -
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.1 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally
attached to the labor force in May. These people wanted and were available
to work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They
were not counted as unemployed, however, because they had not actively
searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of
discouraged workers was 282,000 in May. Discouraged workers, a subset of
the marginally attached, were not currently looking for work specifically
because they believed no jobs were available for them. (See table A-10.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 231,000 in May to 131.7 million,
seasonally adjusted, reflecting the addition of 357,000 temporary workers
to federal government payrolls for Census 2000. Total private employment
declined by 116,000 over the month, following large increases in March and
April. Since the beginning of the year, private nonfarm employment growth
has averaged 182,000 a month, slightly below the average for all of 1999
(202,000). In May, job losses occurred throughout much of the private
sector. (See table B-1.)
Construction employment declined by 29,000 in May, after seasonal
adjustment. Since the beginning of the year, construction has added an
average of 22,000 jobs a month, about in line with the monthly average for
all of 1999. The May employment decline was concentrated in residential
building contractors, heavy construction, concrete work, masonry, and
miscellaneous special trades.
Manufacturing employment fell by 17,000 in May, following gains in both
March and April. Apparel and textiles continued their long-term declines
in May, losing 8,000 and 4,000 jobs, respectively. Employment also fell
over the month in motor vehicles (3,000) and in computer and office equipment
(3,000). Employment continued to increase in electronic components; the
industry added 4,000 jobs in May, bringing the total gain this year to 15,000.
Mining employment was little changed in May, following small gains over the
prior 3 months.
- 4 -
In the service-producing sector, employment in retail trade decreased by
67,000 in May, following a very large increase (176,000) in April. Several
retail industries with substantial job gains in April experienced partially
offsetting losses in May; these included eating and drinking places,
department stores, and food stores. Job losses continued for the second
month in a row in building materials and garden supplies stores. In May,
wholesale trade employment was little changed following 2 months of strong
gains.
Employment in transportation and public utilities edged down in May,
with small declines occurring in trucking, air transportation, and
communications.
Employment in finance, insurance, and real estate was little changed in
May. In finance, continued job gains in security brokerages were offset by
losses in commercial banks and mortgage brokerages. Employment at mortgage
brokerages has declined by 45,000 since May 1999.
Services industry employment edged up by 17,000 in May. Monthly job
gains in services have averaged 103,000 so far this year, compared with
124,000 a month for all of 1999. Within services, the help supply industry
lost 36,000 jobs in May, following a large gain (74,000) in the prior
month. Employment in personal services fell by 11,000 in May. Hotel
employment declined slightly following 2 months of strong growth. There
was below-average job growth in health services and in computer and data
processing services. Amusements and recreation added 19,000 jobs in May,
its third large increase so far this year.
Government employment rose by 347,000 in May. The federal government
hired 357,000 temporary workers for Census 2000, but employment declines
continued in other federal agencies. State and local governments showed
little change.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour in May to 34.4 hours, seasonally
adjusted. The manufacturing workweek decreased by 0.8 hour to 41.4 hours.
Manufacturing overtime fell by 0.4 hour to 4.5 hours. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.6 percent to 150.7
(1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index was down by
1.9 percent to 105.8. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls rose by 1 cent in May to $13.65, seasonally adjusted. Over
the month, average weekly earnings declined by 0.2 percent to $469.56. Over
the year, average hourly earnings rose by 3.5 percent and average weekly
earnings grew by 3.2 percent. (See table B-3.)
______________________________
The Employment Situation for June 2000 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, July 7, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).
- 5 -
Revisions to Establishment Survey Data
In accordance with annual practice, the establishment survey data have
been revised to reflect comprehensive universe counts of payroll jobs
(benchmarks). These counts are derived principally from unemployment
insurance tax records for March 1999; the benchmark process resulted in
revisions to all unadjusted data series from April 1998 forward, the time
period since the last benchmark was established. All seasonally adjusted
data beginning with January 1995 also have been revised, in accordance with
the usual practice of revising 5 years of data.
In addition to the routine benchmark revisions, all estimates for the
wholesale trade division from April 1998 forward have been revised to
incorporate a new sample design. This represents the first major industry
division to convert to a probability-based sample under a 4-year phase-in
plan for the CES sample redesign project.
Table B presents revised total nonfarm employment data on a seasonally
adjusted basis for the period January 1999 through February 2000. The
revised data for April 1999 forward incorporate the effect of applying the
rate of change measured by the sample to the new benchmark level, as well
as updated bias adjustments and new seasonal adjustment factors. The total
nonfarm employment level for March 1999 was revised upward by 258,000
(241,000 on a seasonally adjusted basis). The previously published level
for February 2000 was revised upward by 192,000 (163,000 on a seasonally
adjusted basis).
The June 2000 issue of Employment and Earnings will contain an article
that discusses the benchmark, the post-benchmark revisions, and the
introduction of probability-based sample estimates for wholesale trade.
(The article is available on the Internet at the address shown below.)
This issue also will provide revised seasonal adjustment factors for March
through October 2000 and revised estimates for all regularly published
tables containing national establishment survey data on employment, hours,
and earnings.
LABSTAT, the BLS public database on the Internet, contains all
historical data revised as a result of this benchmark and updated seasonal
adjustment factors. The data can be accessed through the Current
Employment Statistics (CES) homepage at http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm.
Further information on the revisions released today may be obtained by
calling 202-691-6555 or via the Internet on the CES homepage.
- 6 -
Table B. Revisions in total nonfarm employment, seasonally adjusted,
January 1999-February 2000
(In thousands)
----------------------------------------------------------------
| As previously | |
Year and month | published | As revised | Difference
----------------|----------------|-------------|----------------
| | |
1999: | | |
January.......| 127,378 | 127,463 | 85
February......| 127,730 | 127,883 | 153
March.........| 127,813 | 128,054 | 241
April.........| 128,134 | 128,282 | 148
May...........| 128,162 | 128,377 | 215
June..........| 128,443 | 128,630 | 187
July..........| 128,816 | 128,898 | 82
August........| 128,945 | 129,057 | 112
September.....| 129,048 | 129,265 | 217
October.......| 129,332 | 129,523 | 191
November......| 129,589 | 129,788 | 199
December......| 129,898 | 130,038 | 140
2000: | | |
January.......| 130,292 | 130,387 | 95
February......| 130,319 | 130,482 | 163
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- 7 -
Explanatory Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
50,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B
tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 2000,
the sample included about 300,000 establishments employing about 48 million
people.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the
establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed
persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the
labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the
employed as a percent of the population.
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-producing sector.
- 8 -
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys
result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
employed. The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing
Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be
obtained from BLS upon request.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The
effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal
fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month
changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting
the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the
participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example,
the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or
declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be
adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal
adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful
tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.
In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted
series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major
industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by
aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total
unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-
sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration,
reasons, or more detailed age categories.
The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are
recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are
calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December
- 9 -
period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal
adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along
with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both
surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the
entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact,
occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in
unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment
rate it is +/- .21 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of
estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as
for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can
also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2
months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth
(and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is
included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number
of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the
- 10 -
monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the
sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment
described below.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent,
ranging from zero to 0.7 percent.
Additional statistics and other information
More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings,
published each month by BLS. It is available for $16.00 per issue or
$40.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or
Visa.
Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the
household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and
other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through
1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data
drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due
to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that
publication.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone: 1-800-877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age
May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 207,427 209,216 209,371 207,427 208,782 208,907 209,053 209,216 209,371
Civilian labor force............................ 138,919 140,403 140,395 139,013 140,910 141,165 140,867 141,230 140,489
Participation rate........................ 67.0 67.1 67.1 67.0 67.5 67.6 67.4 67.5 67.1
Employed...................................... 133,411 135,215 134,961 133,190 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706 134,715
Employment-population ratio............... 64.3 64.6 64.5 64.2 64.8 64.8 64.7 64.9 64.3
Agriculture................................. 3,489 3,330 3,490 3,290 3,371 3,408 3,359 3,355 3,298
Nonagricultural industries.................. 129,923 131,885 131,471 129,900 131,850 131,954 131,801 132,351 131,417
Unemployed.................................... 5,507 5,188 5,435 5,823 5,689 5,804 5,708 5,524 5,774
Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.1
Not in labor force.............................. 68,508 68,813 68,975 68,414 67,872 67,742 68,187 67,986 68,882
Persons who currently want a job.............. 5,267 4,422 4,989 4,658 4,252 4,374 4,594 4,352 4,412
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 99,563 100,487 100,566 99,563 100,266 100,330 100,405 100,487 100,566
Civilian labor force............................ 74,376 74,747 74,928 74,318 75,304 75,594 75,198 75,189 74,883
Participation rate........................ 74.7 74.4 74.5 74.6 75.1 75.3 74.9 74.8 74.5
Employed...................................... 71,470 71,979 72,199 71,207 72,358 72,473 72,313 72,307 71,948
Employment-population ratio............... 71.8 71.6 71.8 71.5 72.2 72.2 72.0 72.0 71.5
Unemployed.................................... 2,906 2,768 2,729 3,111 2,946 3,121 2,885 2,882 2,934
Unemployment rate......................... 3.9 3.7 3.6 4.2 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.9
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 91,368 92,303 92,408 91,368 92,057 92,092 92,145 92,303 92,408
Civilian labor force............................ 70,069 70,616 70,691 69,978 70,917 71,120 70,822 70,761 70,603
Participation rate........................ 76.7 76.5 76.5 76.6 77.0 77.2 76.9 76.7 76.4
Employed...................................... 67,738 68,389 68,491 67,470 68,585 68,691 68,480 68,481 68,230
Employment-population ratio............... 74.1 74.1 74.1 73.8 74.5 74.6 74.3 74.2 73.8
Agriculture................................. 2,356 2,252 2,346 2,224 2,303 2,309 2,232 2,213 2,217
Nonagricultural industries.................. 65,382 66,136 66,145 65,246 66,282 66,382 66,249 66,269 66,013
Unemployed.................................... 2,331 2,227 2,200 2,508 2,332 2,429 2,342 2,280 2,373
Unemployment rate......................... 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.4
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 107,864 108,729 108,805 107,864 108,516 108,577 108,649 108,729 108,805
Civilian labor force............................ 64,543 65,656 65,468 64,695 65,606 65,572 65,668 66,041 65,606
Participation rate........................ 59.8 60.4 60.2 60.0 60.5 60.4 60.4 60.7 60.3
Employed...................................... 61,941 63,236 62,762 61,983 62,863 62,889 62,846 63,399 62,767
Employment-population ratio............... 57.4 58.2 57.7 57.5 57.9 57.9 57.8 58.3 57.7
Unemployed.................................... 2,602 2,420 2,705 2,712 2,743 2,683 2,823 2,642 2,839
Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 100,008 100,809 100,929 100,008 100,579 100,666 100,713 100,809 100,929
Civilian labor force............................ 60,609 61,790 61,530 60,708 61,576 61,575 61,671 61,920 61,614
Participation rate........................ 60.6 61.3 61.0 60.7 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.4 61.0
Employed...................................... 58,524 59,785 59,322 58,483 59,280 59,398 59,422 59,757 59,248
Employment-population ratio............... 58.5 59.3 58.8 58.5 58.9 59.0 59.0 59.3 58.7
Agriculture................................. 835 867 881 820 826 871 894 899 864
Nonagricultural industries.................. 57,689 58,917 58,442 57,663 58,454 58,526 58,528 58,858 58,383
Unemployed.................................... 2,086 2,005 2,208 2,225 2,297 2,178 2,249 2,163 2,367
Unemployment rate......................... 3.4 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population............. 16,051 16,104 16,034 16,051 16,147 16,149 16,196 16,104 16,034
Civilian labor force............................ 8,240 7,998 8,175 8,327 8,416 8,470 8,374 8,549 8,271
Participation rate........................ 51.3 49.7 51.0 51.9 52.1 52.4 51.7 53.1 51.6
Employed...................................... 7,150 7,042 7,147 7,237 7,356 7,273 7,257 7,467 7,237
Employment-population ratio............... 44.5 43.7 44.6 45.1 45.6 45.0 44.8 46.4 45.1
Agriculture................................. 297 210 263 246 242 228 233 243 217
Nonagricultural industries.................. 6,852 6,832 6,884 6,991 7,114 7,046 7,024 7,224 7,020
Unemployed.................................... 1,091 956 1,027 1,090 1,060 1,197 1,117 1,082 1,034
Unemployment rate......................... 13.2 12.0 12.6 13.1 12.6 14.1 13.3 12.7 12.5
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, age, and
Hispanic origin
May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 172,859 174,092 174,197 172,859 173,812 173,886 173,983 174,092 174,197
Civilian labor force............................ 116,198 117,281 117,156 116,193 117,716 117,821 117,832 117,988 117,097
Participation rate.......................... 67.2 67.4 67.3 67.2 67.7 67.8 67.7 67.8 67.2
Employed...................................... 112,160 113,458 113,309 111,898 113,704 113,634 113,630 113,915 112,988
Employment-population ratio................. 64.9 65.2 65.0 64.7 65.4 65.3 65.3 65.4 64.9
Unemployed.................................... 4,038 3,823 3,847 4,295 4,011 4,187 4,202 4,073 4,108
Unemployment rate........................... 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 59,635 59,958 60,045 59,502 60,179 60,387 60,282 60,048 59,882
Participation rate.......................... 77.1 76.9 77.0 77.0 77.3 77.6 77.4 77.0 76.7
Employed...................................... 57,904 58,327 58,475 57,635 58,487 58,631 58,541 58,386 58,184
Employment-population ratio................. 74.9 74.8 74.9 74.5 75.2 75.3 75.1 74.9 74.6
Unemployed.................................... 1,732 1,631 1,571 1,867 1,693 1,756 1,742 1,662 1,698
Unemployment rate........................... 2.9 2.7 2.6 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 49,549 50,532 50,188 49,625 50,404 50,335 50,448 50,726 50,237
Participation rate.......................... 59.8 60.6 60.1 59.9 60.5 60.4 60.5 60.8 60.2
Employed...................................... 48,067 49,101 48,665 48,004 48,857 48,792 48,820 49,150 48,567
Employment-population ratio................. 58.0 58.9 58.3 57.9 58.7 58.6 58.6 58.9 58.2
Unemployed.................................... 1,482 1,431 1,523 1,621 1,547 1,544 1,628 1,576 1,670
Unemployment rate........................... 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 7,014 6,791 6,924 7,066 7,132 7,099 7,102 7,214 6,978
Participation rate.......................... 55.3 53.4 54.5 55.7 56.0 55.8 55.8 56.7 54.9
Employed...................................... 6,189 6,030 6,170 6,259 6,360 6,211 6,270 6,379 6,237
Employment-population ratio................. 48.8 47.4 48.6 49.3 50.0 48.8 49.3 50.2 49.1
Unemployed.................................... 825 761 753 807 772 888 832 835 740
Unemployment rate........................... 11.8 11.2 10.9 11.4 10.8 12.5 11.7 11.6 10.6
Men....................................... 12.1 12.6 10.6 12.2 12.4 14.4 11.3 13.0 10.7
Women..................................... 11.4 9.7 11.2 10.6 9.1 10.4 12.1 10.0 10.5
BLACK
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 24,798 25,135 25,161 24,798 25,047 25,076 25,105 25,135 25,161
Civilian labor force............................ 16,248 16,504 16,549 16,290 16,622 16,785 16,572 16,636 16,596
Participation rate.......................... 65.5 65.7 65.8 65.7 66.4 66.9 66.0 66.2 66.0
Employed...................................... 15,058 15,412 15,268 15,053 15,254 15,471 15,356 15,444 15,261
Employment-population ratio................. 60.7 61.3 60.7 60.7 60.9 61.7 61.2 61.4 60.7
Unemployed.................................... 1,190 1,092 1,281 1,237 1,368 1,314 1,216 1,191 1,335
Unemployment rate........................... 7.3 6.6 7.7 7.6 8.2 7.8 7.3 7.2 8.0
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 7,209 7,324 7,288 7,182 7,386 7,441 7,300 7,351 7,261
Participation rate.......................... 72.8 72.8 72.3 72.6 73.7 74.2 72.6 73.0 72.0
Employed...................................... 6,754 6,858 6,783 6,710 6,839 6,910 6,830 6,864 6,736
Employment-population ratio................. 68.2 68.1 67.3 67.8 68.2 68.9 68.0 68.2 66.8
Unemployed.................................... 455 467 505 472 547 532 469 487 524
Unemployment rate........................... 6.3 6.4 6.9 6.6 7.4 7.1 6.4 6.6 7.2
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force............................ 8,144 8,293 8,350 8,178 8,315 8,344 8,314 8,291 8,384
Participation rate.......................... 65.6 65.8 66.2 65.8 66.3 66.4 66.1 65.8 66.5
Employed...................................... 7,631 7,830 7,786 7,647 7,715 7,805 7,808 7,807 7,801
Employment-population ratio................. 61.4 62.2 61.7 61.6 61.5 62.1 62.1 62.0 61.9
Unemployed.................................... 513 463 564 531 600 539 506 484 583
Unemployment rate........................... 6.3 5.6 6.8 6.5 7.2 6.5 6.1 5.8 7.0
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force............................ 895 886 912 930 921 999 958 993 951
Participation rate.......................... 36.1 35.8 36.9 37.5 37.2 40.4 38.7 40.2 38.5
Employed...................................... 674 724 699 696 701 756 718 773 724
Employment-population ratio................. 27.2 29.3 28.3 28.1 28.3 30.6 29.0 31.3 29.3
Unemployed.................................... 222 162 213 234 220 243 240 220 227
Unemployment rate........................... 24.8 18.3 23.4 25.2 23.9 24.3 25.1 22.2 23.9
Men....................................... 25.1 18.4 24.7 27.9 24.0 22.3 21.3 22.0 27.7
Women..................................... 24.5 18.2 22.1 22.5 23.8 26.6 28.9 22.4 20.2
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 21,548 22,231 22,292 21,548 22,047 22,108 22,166 22,231 22,292
Civilian labor force............................ 14,498 15,268 15,275 14,555 15,251 15,249 15,313 15,355 15,322
Participation rate.......................... 67.3 68.7 68.5 67.5 69.2 69.0 69.1 69.1 68.7
Employed...................................... 13,613 14,466 14,475 13,574 14,395 14,382 14,355 14,524 14,432
Employment-population ratio................. 63.2 65.1 64.9 63.0 65.3 65.1 64.8 65.3 64.7
Unemployed.................................... 885 802 800 981 856 868 958 831 890
Unemployment rate........................... 6.1 5.3 5.2 6.7 5.6 5.7 6.3 5.4 5.8
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January
2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Educational attainment
May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 28,298 28,069 28,096 28,298 27,995 27,376 27,523 28,069 28,096
Civilian labor force.................... 12,052 12,007 11,966 11,891 11,895 11,971 11,726 11,945 11,815
Percent of population............... 42.6 42.8 42.6 42.0 42.5 43.7 42.6 42.6 42.1
Employed.............................. 11,332 11,286 11,225 11,085 11,106 11,257 10,918 11,218 10,984
Employment-population ratio......... 40.0 40.2 40.0 39.2 39.7 41.1 39.7 40.0 39.1
Unemployed............................ 720 721 740 806 789 714 808 727 832
Unemployment rate................... 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.8 6.6 6.0 6.9 6.1 7.0
High school graduates, no college(2)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 57,931 58,015 57,746 57,931 57,768 57,471 58,033 58,015 57,746
Civilian labor force.................... 37,548 37,699 37,406 37,365 37,617 37,603 37,671 37,666 37,224
Percent of population............... 64.8 65.0 64.8 64.5 65.1 65.4 64.9 64.9 64.5
Employed.............................. 36,346 36,474 36,218 36,022 36,305 36,294 36,401 36,401 35,895
Employment-population ratio......... 62.7 62.9 62.7 62.2 62.8 63.2 62.7 62.7 62.2
Unemployed............................ 1,202 1,226 1,188 1,343 1,311 1,309 1,270 1,265 1,329
Unemployment rate................... 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.6
Less than a bachelor's degree(3)
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 42,742 43,896 44,153 42,742 43,689 44,486 44,225 43,896 44,153
Civilian labor force.................... 31,640 32,522 32,760 31,944 32,397 32,544 32,967 32,684 33,065
Percent of population............... 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.7 74.2 73.2 74.5 74.5 74.9
Employed.............................. 30,795 31,684 31,970 31,049 31,564 31,595 32,090 31,843 32,228
Employment-population ratio......... 72.0 72.2 72.4 72.6 72.2 71.0 72.6 72.5 73.0
Unemployed............................ 845 838 790 895 833 949 878 841 838
Unemployment rate................... 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5
College graduates
Civilian noninstitutional population...... 44,442 44,864 45,029 44,442 45,058 45,247 44,838 44,864 45,029
Civilian labor force.................... 35,650 36,074 36,005 35,677 36,205 36,265 36,060 36,099 36,011
Percent of population............... 80.2 80.4 80.0 80.3 80.4 80.1 80.4 80.5 80.0
Employed.............................. 35,037 35,581 35,469 35,020 35,540 35,678 35,481 35,545 35,433
Employment-population ratio......... 78.8 79.3 78.8 78.8 78.9 78.9 79.1 79.2 78.7
Unemployed............................ 613 493 536 657 665 587 579 553 577
Unemployment rate................... 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over................. 133,411 135,215 134,961 133,190 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706 134,715
Married men, spouse present..................... 42,839 43,186 43,043 42,997 43,951 43,535 43,297 43,272 43,216
Married women, spouse present................... 33,487 33,944 33,820 33,442 34,166 33,882 33,780 33,877 33,786
Women who maintain families..................... 8,127 8,382 8,343 8,081 8,362 8,220 8,082 8,307 8,301
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty........... 40,477 40,745 40,833 40,503 40,924 40,806 40,595 40,665 40,858
Technical, sales, and administrative support.... 38,868 39,561 39,458 38,939 39,614 39,703 39,510 39,680 39,537
Service occupations............................. 18,075 18,734 18,199 18,049 18,155 18,344 18,711 18,885 18,181
Precision production, craft, and repair......... 14,519 14,530 14,941 14,452 14,610 14,681 14,520 14,501 14,867
Operators, fabricators, and laborers............ 17,794 18,212 17,885 17,920 18,385 18,279 18,334 18,453 18,020
Farming, forestry, and fishing.................. 3,678 3,432 3,645 3,440 3,574 3,630 3,562 3,477 3,410
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers....................... 2,067 2,048 2,142 1,930 2,024 2,025 2,043 2,054 2,006
Self-employed workers......................... 1,387 1,247 1,310 1,330 1,320 1,344 1,292 1,272 1,252
Unpaid family workers......................... 35 36 37 36 38 51 42 43 38
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers....................... 121,110 122,992 122,644 121,311 122,823 123,166 123,169 123,623 122,860
Government.................................. 18,766 19,434 19,130 18,771 19,013 19,394 19,598 19,280 19,169
Private industries.......................... 102,344 103,558 103,514 102,540 103,810 103,772 103,571 104,343 103,691
Private households........................ 899 982 938 914 952 1,016 998 1,019 953
Other industries.......................... 101,445 102,576 102,576 101,626 102,858 102,756 102,573 103,324 102,738
Self-employed workers......................... 8,748 8,794 8,740 8,726 8,802 8,793 8,704 8,750 8,714
Unpaid family workers......................... 65 99 87 61 92 74 107 103 82
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 3,281 3,043 3,140 3,399 3,219 3,139 3,124 3,124 3,248
Slack work or business conditions........... 1,835 1,827 1,846 1,950 1,893 1,807 1,820 1,844 1,962
Could only find part-time work.............. 1,122 986 986 1,116 1,012 1,023 953 1,016 978
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 19,136 19,509 18,851 18,692 18,889 19,031 18,770 18,474 18,409
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons................ 3,127 2,933 3,003 3,229 3,066 2,985 3,003 3,021 3,096
Slack work or business conditions........... 1,748 1,768 1,743 1,845 1,801 1,705 1,766 1,782 1,840
Could only find part-time work.............. 1,092 957 965 1,089 986 1,005 922 989 962
Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 18,568 18,948 18,281 18,138 18,347 18,406 18,184 17,943 17,853
NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for
reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually
work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad
weather. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Category
May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, 16 years and over......................... 5,823 5,524 5,774 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.1
Men, 20 years and over......................... 2,508 2,280 2,373 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.4
Women, 20 years and over....................... 2,225 2,163 2,367 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... 1,090 1,082 1,034 13.1 12.6 14.1 13.3 12.7 12.5
Married men, spouse present.................... 1,019 776 825 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.9
Married women, spouse present.................. 879 897 1,014 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.9
Women who maintain families.................... 517 559 576 6.0 6.2 6.1 6.8 6.3 6.5
Full-time workers.............................. 4,633 4,427 4,592 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.9
Part-time workers.............................. 1,265 1,093 1,258 5.2 4.6 4.9 5.1 4.6 5.3
OCCUPATION(2)
Managerial and professional specialty.......... 811 685 738 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.8
Technical, sales, and administrative support... 1,364 1,373 1,528 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.7
Precision production, craft, and repair........ 602 525 519 4.0 3.7 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.4
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........... 1,230 1,313 1,213 6.4 6.1 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.3
Farming, forestry, and fishing................. 281 262 198 7.6 4.7 5.7 5.1 7.0 5.5
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 4,559 4,375 4,534 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.0 4.2
Goods-producing industries................... 1,276 1,232 1,203 4.5 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.2
Mining..................................... 34 17 23 5.9 2.6 4.0 2.5 2.8 4.2
Construction............................... 517 383 431 7.2 6.4 7.5 6.9 5.2 5.8
Manufacturing.............................. 725 832 749 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.9 4.0 3.7
Durable goods............................ 418 499 455 3.4 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.9 3.6
Nondurable goods......................... 307 333 293 3.8 3.9 3.8 5.2 4.1 3.7
Service-producing industries................. 3,283 3,144 3,331 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.2
Transportation and public utilities........ 243 224 250 3.2 3.7 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.2
Wholesale and retail trade................. 1,439 1,369 1,403 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.4 4.9 5.1
Finance, insurance, and real estate........ 179 211 201 2.2 2.5 2.9 2.4 2.6 2.4
Services................................... 1,422 1,340 1,477 4.0 4.2 3.7 4.0 3.7 4.1
Government workers............................. 473 327 393 2.5 2.1 2.2 1.7 1.7 2.0
Agricultural wage and salary workers........... 217 189 166 10.1 5.0 6.5 5.6 8.4 7.6
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which
is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks................................ 2,494 2,139 2,516 2,502 2,447 2,603 2,824 2,455 2,531
5 to 14 weeks.................................... 1,469 1,666 1,563 1,832 1,754 1,864 1,719 1,868 1,953
15 weeks and over................................ 1,544 1,383 1,356 1,519 1,372 1,277 1,295 1,250 1,337
15 to 26 weeks................................ 845 778 731 784 667 673 657 670 677
27 weeks and over............................. 699 605 625 735 705 604 637 580 660
Average (mean) duration, in weeks................ 13.6 13.1 12.8 13.4 13.2 12.5 12.8 12.4 12.6
Median duration, in weeks........................ 6.4 7.3 5.7 6.6 5.7 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks.............................. 45.3 41.2 46.3 42.7 43.9 45.3 48.4 44.1 43.5
5 to 14 weeks.................................. 26.7 32.1 28.8 31.3 31.5 32.5 29.4 33.5 33.5
15 weeks and over.............................. 28.0 26.7 25.0 26.0 24.6 22.2 22.2 22.4 23.0
15 to 26 weeks............................... 15.3 15.0 13.5 13.4 12.0 11.7 11.3 12.0 11.6
27 weeks and over............................ 12.7 11.7 11.5 12.6 12.7 10.5 10.9 10.4 11.3
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason
May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 2,362 2,248 2,182 2,678 2,477 2,616 2,541 2,306 2,483
On temporary layoff............................. 609 692 646 837 739 838 781 703 894
Not on temporary layoff......................... 1,753 1,556 1,536 1,841 1,739 1,778 1,759 1,602 1,589
Permanent job losers.......................... 1,295 1,081 1,060 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs.......... 458 475 476 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers....................................... 699 778 694 781 776 759 824 833 774
Reentrants........................................ 2,052 1,802 2,108 2,034 2,043 1,975 1,979 1,961 2,093
New entrants...................................... 394 361 451 440 393 387 434 408 500
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed.................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 42.9 43.3 40.2 45.1 43.5 45.6 44.0 41.9 42.4
On temporary layoff............................ 11.1 13.3 11.9 14.1 13.0 14.6 13.5 12.8 15.3
Not on temporary layoff........................ 31.8 30.0 28.3 31.0 30.6 31.0 30.5 29.1 27.2
Job leavers...................................... 12.7 15.0 12.8 13.2 13.6 13.2 14.3 15.1 13.2
Reentrants....................................... 37.3 34.7 38.8 34.3 35.9 34.4 34.3 35.6 35.8
New entrants..................................... 7.2 6.9 8.3 7.4 6.9 6.7 7.5 7.4 8.5
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs........................................... 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.8
Job leavers...................................... .5 .6 .5 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 .6
Reentrants....................................... 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5
New entrants..................................... .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .4
1 Not available.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted
adjusted
Measure
May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of
the civilian labor force................................ 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 .9 .9 .9 1.0
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as
a percent of the civilian labor force................... 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.8
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor
force (official unemployment rate)...................... 4.0 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.1
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent
of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.... 4.1 3.9 4.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all
other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the
civilian labor force plus all marginally
attached workers........................................ 4.8 4.5 4.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers,
plus total employed part time for economic reasons,
as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers............................. 7.1 6.7 6.8 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 Not available.
NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of
this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work
but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job.
Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to
settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment
measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised
population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1)
(in thousands)
Age and sex
May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 5,823 5,524 5,774 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.1
16 to 24 years.................................. 2,130 2,115 2,198 9.6 9.3 10.0 9.7 9.3 9.8
16 to 19 years................................ 1,090 1,082 1,034 13.1 12.6 14.1 13.3 12.7 12.5
16 to 17 years.............................. 540 481 521 16.1 14.0 15.9 15.3 14.6 16.0
18 to 19 years.............................. 563 597 525 11.2 11.4 12.8 12.1 11.4 10.4
20 to 24 years................................ 1,040 1,033 1,164 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.2 8.2
25 years and over............................... 3,686 3,411 3,556 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0
25 to 54 years................................ 3,225 2,964 3,132 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1
55 years and over............................. 474 427 440 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.4
Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,111 2,882 2,934 4.2 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.9
16 to 24 years................................ 1,184 1,153 1,179 10.2 9.7 10.3 9.2 9.6 10.0
16 to 19 years.............................. 603 603 562 13.9 14.0 15.5 12.4 13.6 13.1
16 to 17 years............................ 310 270 286 17.6 14.3 17.3 15.1 15.8 16.9
18 to 19 years............................ 301 337 283 11.5 13.7 13.9 10.5 12.4 10.8
20 to 24 years.............................. 581 550 617 8.0 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.3 8.3
25 years and over............................. 1,924 1,735 1,744 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,665 1,462 1,506 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8
55 years and over........................... 273 268 256 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6
Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,712 2,642 2,839 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.3
16 to 24 years................................ 946 962 1,019 8.9 8.9 9.6 10.2 8.9 9.5
16 to 19 years.............................. 487 479 472 12.2 11.1 12.6 14.4 11.6 11.8
16 to 17 years............................ 230 211 235 14.5 13.7 14.3 15.4 13.3 15.0
18 to 19 years............................ 262 260 241 10.9 8.9 11.6 13.7 10.4 9.9
20 to 24 years.............................. 459 483 546 6.9 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.2 8.2
25 years and over............................. 1,762 1,676 1,811 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.3
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,560 1,502 1,625 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.5
55 years and over........................... 201 159 184 2.6 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.0 2.3
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
May May May May May May
1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force...................................... 68,508 68,975 25,187 25,638 43,321 43,337
Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,267 4,989 2,323 2,222 2,944 2,767
Searched for work and available to work now(1)............... 1,148 1,116 506 538 642 578
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects(2).................... 256 282 134 163 122 119
Reasons other than discouragement(3).................... 892 834 373 375 520 459
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)...................................... 7,895 7,710 4,117 4,059 3,778 3,650
Percent of total employed..................................... 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.6 6.1 5.8
Primary job full time, secondary job part time................ 4,420 4,319 2,595 2,531 1,825 1,788
Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,639 1,590 493 517 1,146 1,072
Primary and secondary jobs both full time..................... 264 278 190 206 74 72
Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................ 1,537 1,460 823 777 714 683
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the
reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and
other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation
problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
May Mar. Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000p 2000p
Total1........................ 129,031 130,024 131,267 132,326 128,377 130,387 130,482 131,009 131,423 131,654
Total private.................... 108,528 109,080 110,222 110,909 108,274 110,036 110,088 110,462 110,758 110,642
Goods-producing......................... 25,478 25,221 25,486 25,712 25,436 25,677 25,624 25,738 25,717 25,670
Mining................................ 531 525 532 537 532 530 533 536 539 538
Metal mining........................ 45.3 44.1 44.0 44.4 45 45 45 45 45 44
Coal mining......................... 86.3 80.0 79.9 79.0 86 81 81 80 80 79
Oil and gas extraction.............. 284.8 295.3 298.2 300.8 289 293 296 300 304 305
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 114.7 106.0 109.9 112.4 112 111 111 111 110 110
Construction.......................... 6,430 6,288 6,531 6,731 6,364 6,652 6,618 6,726 6,692 6,663
General building contractors........ 1,441.0 1,436.7 1,461.9 1,489.8 1,444 1,498 1,491 1,508 1,497 1,492
Heavy construction, except building. 895.5 800.3 871.8 928.3 861 892 885 905 898 893
Special trade contractors........... 4,093.0 4,050.7 4,197.6 4,313.0 4,059 4,262 4,242 4,313 4,297 4,278
Manufacturing......................... 18,517 18,408 18,423 18,444 18,540 18,495 18,473 18,476 18,486 18,469
Production workers................ 12,723 12,640 12,647 12,661 12,741 12,713 12,697 12,683 12,690 12,675
Durable goods........................ 11,097 11,077 11,091 11,107 11,091 11,099 11,088 11,094 11,103 11,103
Production workers................ 7,597 7,576 7,590 7,599 7,584 7,592 7,592 7,580 7,589 7,585
Lumber and wood products............ 824.1 817.9 819.4 824.4 827 830 832 830 829 828
Furniture and fixtures.............. 545.5 555.9 556.2 557.8 546 553 553 555 557 558
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 568.4 556.3 565.9 571.1 563 568 567 568 567 566
Primary metal industries............ 698.2 701.4 699.0 697.6 699 699 699 701 699 699
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 227.2 227.3 226.6 225.5 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Fabricated metal products........... 1,514.7 1,527.4 1,532.1 1,533.8 1,515 1,523 1,525 1,528 1,534 1,534
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,144.6 2,129.2 2,127.8 2,130.4 2,141 2,130 2,131 2,124 2,125 2,127
Computer and office equipment..... 371.7 363.3 361.0 360.4 372 369 368 366 364 361
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 1,663.7 1,681.9 1,687.3 1,690.9 1,666 1,679 1,684 1,682 1,691 1,693
Electronic components and
accessories.................... 633.5 646.3 650.2 654.6 634 642 645 646 651 655
Transportation equipment............ 1,887.4 1,868.0 1,863.7 1,861.7 1,883 1,871 1,855 1,865 1,860 1,858
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 1,020.4 1,026.5 1,027.2 1,027.2 1,016 1,027 1,029 1,028 1,026 1,023
Aircraft and parts................ 501.0 465.3 461.0 459.5 503 469 453 467 461 461
Instruments and related products.... 856.3 844.0 843.1 843.4 857 847 844 844 844 845
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 394.0 395.3 396.6 395.7 394 399 398 397 397 395
Nondurable goods..................... 7,420 7,331 7,332 7,337 7,449 7,396 7,385 7,382 7,383 7,366
Production workers................ 5,126 5,064 5,057 5,062 5,157 5,121 5,105 5,103 5,101 5,090
Food and kindred products........... 1,650.4 1,635.6 1,636.1 1,648.3 1,677 1,681 1,672 1,671 1,677 1,675
Tobacco products.................... 35.3 33.9 34.6 33.9 38 38 37 35 37 37
Textile mill products............... 562.6 547.2 547.0 544.7 562 548 549 549 548 544
Apparel and other textile products.. 701.5 663.4 663.4 658.8 699 666 665 665 664 656
Paper and allied products........... 667.7 659.6 658.8 658.5 669 664 663 662 661 660
Printing and publishing............. 1,548.6 1,548.1 1,550.4 1,549.9 1,551 1,549 1,550 1,551 1,554 1,552
Chemicals and allied products....... 1,035.2 1,029.4 1,028.1 1,028.8 1,035 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,030 1,028
Petroleum and coal products......... 134.7 128.6 130.5 132.7 134 132 132 132 131 132
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 1,005.2 1,010.1 1,008.0 1,006.8 1,006 1,011 1,010 1,010 1,006 1,007
Leather and leather products........ 78.7 75.4 75.0 75.0 78 76 76 76 75 75
Service-producing1...................... 103,553 104,803 105,781 106,614 102,941 104,710 104,858 105,271 105,706 105,984
Transportation and public utilities... 6,807 6,901 6,938 6,971 6,797 6,925 6,937 6,953 6,973 6,962
Transportation...................... 4,400 4,446 4,483 4,512 4,392 4,470 4,479 4,492 4,512 4,505
Railroad transportation........... 232.9 219.8 220.9 222.1 232 225 225 222 221 221
Local and interurban passenger
transit........................ 500.1 507.8 513.5 516.6 483 493 494 494 499 499
Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,791.8 1,797.7 1,812.7 1,827.4 1,798 1,827 1,828 1,833 1,839 1,834
Water transportation.............. 186.7 189.7 196.9 202.2 185 192 196 197 200 200
Transportation by air............. 1,211.2 1,254.8 1,257.2 1,259.1 1,218 1,256 1,259 1,268 1,270 1,266
Pipelines, except natural gas..... 13.0 12.4 12.4 12.5 13 13 12 12 12 13
Transportation services........... 464.0 464.0 469.4 472.3 463 464 465 466 471 472
Communications and public utilities. 2,407 2,455 2,455 2,459 2,405 2,455 2,458 2,461 2,461 2,457
Communications.................... 1,542.7 1,599.5 1,600.7 1,602.0 1,541 1,591 1,598 1,602 1,604 1,600
Electric, gas, and sanitary
services....................... 863.9 855.8 854.2 856.7 864 864 860 859 857 857
Wholesale trade....................... 6,905 7,001 7,030 7,053 6,898 7,005 7,011 7,033 7,051 7,047
Durable goods....................... 4,101 4,171 4,185 4,198 4,102 4,174 4,177 4,185 4,197 4,200
Nondurable goods.................... 2,804 2,830 2,845 2,855 2,796 2,831 2,834 2,848 2,854 2,847
Retail trade.......................... 22,803 22,582 22,947 23,181 22,763 22,973 22,978 23,027 23,203 23,136
Building materials and garden
supplies......................... 1,025.5 1,002.3 1,048.0 1,072.4 982 1,016 1,020 1,034 1,033 1,027
General merchandise stores.......... 2,700.5 2,658.5 2,698.0 2,704.3 2,781 2,765 2,762 2,756 2,791 2,784
Department stores................. 2,376.0 2,325.8 2,359.6 2,363.2 2,444 2,419 2,417 2,409 2,442 2,429
Food stores......................... 3,478.1 3,455.5 3,481.4 3,492.6 3,496 3,501 3,503 3,502 3,523 3,511
Automotive dealers and service
stations......................... 2,370.7 2,387.1 2,403.2 2,417.0 2,364 2,399 2,394 2,407 2,409 2,410
New and used car dealers.......... 1,074.8 1,102.2 1,103.9 1,107.0 1,075 1,097 1,100 1,105 1,105 1,107
Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,140.1 1,149.5 1,162.5 1,163.8 1,168 1,176 1,184 1,188 1,195 1,192
Furniture and home furnishings
stores........................... 1,068.3 1,101.1 1,101.8 1,099.5 1,080 1,099 1,102 1,111 1,113 1,111
Eating and drinking places.......... 8,092.4 7,866.9 8,079.0 8,228.2 7,932 7,998 7,992 8,000 8,098 8,065
Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,927.7 2,961.3 2,973.2 3,003.4 2,960 3,019 3,021 3,029 3,041 3,036
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,556 7,571 7,581 7,604 7,559 7,612 7,624 7,621 7,611 7,607
Finance............................. 3,683 3,705 3,701 3,702 3,689 3,709 3,717 3,713 3,709 3,708
Depository institutions........... 2,057.1 2,049.0 2,045.6 2,045.5 2,061 2,058 2,057 2,054 2,052 2,050
Commercial banks................ 1,473.4 1,462.0 1,458.3 1,458.1 1,477 1,470 1,469 1,466 1,464 1,462
Savings institutions............ 251.7 243.2 242.8 242.2 252 247 245 243 243 243
Nondepository institutions........ 717.2 693.0 686.5 683.0 717 699 699 692 686 682
Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 368.3 330.7 325.2 322.9 366 339 338 330 324 321
Security and commodity brokers.... 677.1 723.8 727.7 733.5 680 716 723 728 732 737
Holding and other investment
offices........................ 231.7 239.6 240.7 239.7 231 236 238 239 239 239
Insurance........................... 2,368 2,367 2,360 2,362 2,370 2,372 2,373 2,373 2,366 2,364
Insurance carriers................ 1,609.4 1,601.0 1,593.4 1,593.6 1,611 1,606 1,606 1,605 1,598 1,596
Insurance agents, brokers, and
service........................ 758.6 766.2 766.6 768.1 759 766 767 768 768 768
Real estate......................... 1,505 1,499 1,520 1,540 1,500 1,531 1,534 1,535 1,536 1,535
Services3............................. 38,979 39,804 40,240 40,388 38,821 39,844 39,914 40,090 40,203 40,220
Agricultural services............... 812.8 724.4 810.6 861.2 756 806 796 812 801 801
Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,850.7 1,806.1 1,849.1 1,904.8 1,837 1,866 1,868 1,885 1,899 1,892
Personal services................... 1,206.6 1,328.7 1,337.9 1,243.5 1,223 1,263 1,265 1,265 1,272 1,261
Business services................... 9,154.8 9,527.4 9,638.9 9,692.5 9,183 9,571 9,615 9,681 9,735 9,724
Services to buildings............. 982.8 995.9 998.7 1,005.3 978 997 1,000 1,004 1,001 1,000
Personnel supply services......... 3,528.7 3,691.4 3,792.7 3,833.9 3,554 3,753 3,773 3,817 3,891 3,869
Help supply services............ 3,165.8 3,297.9 3,388.3 3,428.5 3,189 3,361 3,382 3,418 3,492 3,456
Computer and data processing
services....................... 1,813.3 1,917.7 1,920.0 1,923.9 1,815 1,896 1,906 1,915 1,923 1,926
Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,185.8 1,190.7 1,194.6 1,198.0 1,185 1,194 1,195 1,192 1,196 1,197
Miscellaneous repair services....... 379.0 381.7 381.2 382.4 378 382 384 384 382 381
Motion pictures..................... 612.9 627.9 628.3 624.8 613 626 623 630 634 624
Amusement and recreation services... 1,726.4 1,577.8 1,725.5 1,867.0 1,640 1,721 1,723 1,729 1,755 1,774
Health services..................... 9,966.2 10076.8 10080.8 10088.3 9,975 10,066 10,078 10,091 10,094 10,097
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors........................ 1,868.0 1,914.9 1,919.8 1,924.7 1,871 1,910 1,914 1,920 1,926 1,927
Nursing and personal care
facilities..................... 1,780.9 1,787.1 1,783.5 1,784.6 1,785 1,788 1,790 1,791 1,789 1,788
Hospitals......................... 3,973.2 4,000.2 3,995.0 3,998.9 3,980 4,001 4,002 4,004 3,999 4,005
Home health care services......... 637.3 638.3 639.8 639.2 635 638 639 639 641 637
Legal services...................... 989.5 1,001.5 999.9 1,000.7 995 1,008 1,007 1,007 1,006 1,006
Educational services................ 2,303.9 2,473.9 2,476.8 2,389.9 2,270 2,308 2,309 2,329 2,330 2,354
Social services..................... 2,801.1 2,940.9 2,956.7 2,973.6 2,775 2,905 2,912 2,929 2,941 2,945
Child day care services........... 710.0 767.4 772.9 782.7 687 737 740 749 754 757
Residential care.................. 767.8 808.5 811.4 815.9 768 803 807 810 813 816
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens........................... 100.5 95.3 99.9 103.8 97 100 100 101 102 100
Membership organizations............ 2,418.0 2,426.6 2,428.4 2,435.5 2,419 2,439 2,439 2,440 2,440 2,437
Engineering and management services. 3,227.3 3,379.0 3,385.8 3,375.6 3,232 3,344 3,354 3,369 3,370 3,381
Engineering and architectural
services....................... 946.2 975.9 981.4 988.7 948 982 984 985 987 991
Management and public relations... 1,028.0 1,081.1 1,088.6 1,092.7 1,026 1,074 1,077 1,085 1,090 1,091
Services, nec....................... 51.1 53.0 53.7 53.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Government1........................... 20,503 20,944 21,045 21,417 20,103 20,351 20,394 20,547 20,665 21,012
Federal1............................ 2,666 2,808 2,880 3,232 2,664 2,663 2,700 2,816 2,884 3,228
Federal, except Postal Service1... 1,797.4 1,947.7 2,022.1 2,375.9 1,789 1,797 1,835 1,951 2,021 2,365
State............................... 4,741 4,859 4,872 4,799 4,684 4,725 4,728 4,733 4,742 4,743
Education......................... 2,020.0 2,125.6 2,132.0 2,048.7 1,963 1,981 1,981 1,982 1,990 1,992
Other State government............ 2,720.8 2,733.8 2,739.6 2,750.6 2,721 2,744 2,747 2,751 2,752 2,751
Local............................... 13,096 13,277 13,293 13,386 12,755 12,963 12,966 12,998 13,039 13,041
Education......................... 7,606.8 7,759.6 7,756.5 7,792.3 7,238 7,356 7,355 7,373 7,410 7,418
Other local government............ 5,489.1 5,517.6 5,536.3 5,593.9 5,517 5,607 5,611 5,625 5,629 5,623
1 Current employment levels in these series are affected by the hiring of temporary workers for Census 2000.
Estimates of these workers are 32,000, 72,000, 189,000, 262,000, and 619,000 in January, February, March, April, and May
2000, respectively. Preliminary estimates for these series may be subject to larger than normal revisions.
2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 1999 benchmarks, the introduction of probability-based sample
estimates for wholesale trade, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
May Mar. Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000p 2000p
Total private.................... 34.6 34.2 34.6 34.3 34.5 34.5 34.6 34.5 34.5 34.4
Goods-producing......................... 41.1 40.9 41.1 40.9 41.0 41.1 41.3 41.2 41.5 40.8
Mining................................ 44.2 43.9 44.9 44.3 43.9 44.7 44.7 44.7 45.3 44.0
Construction.......................... 39.3 38.8 39.2 39.6 39.0 39.3 39.7 39.8 39.6 39.2
Manufacturing......................... 41.7 41.5 41.7 41.4 41.7 41.7 41.8 41.7 42.2 41.4
Overtime hours.................... 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.5
Durable goods........................ 42.3 42.2 42.3 42.0 42.2 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.8 41.9
Overtime hours.................... 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.8 5.1 4.7
Lumber and wood products............ 41.4 40.5 41.1 40.8 41.2 41.1 41.0 40.9 41.2 40.6
Furniture and fixtures.............. 39.8 39.9 40.0 39.8 40.3 40.2 40.3 40.2 40.7 40.3
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.9 42.5 43.2 43.4 43.4 43.6 43.5 43.4 43.6 42.9
Primary metal industries............ 44.4 44.3 44.5 44.0 44.2 44.5 44.5 44.4 44.9 43.8
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 44.9 44.9 45.2 44.7 44.6 45.3 45.4 45.2 45.0 44.5
Fabricated metal products........... 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.1 42.1 42.4 42.4 42.5 42.9 42.1
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.2 42.4 42.5 42.2 42.1 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.9 42.1
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 41.3 41.7 41.6 41.3 41.4 41.6 41.6 41.8 42.2 41.5
Transportation equipment............ 43.9 43.8 44.1 43.4 43.6 43.8 44.0 43.7 44.3 43.1
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.1 44.9 45.4 44.7 44.5 45.0 45.0 44.6 45.4 44.1
Instruments and related products.... 41.4 41.2 41.3 40.9 41.5 41.3 41.2 41.2 41.6 41.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.1 39.5 39.4 39.0 40.1 39.5 39.5 39.4 39.8 39.1
Nondurable goods..................... 40.9 40.6 40.8 40.4 41.0 40.9 41.0 40.9 41.3 40.5
Overtime hours.................... 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.3
Food and kindred products........... 41.6 40.9 41.0 40.8 41.8 41.6 41.6 41.6 41.9 41.0
Tobacco products.................... 39.8 38.8 39.7 39.8 39.7 40.8 40.6 40.0 40.8 39.6
Textile mill products............... 40.9 41.5 41.7 41.0 40.9 41.1 41.7 41.6 41.9 41.0
Apparel and other textile products.. 37.8 37.8 37.7 37.1 37.7 37.6 37.7 37.8 38.0 37.0
Paper and allied products........... 43.2 42.9 43.1 42.7 43.4 43.3 43.5 43.2 43.6 42.9
Printing and publishing............. 38.0 38.1 38.2 37.7 38.2 38.3 38.3 38.2 38.5 38.0
Chemicals and allied products....... 42.8 42.5 42.7 42.5 43.0 42.9 42.7 42.6 43.0 42.7
Petroleum and coal products......... 42.6 43.6 44.5 43.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 42.0 41.4 41.7 41.5 41.8 41.6 41.6 41.5 42.1 41.4
Leather and leather products........ 38.3 37.9 38.3 38.1 38.2 37.8 38.1 38.0 38.8 38.0
Service-producing....................... 32.9 32.6 33.0 32.6 32.8 32.9 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.8
Transportation and public utilities... 38.8 38.0 38.7 38.5 38.9 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.6 38.7
Wholesale trade....................... 38.6 38.2 38.7 38.3 38.3 38.6 38.5 38.6 38.5 38.5
Retail trade.......................... 29.1 28.6 28.9 28.8 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.0 28.8 28.8
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.4 35.9 36.7 35.9 36.1 36.2 36.1 36.1 36.3 36.2
Services.............................. 32.7 32.5 32.8 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the
trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 1999 benchmarks, the introduction of probability-based sample
estimates for wholesale trade, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry
May Mar. Apr. May May Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 2000 2000p 2000p
Total private.................... $13.20 $13.59 $13.68 $13.63 $456.72 $464.78 $473.33 $467.51
Seasonally adjusted............. 13.19 13.58 13.64 13.65 455.06 468.51 470.58 469.56
Goods-producing......................... 14.77 15.14 15.25 15.30 607.05 619.23 626.78 625.77
Mining................................ 17.05 17.28 17.31 17.23 753.61 758.59 777.22 763.29
Construction.......................... 17.06 17.54 17.65 17.70 670.46 680.55 691.88 700.92
Manufacturing......................... 13.85 14.22 14.29 14.28 577.55 590.13 595.89 591.19
Durable goods........................ 14.34 14.76 14.82 14.80 606.58 622.87 626.89 621.60
Lumber and wood products............ 11.43 11.62 11.73 11.74 473.20 470.61 482.10 478.99
Furniture and fixtures.............. 11.14 11.59 11.63 11.68 443.37 462.44 465.20 464.86
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.84 14.03 14.22 14.25 607.58 596.28 614.30 618.45
Primary metal industries............ 15.74 16.34 16.51 16.36 698.86 723.86 734.70 719.84
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 18.73 19.49 19.74 19.44 840.98 875.10 892.25 868.97
Fabricated metal products........... 13.47 13.69 13.75 13.75 567.09 577.72 581.63 578.88
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.97 15.43 15.43 15.44 631.73 654.23 655.78 651.57
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 13.39 13.70 13.72 13.72 553.01 571.29 570.75 566.64
Transportation equipment............ 17.92 18.70 18.77 18.73 786.69 819.06 827.76 812.88
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 18.33 19.17 19.28 19.25 826.68 860.73 875.31 860.48
Instruments and related products.... 14.11 14.40 14.47 14.58 584.15 593.28 597.61 596.32
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 11.21 11.55 11.58 11.57 449.52 456.23 456.25 451.23
Nondurable goods..................... 13.10 13.37 13.46 13.47 535.79 542.82 549.17 544.19
Food and kindred products........... 12.10 12.27 12.38 12.37 503.36 501.84 507.58 504.70
Tobacco products.................... 20.47 19.10 19.71 20.08 814.71 741.08 782.49 799.18
Textile mill products............... 10.69 10.86 10.92 10.90 437.22 450.69 455.36 446.90
Apparel and other textile products.. 8.81 9.05 9.06 9.07 333.02 342.09 341.56 336.50
Paper and allied products........... 15.88 16.00 16.17 16.21 686.02 686.40 696.93 692.17
Printing and publishing............. 13.75 14.18 14.20 14.16 522.50 540.26 542.44 533.83
Chemicals and allied products....... 17.30 17.63 17.84 17.92 740.44 749.28 761.77 761.60
Petroleum and coal products......... 20.98 22.24 21.73 21.23 893.75 969.66 966.99 917.14
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 12.27 12.58 12.67 12.66 515.34 520.81 528.34 525.39
Leather and leather products........ 9.67 10.01 10.14 10.07 370.36 379.38 388.36 383.67
Service-producing....................... 12.69 13.11 13.19 13.10 417.50 427.39 435.27 427.06
Transportation and public utilities... 15.57 16.02 16.14 16.09 604.12 608.76 624.62 619.47
Wholesale trade....................... 14.58 14.83 15.10 14.92 562.79 566.51 584.37 571.44
Retail trade.......................... 9.03 9.37 9.43 9.40 262.77 267.98 272.53 270.72
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 14.73 14.97 15.12 14.98 536.17 537.42 554.90 537.78
Services.............................. 13.32 13.77 13.83 13.75 435.56 447.53 453.62 446.88
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 1999 benchmarks, the introduction of probability-based sample
estimates for wholesale trade, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm
payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted
Percent
May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May change
Industry 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000p 2000p from:
Apr. 2000-
May 2000
Total private:
Current dollars.............. $13.19 $13.49 $13.54 $13.58 $13.64 $13.65 0.1
Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.86 7.88 7.87 7.84 7.87 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............... 14.77 15.13 15.20 15.25 15.30 15.29 -.1
Mining...................... 17.11 17.09 17.14 17.27 17.28 17.29 .1
Construction................ 17.11 17.50 17.60 17.67 17.77 17.74 -.2
Manufacturing............... 13.85 14.15 14.21 14.23 14.29 14.28 -.1
Excluding overtime4....... 13.13 13.41 13.45 13.47 13.50 13.54 .3
Service-producing............. 12.68 12.97 13.01 13.05 13.11 13.13 .2
Transportation and public
utilities................ 15.66 15.92 16.00 16.04 16.11 16.18 .4
Wholesale trade............. 14.52 14.90 14.89 14.90 14.99 14.95 -.3
Retail trade................ 9.03 9.26 9.32 9.35 9.40 9.40 .0
Finance, insurance, and real
estate................... 14.60 14.86 14.87 14.95 14.98 14.97 -.1
Services.................... 13.31 13.61 13.66 13.69 13.74 13.78 .3
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to
deflate this series.
3 Change was .4 percent from March 2000 to April 2000, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 1999 benchmarks, the introduction of
probability-based sample estimates for wholesale trade, and recomputed seasonal adjustment
factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry
(1982=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Industry
May Mar. Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000p 2000p
Total private.................... 148.6 147.6 150.9 150.7 147.6 150.6 150.6 151.0 151.6 150.7
Goods-producing......................... 116.1 113.7 115.9 116.7 115.5 117.5 117.5 117.7 118.3 116.1
Mining................................ 49.9 49.2 50.8 50.5 49.8 51.0 51.0 51.3 52.2 50.3
Construction.......................... 178.1 169.5 179.5 187.8 174.2 185.8 186.0 188.4 186.2 183.6
Manufacturing......................... 107.0 105.9 106.4 105.6 107.1 107.0 107.0 106.7 107.9 105.8
Durable goods........................ 112.0 111.5 112.1 111.4 111.6 112.1 112.1 111.8 113.2 111.0
Lumber and wood products............ 148.0 143.0 145.6 146.0 147.7 148.0 147.6 147.1 147.9 145.5
Furniture and fixtures.............. 135.9 138.7 139.0 139.0 137.8 138.7 139.4 139.3 141.7 140.6
Stone, clay, and glass products..... 118.0 110.9 114.9 116.8 115.7 117.0 115.7 116.2 116.2 114.4
Primary metal industries............ 91.7 92.4 92.5 91.2 91.5 92.1 92.3 92.4 93.3 90.8
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products....................... 71.2 71.5 71.6 70.4 70.9 72.0 72.1 71.8 71.5 69.9
Fabricated metal products........... 119.1 120.4 121.3 120.7 118.9 120.5 120.7 121.2 122.9 120.7
Industrial machinery and equipment.. 105.5 105.5 105.5 104.8 105.0 104.8 105.4 104.6 106.2 104.1
Electronic and other electrical
equipment........................ 106.4 107.9 107.9 107.3 106.9 107.4 107.5 107.8 109.7 108.0
Transportation equipment............ 127.5 126.6 126.9 124.9 125.8 126.8 127.0 125.7 126.8 123.3
Motor vehicles and equipment...... 170.0 170.3 172.4 169.4 166.2 171.4 170.9 168.6 171.6 165.8
Instruments and related products.... 76.5 74.2 74.5 73.8 76.8 75.0 74.3 74.0 75.1 74.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 103.0 101.2 101.5 100.2 103.0 102.6 102.2 101.6 103.0 100.1
Nondurable goods..................... 100.1 98.3 98.5 97.8 100.9 100.1 100.0 99.7 100.6 98.6
Food and kindred products........... 114.8 112.2 112.2 112.8 117.9 117.7 117.0 116.9 118.3 116.0
Tobacco products.................... 50.3 43.4 45.6 44.5 57.0 52.6 52.3 45.6 50.5 49.0
Textile mill products............... 80.7 79.8 80.1 78.6 80.7 79.1 80.2 80.2 80.4 78.5
Apparel and other textile products.. 62.3 58.6 58.6 57.1 61.7 58.6 58.5 58.8 59.1 56.5
Paper and allied products........... 106.5 104.6 105.0 104.0 107.3 106.4 106.7 105.9 106.7 104.8
Printing and publishing............. 120.8 121.3 121.8 120.4 121.9 122.0 122.0 121.8 123.1 121.6
Chemicals and allied products....... 102.1 102.2 102.0 101.4 102.6 103.4 102.6 102.4 103.0 101.9
Petroleum and coal products......... 72.0 62.8 64.1 63.4 72.3 67.5 66.3 65.2 66.7 63.3
Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 147.8 147.5 148.4 147.1 147.3 148.5 148.3 147.9 149.3 147.0
Leather and leather products........ 34.8 32.3 32.3 32.5 34.6 32.5 32.8 32.7 32.8 32.1
Service-producing....................... 163.2 162.8 166.6 165.9 162.1 165.4 165.5 165.9 166.6 166.3
Transportation and public utilities... 134.1 133.5 136.6 136.0 134.2 135.0 134.7 135.5 137.0 136.8
Wholesale trade....................... 130.9 130.6 132.9 131.9 129.6 132.3 132.1 132.8 132.6 132.4
Retail trade.......................... 143.6 139.6 143.5 144.6 142.9 144.9 144.9 144.6 144.9 144.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate... 139.4 137.0 140.2 137.8 138.2 139.1 138.8 138.7 139.2 138.8
Services.............................. 202.0 205.0 209.5 207.9 200.4 206.3 206.7 207.7 208.6 208.5
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 1999 benchmarks, the introduction of probability-based sample
estimates for wholesale trade, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1996.............. 50.4 64.5 60.3 54.8 62.6 61.5 57.3 61.0 57.9 62.6 59.3 60.0
1997.............. 57.3 59.7 62.8 63.2 57.7 57.7 61.2 60.1 61.5 65.3 62.1 61.2
1998.............. 63.2 56.6 60.5 58.7 58.3 59.7 53.9 58.1 56.2 53.8 59.0 57.4
1999.............. 54.1 58.8 53.9 59.6 52.8 57.9 58.8 53.8 57.3 60.7 60.8 59.0
2000.............. 60.8 54.1 60.7 p55.8 p42.8
Over 3-month span:
1996.............. 61.1 62.6 63.6 63.1 63.3 64.9 64.2 61.4 65.2 64.3 65.4 63.3
1997.............. 62.6 64.0 66.3 66.7 63.2 62.1 61.5 66.2 67.4 69.4 69.0 69.1
1998.............. 64.3 66.6 63.2 66.3 63.6 58.0 57.4 57.9 59.7 58.1 58.6 59.4
1999.............. 58.3 57.3 58.4 54.4 57.3 58.8 58.1 60.7 59.6 63.5 64.3 63.1
2000.............. 61.0 62.6 p61.7 p56.0
Over 6-month span:
1996.............. 62.5 64.6 65.6 64.6 64.5 64.5 67.3 65.7 65.2 67.1 66.0 67.4
1997.............. 66.3 67.0 66.6 66.3 65.6 67.1 66.3 68.5 69.0 70.4 69.7 70.4
1998.............. 69.8 67.4 65.2 61.8 62.9 61.4 59.0 58.4 57.4 59.7 59.3 59.1
1999.............. 60.0 58.0 57.6 58.6 54.4 59.7 60.4 62.1 64.0 62.8 65.2 64.6
2000.............. p65.4 p62.1
Over 12-month span:
1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 68.7 66.9
1997.............. 69.0 67.3 68.3 69.7 69.5 70.1 70.1 70.4 70.5 70.1 69.4 70.4
1998.............. 69.7 67.3 67.3 65.9 63.9 62.5 61.5 62.1 61.0 59.8 59.8 58.1
1999.............. 60.3 58.3 57.6 59.4 59.6 60.5 61.9 61.0 62.6 p62.4 p62.8
2000..............
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1
Over 1-month span:
1996.............. 44.6 54.7 48.2 42.1 55.4 52.2 47.8 54.3 50.0 56.1 50.4 53.2
1997.............. 49.6 52.5 56.1 54.0 51.4 54.3 50.7 53.6 56.5 61.9 60.4 55.4
1998.............. 57.9 50.7 53.6 50.7 47.1 50.0 37.8 50.0 45.7 39.9 41.7 43.9
1999.............. 45.0 41.0 42.8 46.4 40.3 46.4 54.7 38.1 46.4 51.8 51.4 50.4
2000.............. 52.2 47.8 51.1 p50.0 p42.4
Over 3-month span:
1996.............. 44.2 47.8 44.6 45.7 47.1 51.4 50.4 49.6 55.4 53.2 55.0 49.6
1997.............. 50.7 53.2 55.8 56.1 53.2 52.5 52.5 55.8 59.7 66.5 64.7 64.0
1998.............. 56.8 56.8 52.2 52.2 48.6 41.4 39.2 40.3 43.2 37.1 36.7 40.6
1999.............. 36.7 37.1 37.1 34.5 37.8 43.5 39.9 45.0 42.1 50.4 51.1 50.7
2000.............. 47.8 52.5 p49.3 p45.3
Over 6-month span:
1996.............. 41.7 45.0 46.8 46.0 45.3 47.8 53.2 50.4 50.7 53.2 51.8 54.7
1997.............. 53.2 53.2 52.5 52.9 51.8 53.2 54.7 61.2 61.2 64.4 64.7 63.7
1998.............. 60.1 54.3 50.4 39.9 43.5 42.1 38.8 36.7 36.0 39.9 34.5 32.7
1999.............. 35.6 33.5 33.5 37.1 32.7 38.8 41.0 45.7 48.2 43.2 48.6 51.1
2000.............. p51.1 p46.4
Over 12-month span:
1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.3 50.7
1997.............. 54.7 52.5 54.0 54.0 55.4 56.8 57.2 57.9 58.3 56.8 56.8 57.2
1998.............. 55.0 51.8 51.8 46.8 40.6 39.9 37.8 38.1 37.1 36.0 34.2 33.5
1999.............. 37.4 32.4 31.7 35.3 36.0 37.1 38.8 39.6 42.4 p41.7 p43.2
2000..............
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are
centered within the span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment. Data have been revised to reflect March 1999 benchmarks, the introduction of probability-based sample
estimates for wholesale trade, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Contact: (cpsinfo@bls.gov) Division of Labor Force Statistics-BLS
Last revised: July 06, 2000
URL: http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/empsit_may2000.htm
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